B 


W 


OF 


AT  THE     / 

WORLD'S 

COLUMBIAN 

EXPOSITION 


May  1— October  30,  1893. 


SPRINGFIELD,  ILL.t 

H.  W.  ROKKER,  PRINTER  AND  BINDER, 

1895. 


Illinois  Board 
of  ... 
World's  fair 
Commissioners 


OFFICERS. 


President,  LAFAYETTE  FUNK,  Shirley. 
Vice-President,  DAVID  GORE,  Carlinville. 
Director-in-Chief,  JOHN  P.  REYNOLDS,  Chicago. 
Secretary,  W.  C.  GARRARD,  Springfield. 
Treasurer,  JOHN  W.  BUNN,  Springfield. 


COMMISSIONERS. 

J.  IRVING  PEARCE,  Chicago. 

JOHN  P.  REYNOLDS,  Chicago. 

J.  HARLEY  BRADLEY,  Chicago. 
WILLIAM  STEWART,  Chicago. 
BYRON  F.  WYMAN,  Sycamore. 

A.  B.  HOSTETTER,  Mt.  Carroll. 

SAMUEL  DYSART,  Franklin  Grove. 
WARREN  D.  STRYKER,  Plain  Held. 
JOHN  VIRGIN,  Fairbury. 

DANIEL  W.  VITTUM,  Canton. 
ELIJAH  B.  DAVID,  Aledo. 
WILLIAM  H.  FULKERSON,  Jerseyville. 
JAMES  W.  JUDY,  Tallula. 

SHERIDAN  W.  JOHNS,  Oreana. 
E.  E.  CHESTER,  Champaign. 

JAMES  K.  DICKIRSON,  Lawrenceville. 
DAVID  GORE,  Carlinville. 
EDWARD  C.  PACE,  Ashley. 
B.  PULLEN,  Centralia. 

JAMES  M.  WASHBURN,  Marion. 

LAFAYETTE  FUNK,  Shirley. 

GEO.  S.  HASKELL,  Rockford. 


M1G8755 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

Acknowledgments 524 

Agricultural  Exhibit 345 

Archaeology 227 

Architectural  Drawings,  Maps,  etc.,  Report  of  Committee  on 33 

Bartlett,  S.  P 337 

Bureau  of  Information 658 

Bureau  of  Information,  Eeport  of  Committee  on 657 

Clay  Exhibit,  The 323 

Compensation,  Report  of  Committee  on 667 

Conrad,  Martin,  Superintendent 311 

Construction  and  Interior  Furnishings,  Report  of  Committee  on 20 

Cook,  John  W.,  President 473 

Custodian  Illinois  Building,  Report  of 652 

Director-in- Chief,  Report  of . . .      4 

Educational  Exhibit,  Report  of  Committee  on 384 

Examination  of  Some  Soils  from  Illinois,  Report  on  the 9  * 

Exhibit  of  Live  Stock 575 

Fish  Exhibit 337 

Finance  Committee,  Report  of 671 

FINANCIAL  STATEMENT — 

Agricultural  Committee 746 

Construction  Committee '  699 

Education 725 

Fish  Exhibit , 756 

General  Fund 673 

Grounds  Committee 709 

Horticultural  Committee 752 

Live  Stock  Account 745 

Maps  and  Drawings  Committee 735 , 738 

Natural  History 713 , 720 

Printing  and  Stationery  Committee 711 

State  Institutions,  Committee  on 706 

Statement  of  Expenditures 757 

Statistics : 743 

vii 


Vlll 

Forbes,  S.  A 327 

Forestry 311 

Freight  and  Express  Keceipts  and  Shipments,  Report  of 661 

Funk,  LaFayette,  President,  Report  of 1 

Geological  Report 65 

Geological  Section  Across  the  Northern  Part  of  Illinois 117 

Geological  Section,  St.  Louis  to  Shawneetown 155 

Glacial  Geology 305 

Grounds  and  Exterior  Ornamentation,  Report  of  Committee  on 30 

Guthrie,  Ossian 305 

Horticulture  and  Floriculture,  Report  of  Committee  on 371 

Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners v 

Illinois  State  Normal  University 473 

Jenkins,  William,  Superintendent 389 

Letter  of  Transmittal xiii 

Leverett,  Frank,  Ass't  U.  S.  Geologist 77 

Lindahl,  Prof.  J 65 

Live  Stock,  Exhibit  of 575 

Live  Stock,  Premiums  Paid 648 

Live  Stock,  Report  of  Committee  on 573 

Loy,  A.  O 323 

McAdams,  Prof.  Wm ." 227 

Model  School  Room 386 

Natural  History  and  Archeeology,  Report  of  Committee  on 59 

Nickles,  Prof.  J.  M 155 

Officers,  List  of , 1 

Page,  J.  M.,  Superintendent 658 

Parkinson,  D.  B.,  Superintendent. 439 

Premiums  Paid  Live  Stock 648 

President,  Report  of  the 1 

Printing  Committee,  Report  of  the 663 

Public  School  Exhibit 389 

Raab,  Henry,  Superintendent  Public  Instruction 386 

Reception  and  Ceremonies,  Report  of  Committee  on 654 

Report  of  Committee  on  Architectural  Drawings,  Maps,  etc 33 

Report  of  Committee  on  Bureau  of  Information 657 

Report  of  Committee  on  Compensation 667 

Report  of  Committee  on  Construction  and  Interior  Furnishing 20 

Report  of  Committee  on  Educational  Exhibit 384 

Report  of  Committee  on  Grounds  and  Exterior  Ornamentation 30 

Report  of  Committee  on  Horticulture  and  Floriculture 371 

Report  of  Committee  on  Live  Stock 573 

Report  of  Committee  on  Natural  History  and  Archeology 59 


IX 

Report  of  Committee  on  Eeception  and  Ceremonies 654 

Eeport  of  Committee  on  State  Charitable  Institutions 557 

Keport  of  Committee  on  Transportation 666 

Eeport  of  Custodian  of  the  Illinois  Building 652 

Eeport  of  the  Director-in-  Chief 4 

Eeport  of  Finance  Committee 671 

Eeport  of  Freight  and  Express  Eeceipts  and  Shipments 661 

Eeport  of  Printing  Committee 663 

Eeport  on  the  Examination  of  Some  Soils  from  Illinois 93 

Eeynolds  John  P.,  Director- in- Chief,  Eeport  of 4 

Soils  of  Illinois 77 

Southern  Illinois  State  Normal  University 439 

State  Charitable  Institutions,  Eeport  of  Committee  on 557 

State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History  327 

Stryker,  W.  D.,  Superintendent 661 

Transportation,  Eeport  of  Committee  on 666 

Udden,  Prof.  J.  A 117 

University  of  Illinois 605 

Whitney,  Milton 93 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Agricultural  Exhibit 857 

Asylum  for  the  Feeble-Minded,  Lincoln 541 

Charitable  Institutions'  Exhibit 535 

Cultivated  Timber  and  Fish  Exhibit , 333 

Department  of  Geology 63 

Departments  of  Geology  and  Archaeology 223 

Exhibit  University  of  Illinois 501 

Fish  Exhibit 335 

Geological  Section  Across  Northern  Illinois 115 

Geological  Section  Across  Southern  Illinois 153 

Glacial  and  Soil  Map  of  Illinois 75 

Grain  Inspection  and  Forestry  Exhibit 309 

Horticultural  Exhibit 368 

Illinois  Building Frontispiece 

Illinois  Central  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Jacksonville 547 

Illinois  Clay  Exhibit 321 

Illinois  Eastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Kankakee 555 

Illinois  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Orphan's  Home,  Normal 537 

Illinois  Southern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Anna 551 

Illinois  Southern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Anna,  Annex 553 

Illinois  State  House,  Kaskaskia 35 

Illinois  State  House,  Vandal'a 37 

lUinois  State  House,  Springfield,  (Third) 39 

Illinois  State  House,  Springfield,  (Present) 41 

Institution  for  the  Education  of  the  Blind,  Jacksonville 543 

Institution  for  the  Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  Jacksonville. . . .  545 

Memorial  Hall 669 

Northern  Hospital  for  tho  Insane,  Elgin  549 

Picture  on  Wall  of  Agricultural  Exhibit 343 

Public  Free  Schools'  Exhibit 387 

Relief  Map  of  Illinois 43 

Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home,  Quincy 539 

Southern  Normal  University,  Carbondale 437 

State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History,  and  University  of  Illinois, 

Exhibit 325 

State  Normal  University,  Normal 471 

State  Normal  University,  and  Southern  Normal  University,  Exhibit. .  469 

University  of  Illinois 503 


LETTER    OF    TRANSMITTALu 


SPRINGFIELD,  ILL.,  May  7,  1895. 
To  His  Excellency,  JOHN  P.  ALT  GELD,  Governor  of  Illinois: 

iK  HAVE  the  honor  to  herewith  transmit  a  statement 
m  of  the  transactions  of  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's 
Fair  Commissioners.  In  view  of  the  importance  of  the  ex- 
position to  the  people,  and  bearing  in  mind  the  liberal 
appropriation  made  by  the  State,  it  has  been  deemed  but 
a  matter  of  justice  to  have  each  committee  present  a 
full  and  detailed  statement  of  its  transactions. 

It  is  a  matter  of  congratulation  to  the  members 
of  the  Board,  and  I  feel  assured  will  be  to  the  people, 
that  after  presenting  the  most  elaborate  exhibit  of  any 
state,  as  well  as  acting  host  to  the  people  of  all  nations, 
we  were  enabled  to  return  to  the  State  Treasury  for 
unexpended  balance  and  salvage,  over  $90,000.00. 

Thanking  your  Excellency,  as  well  as  your  immediate 
predecessor,  Hon.  Joseph  W.  Fifer,  for  the  kindly  manner 
in  which  our  efforts  have  been  aided, 

I  submit  the  report, 

LAFAYETTE  FUNK. 


REPORT    OF    THE   PRESIDENT. 


Y  virtue  of  "An  Act  to  provide  for  the  participation 
of  the  State  of  Illinois  in  the  'World's  Columbian 
Exposition/  authorized  by  act  of  Congress  of  the  United 
States,  to  be  held  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  during  the  year 
1893,  in  commemoration  of  the  discovery  of  America  in 
the  year  1492,  and  for  an  appropriation  to  pay  the  cost 
and  expense  of  the  same,"  "the  present  members  of  the 
State  Board  of  Agriculture  are  hereby  constituted  and 
appointed  commissioners,  to  be  known  as  the  Illinois 
Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners.  Said  Board  of 
World's  Fair  Commissioners  shall  serve  until  the  close  of 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  and  until  the  duties 
of  said  Commission,  in  connection  with  said  Exposition, 
are  fully  performed  as  contemplated  in  this  act." 

This  act  was  approved  June  17,  1891. 

The  Board  was  organized  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  July 
1,  1891,  by  the  election  of  the  following  officers: 

PRESIDENT  : 
LAFAYETTE  FUNK,  Shirley; 

VICE-PRESIDENT  : 

DAVID  GORE,  Carlinville; 

DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF : 

JOHN  P.  REYNOLDS,  Chicago; 

SECRETARY : 

WILSON  COBURN  GARRARD,  Springfield; 

TREASURER : 

JOHN  W.  BUNN,  Springfield; 

and  the  appointment  of  standing  committees  and  the 
adoption  of  necessary  rules. 


Standing-  Committees. 

CONSTRUCTION  AND  INTERIOR  FURNISHING— Messrs.  Vir- 
gin, Pace,  Pearce,  PulleD,  Bradley,  Yittum,  Judy  and 
Wash  burn. 

GROUNDS  AND  EXTERIOR  ORNAMENTATION— Messrs.  Pul- 
len,  Fulkerson,  Dysart,  Hostetter  and  Johns. 

PRINTING  AND  STATIONERY— Messrs.  Dickirson,  Haskell, 
Dysart,  David  and  Washburn. 

ARCHITECTURAL  DRAWINGS,  TOPOGRAPHICAL  SURVEY, 
MAPS  AND  DRAWINGS— Messrs.  Dysart,  Pace,  Chester,  Wy- 
man  and  Stryker. 

TRANSPORTATION — Messrs.  Pearce,  Vittum  and  David, 

COLLECTION  OF  EXHIBITS  —  Entire  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners. 

INSTALLATION  OF  EXHIBITS— The  President,  Vice-Presi- 
dent, and  Director-in-Chief. 

LIVE  STOCK  EXHIBIT— Messrs.  Fulkerson,  Chester,  Vir- 
gin, Wyman  and  Johns. 

EDUCATIONAL  EXHIBIT— Messrs.  Chester,  Bradley,  Wash- 
burn,  Dickirson  and  Johns. 

NATURAL  HISTORY  AND  ARCHEOLOGY— Messrs.  Pacer 
Hostetter,  Stewart,  Pullen  and  Stryker. 

CHARITABLE  INSTITUTIONS— Messrs.  Washburn,  Hostet- 
ter, Wyman,  Judy  and  Stryker. 

FINANCE— Messrs.  Stewart,  Pearce,  David,  Bradley  and 
Fulkerson. 

RECEPTIONS  AND  CEREMONIES— Messrs.  Judy,  Haskell, 
Vittum,  Virgin  and  Dickirson. 

COMPENSATION— Messrs.  Pearce,  Pullen  and  Vittum. 

AGRICULTURE  AND  DAIRYING — Messrs.  Vittum,  Wyman, 
Washburn,  Chester  and  Fulkerson. 

HORTICULTURE  AND  BEE  CULTURE— Messrs.  David,  Dick- 
irson, Stryker,  Pullen  and  Johns. 


3 

The  reports  of  these  committees  are  herewith  pre- 
sented, and  a  consideration  of  them  will  show  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  duties  intrusted  to  the  Commission  have 
been  discharged. 

The  resignation  of  Director-in-Chief  Keynolds,  at  the 
opening  of  the  Exposition,  made  it  necessary  that  most 
of  the  duties  formerly  discharged  by  him  should  be  un- 
dertaken by  the  President. 

These,  as  well  as  all  other  duties  properly  belonging 
to  the  office  of  President  of  the  Commission  of  the  great 
State  of  Illinois,  acting  in  the  capacity  of  host  of  the 
visiting  states  and  nations,  have  been  discharged  with 
an  appreciation  of  the  honors  and  responsibilities  in- 
volved, to  the  best  of  my  ability. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

LAFAYETTE  FUNK, 

President'. 


REPORT  OF  JOHN  P.  REYNOLDS, 

DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF. 


'HEN,  in  1890,  the  Congress  of  the  United  States 
provided  for  holding  the  World's  Columbian  Ex- 
position in  the  City  of  Chicago,  in  1893,  the  State  of 
Illinois  was  placed  in  very  peculiar,  important,  and  in 
some  respects  unique,  relations  to  that  event.  The  great 
honor  conferred  by  the  selection  clearly  brought  with  it 
obligations  and  duties  which  did  not  seem  to  rest  upon 
the  citizens  of  any  other  State  in  the  Union. 

To  determine  just  what  those  obligations  and  the  re- 
sultant duties  were,  and  in  what  manner  to  best  meet 
and  properly  discharge  them,  at  once  became  a  subject 
of  serious  consideration  with  all  thoughtful  citizens. 

Invitations  to  participate  in  the  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion had  been  extended  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States  to  the  National  Governments  of  the  civilized 
world,  and  through  him  to  their  respective  peoples  in- 
dividually. Similar  invitations  were  extended  to  the 
States  and  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

The  event  to  be  thus  celebrated— the  discovery  of 
America  by  Christopher  Columbus  in  1492— was  already 
known  to  all  the  world  as  having  contributed  to  the 
welfare  of  mankind  in  a  degree  beyond  all  computation 
—as  having,  in  much  that  stands  for  substantial  pro- 
gress towards  the  highest  civilization,  given  a  new  birth 
to  the  human  race.  Every  quarter  of  the  globe  had 
felt  and  acknowledged  its  benign  influence,  and  when 
the  great  Kepublic  of  the  new  world  made  the  appeal 
the  response  came  at  once  spontaneous,  enthusiastic 
and  universal. 

4 


In  this  State,  the  Board  of  Agriculture  having  in 
charge  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture  took  the 
initiative  in  canvassing  the  subject  of  Illinois'  partici- 
pation in  the  celebration.  Conferences  were  held  with 
Governor  Fifer,  the  heads  of  the  several  Department 
of  State,  of  the  State  Educational  and  other  institu- 
tions, with  representatives  of  important  voluntary  edu- 
cational, industrial  and  scientific  associations,  and  with 
many  intelligent  private  citizens  eminent  from  their 
broad  views  and  for  their  patriotic  devotion  to  the 
public  welfare. 

In  every  instance  such  interviews  were  both  cheering 
and  instructive,  resulting  in  the  preparation  of  ua  bill  for 
an  act  to  provide  for  the  participation  of  the  State  of 
Illinois  in  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,"  which, 
being  presented  to  the  Thirty-seventh  General  Assembly 
then  in  session,  was  passed,  and,  by  the  approval  of 
His  Excellency,  Governor  Fifer,  became  a  law  in  all  its 
essential  features  June  17,  1891. 

The  purpose,  scope  and  general  character  of  the  pro- 
posed exhibit  by  this  State  are  succinctly  stated  in  the 
following  paragraphs  quoted  from  the  preamble  and 
from  sections  1,  2,  3  and  4  of  the  act: 

"WHEREAS,  The  great  importance  to  mankind  of  the 
event  which  it  is  intended  thus  to  commemorate,  the 
location  of  said  Exposition  in  the  chief  city  of  this  State, 
affording  to  our  citizens  opportunity  for  educational 
improvement  and  material  benefits  rarely  accorded  to 
any  people,  the  prominent  position  already  attained  by 
this  new  commonwealth  in  the  ranks  of  industrial  pro- 
gress and  its  abundant  resources  from  which  to  gather 
additional  wealth  and  honors— all  appeal  to  our  patriot- 
ism, State  pride,  sense  of  duty  and  self-interest  so 
urgently  as  not  to  be  wisely  disregarded,  demanding 
that  the  State  of  Illinois,  following  the  example  of  the 
Federal  Government,  shall,  in  its  municipal  capacity, 


6 

participate  as  an  exhibitor  in  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  in  a  manner  at  once  creditable  to  its  citizens 
and  of  attractive  interest  to  all  visitors;  therefore 

"SECTION  1.  Be  it  enacted  ly  the  people  of  the  State 
of  Illinois,  represented  in  the  General  Assembly:  That,  in 
order  that  the  State  of  Illinois  may  participate  in  the 
said  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  the  present  mem- 
bers of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  are  hereby  con- 
stituted and  appointed  Commissioners,  to  be  known  as 
the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners.  Said 
Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners  shall  serve  until 
the  close  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  and 
until  the  duties  of  said  Commission,  in  connection  with 
said  Exposition,  are  fully  performed,  as  contemplated 
in  this  act.  ********  * 

"SEC.  2.  The  said  Board  of  Commissioners  is  hereby 
empowered  to  obtain  and  cause  to  be  properly  installed 
in  said  exhibition  building  or  buildings  a  collective  de- 
partmental exhibit  for  the  State  of  Illinois,  which  shall 
illustrate  the  natural  resources  of  the  State,  together 
with  the  methods  employed  and  results  accomplished  by 
the  State,  in  its  municipal  capacity,  through  its  several 
departments,  boards,  commissions,  bureaus,  and  other 
agencies,  in  the  work  of  promoting  the  moral,  educa- 
tional and  material  welfare  of  its  inhabitants,  so  far  as 
such  methods  and  results  are  susceptible  of  exhibition 
in  the  manner  proposed,  such  collective  exhibit  to  in- 
clude and  to  be  chiefly  composed  as  follows: 

"First  (a).  A  model  common  school-room  of  high 
grade,  fully  equipped  and  furnished,  under  the  direction 
of  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 

"(&).  An  illustration  of  the  methods  and  results  of 
educational  work  as  pursued  in  the  State  Normal  Uni- 
versities, the  public,  technical  and  art  schools,  and  the 
high  schools  of  the  State. 


"(<?).  An  exhibit  by  the  University  of  Illinois  of  the 
equipment,  methods  of  instruction,  and  achievements  of 
that  institution  in  its  several  departments. 

44  (d).  An  exhibit  of  the  educational  and  industrial 
work  as  conducted  in  the  State  charitable  institutions. 

"(e).  An  exhibit  illustrating  the  entire  system  of  the 
inspection  of  the  several  varieties  of  grain,  as  estab- 
lished by  the  State  Railroad  and  Warehouse  Commis- 
sion and  practiced  by  the  State  Grain  Inspection  De- 
partment. 

"Second.  Collections,  correctly  classified  and  labeled, 
illustrating  the  natural  history  and  archaeology  of  this 
State,  including  its  stratigraphical  and  economic  geology, 
its  soils,  sub-soils,  useful  clays  and  ores,  and  other 
products  of  mines  and  quarries;  its  botany  and  zoology, 
with  the  products  of  forests,  lakes  and  rivers;  also,  an 
exhibit  by  the  State  Fish  Commission  of  native  and 
cultivated  live  fish,  with  hatchery  and  appliances  and 
equipments  for  transportation,  models  of  fishways  in 
use;  also,  a  full  and  complete  collection  of  all  the  cul- 
tivated products  in  the  several  branches  of  agriculture, 
farm  culture,  horticulture  and  floriculture,  in  illustra- 
tion of  the  widely  different  conditions  of  soil  and  climate 
under  which  rural  husbandry  is  practiced  in  the  various 
sections  of  this  State. 

"  Third.  Architectural  drawings  (with  elevations)  of 
every  public  building  erected  and  now  used  or  main- 
tained, in  whole  or  in  part,  by  the  State,  with  map 
showing  the  location  of  each,  and  accompanied  by  his- 
torical and  explanatory  notes  and  tables;  also  maps, 
charts,  diagrams  and  tables  for  the  State,  and,  so  far 
as  practicable,  for  each  county,  showing  its  geology, 
distribution  of  useful  minerals,  its  topography,  .with  its 
lakes,  rivers,  canals  and  railways,  its  climatic  conditions, 
its  industrial  growth  and  increase  in  population  by 
decades,  from  the  date  of  organization  to  the  year  1890, 


8 

together  with  such  other  physical  features  as  possess  a 
scientific  interest  or  would  be  taken  into  account  in 
estimating  the  ability  of  our  territory  to  maintain  a 
dense  population. 

"SEC.  3.  It  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  officers  of 
the  several  departments,  boards,  bureaus  and  commis- 
sions in  the  service  of  the  government  of  this  State  to 
cooperate  with  the  said  Board  of  Commissioners  in  col- 
lecting and  arranging  for  exhibition  such  material  as 
may  be  available  for  display  in  illustration  of  the 
methods  employed  and  results  achieved  in  their  respective 
lines  of  official  duty,  and,  if  so  required  by  said  Board 
of  Commissioners,  they  shall  furnish  complete  catalogues, 
direct  the  installation,  assume  the  immediate  care,  while 
on  exhibition,  and  cause  the  removal  of  their  respective 
exhibits  at  the  close  of  said  World's  Columbian  Ex- 
position, in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the 
management  of  the  same.  The  said  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners is  also  hereby  authorized  to  accept  loans  or 
donations,  and,  with  the  approval  of  the  Governor,  to 
acquire,  by  purchase,  for  the  State,  specimens  and  ma- 
terial, if  deemed  necessary,  to  supplement  any  of  the 
said  departmental  exhibits. 

"SEC.  4.  Consent  of  the  General  Assembly  is  hereby 
given  that  there  may  be  placed  on  exhibition,  as  part 
of  said  collective  exhibit,  in  a  suitable  fire-proof  struct- 
ure to  be  erected  for  the  purpose,  such  relics  and 
trophies  belonging  to  and  in  custody  of  the  State  as 
the  Governor  may  designate;  the  same  to  be  and  remain 
at  all  times,  during  their  removal,  while  on  exhibition, 
and  during  their  return  to  their  present  depository,  in 
the  sole  care  and  charge  of  their  official  custodian." 

A  full  and  proper  execution  of  the  foregoing  descrip- 
tive provisions  of  the  law  could  not  fail  to  result  in  the 
collection  and  installation  of  an  exhibit  fairly  and  in- 
telligently illustrating: 


9 

1.  The  Principal  Functions  of  a  State   Government,  as 
distinguished  from  those  of  the  Federal  Government  of 
this  Republic. 

2.  The  Institutions  Established   and    the  agencies    em- 
ployed, the  methods  of  their  operation  and  results  at- 
tained since  the  organization  of  the  State  Government, 
for  the  promotion  of  the  moral,  educational    and  ma- 
terial welfare  of  all  its  citizens  alike. 

3.  The  Natural  Resources  of  our  territory  and,  approx- 
imately, their  extent  and  available  value  in  contributing 
to  the  comfort,  prosperity  and  wealth  of  our  people. 

4.  The  Physical    Conditions   which   nature   has   estab- 
lished for  the  State  of  Illinois  dominating  the  practice 
of  rural  husbandry  throughout  and  for  all  time. 

5.  The  Rate  of  Growth  and  Development  of  this  State 
in  population,  commerce  and  productive  industry  from 
its  organization  in  1818  to  1890. 

Such,  in  brief,  was  substantially  the  task  imposed 
upon  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners. 
To  pay  the  necessary  cost  of  work  contemplated,  the 
sum  of  $680,000.00,  or  so  much  thereof  as  might  be 
necessary,  was  appropriated  by  the  same  act.  The 
next  succeeding  General  Assembly  (38th),  with  the  ap- 
proval of  Governor  Altgeld,  reduced  the  available  sum 
to  $608,500.00 

On  its  organization,  July  1,  1891,  the  Board  chose  to 
exercise  the  discretion  allowed  by  the  law  and  honored 
me  with  the  position  of  Director-in-Chief,  at  the  same 
time  charging  that  officer  with  "such  supervision,  direc- 
tion and  control  of  the  operations  of  the  Illinois  Board 
of  World's  Fair  Commissioners  as  will  tend  to  promote 
the  efficiency  of  every  agency  employed,"  and  instruct- 
ing him  "to  assume  and  exercise  all  such  executive 
powers  and  functions  as  shall  be  necessary  to  secure 
promptness,  efficiency  and  good  faith  in  every  depart- 


10 

merit,"  being  "at  all  times  and  in  all  respects  subject 
to  the  direction  and  control  of  the  Board. " 

Having  been  personally  instrumental  in  the  prelimi- 
nary work  of  framing  the  bill  and  urging  its  enactment 
by  the  General  Assembly,  I  entered  upon  the  discharge 
of  the  duties  to  which  I  was  thus  assigned  with  a  deep 
sense  of  responsibility,  and  also,  I  trust,  with  a  correct 
conception  of  the  relations  of  the  Board  to  the  elemen- 
tary agencies  through  and  by  means  of  which  the  pro- 
posed "collective  department  exhibit"  must,  if  at  all,  be 
made.  It  was  realized  that  the  State  Government  in 
most  of  its  departments  was  to  be  placed  in  evidence 
before  the  world,  that  the  service  and  functions  of  each 
department  were  special,  and  demanded  in  their  several 
officers  special  qualifications ;  that  except  in  the  sections 
of  the  proposed  exhibit  embracing  the  products  of  the 
farm,  orchard  and  garden,  none  but  the  scientist,  the 
educator  and  the  expert  could  be  safely  trusted  to  pre- 
pare the  plans,  to  dictate  the  selection  of  material  and 
to  direct  the  installation. 

State  Institutions  Participating-. 

The  State  Institutions,  Boards  and  Departments 
proper  which,  by  the  nature  of  their  service  and  methods 
of  work,  were  in  position  to  make  acceptable  exhibits 
are: 

1.  Institution   for   the   Education   of    the  Deaf  and 
Dumb— Jacksonville. 

2.  Institution  for  the  Education  of  the  Blind — Jack- 
sonville. 

3.  School  for  Feeble-minded  Children— Lincoln. 

4.  University  of  Illinois — Champaign. 

5.  State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History— Champaign. 

6.  State  Entomologist— Champaign. 

7.  Experiment  Station — Champaign. 


11 

8.  Geological  Survey— SpriDgfi eld. 

9.  State  Museum  of  Natural  History— Springfield. 

10.  State  Normal  University — Normal. 

11.  Southern  Normal  University— Carbondale. 

12.  Railway  and  Warehouse  Commission— State  Grain 
In  spection— Chicago . 

13.  Department  of  Public  Instruction— Model  Common 
School-room — Springfield . 

14.  Fish  Commission— Springfield. 

15.  Relics  and  Trophies — Adjutant-General,  Custodian 
—Springfield. 

The  foregoing  agencies  of  the  State  Government  are 
severally  in  direct  charge  of  officers  (elective  or  appoint- 
ive by  law)  and  employes  who  receive  compensation  in 
whole  or  in  part  from  the  State  treasury  or  from  the 
proceeds  of  their  special  service,  as  in  the  inspection  of 
grain.  As  a  rule  their  time  is  fully  absorbed  and  their 
energies  fully  taxed  in  the  performance  of  their  daily 
routine  of  official  duty.  Section  3  of  the  law  before 
quoted  received  a  construction,  to  which,  however,  I 
never  fully  assented  as  just,  precluding  the  payment  by 
the  Board  of  any  compensation  for  the  extra  and  excep- 
tional service  demanded  of  them  in  their  work  of  co- 
operation. It  is  only  affirming  the  public  judgment  of 
those  functionaries  to  so  say  that,  in  the  lines  of  their 
official  duties,  no  more  competent,  better  equipped  or 
patriotic  body  of  men  ever  served  a  State;  and  it  is  a 
pleasure  to  record  the  fact  that,  without  exception, 
they  responded  to  the  appeal  of  the  Board,  accepted 
the  onerous  exactions  without  protest,  and  entered  at 
once  upon  the  labor  of  preparation.  The  most  cordial 
relations  were  established  and,  in  due  time,  their  several 
plans  for  exhibition,  installation  and  supervision  with 
estimates  of  cost,  were  presented.  In  every  instance 
these  bore  the  evidence  of  careful,  intelligent  delibera- 
tion, a  broad  and  clear  comprehension  of  the  spirit  and 


12 

requirements  of  the  law,  and  a  just  sense  of  the  respon- 
sibility resting  upon  them.  They  knew,  and  it  is  to  be 
assumed  that  the  Board  recognized  the  fact  that,  within 
the  scope  of  their  several  departments,  they  and  they 
alone  could  intelligently  dictate  and  properly  execute 
the  work  required  by  their  several  exhibits;  that  upon 
themselves  primarily  must  depend  the  substantial  char- 
acter of  the  State  exhibit  as  a  whole,  and  that  to  them 
would  be  largely  due  the  honor  of  success  or  the  dis- 
honor of  failure,  provided  only  their  efforts  and  plans 
were  not  thwarted  by  causes  beyond  their  control  in  the 
matters  of  cost  and  allotment  of  space  for  display. 
Their  original  plans  and  subsequent  correspondence  are 
on  file  for  preservation  and  reference,  and  when  their 
several  reports  shall  be  in  the  archives  of  the  State 
their  record  will  be  fully  made  up. 

I  do  not  care  to  comment  here  on  this  branch  of  the 
State  exhibit  further  than  to  express  the  opinion  that 
if  in  any  of  these  exhibits,  when  finally  installed,  there 
was  manifest  any  want  of  completeness  in  material  or 
representative  character,  no  just  censure  can  properly 
attach  to  any  officer  or  employe  of  the  State  govern- 
ment. 

Other  Sections. 

Aside  from  the  foregoing  strictly  governmental  ex- 
hibits, and,  in  some  instances,  supplemental  to  them, 
other  important  displays  were  made  by  direction  of  the 
Board,  in  accordance  with  specific  requirements  of  the 
organic  law.  The  most  important  of  these  were  the  fol- 
lowing: 

1.    Public  Common  Schools. 

The  methods  and  results  of  educational  work  as  pur- 
sued in  the  Public,  Technical,  Art  and  High  Schools  of 
the  State. 


13 

The  official  duties  of  the  State  Superintendent  of  Pub- 
lic Instruction  precluded  the  possibility  of  that  officer 
giving  any  attention  to  the  organization  of  this  most 
important  exhibit,  except  by  counsel  and  suggestion, 
and  with  the  approval  of  the  Board,  Prof.  Wm.  Jenkins, 
of  Mendota,  was  induced  to  accept  the  position  of 
Superintendent.  In  that  gentleman  were  found  com- 
bined the  qualifications  of  ripe  scholarship,  thorough 
familiarity  with  the  subject  through  many  years  of  ex- 
perience as  a  teacher  and  superintendent  of  schools,  a 
wide  and  favorable  personal  acquaintance  with  educators 
of  every  class,  and  executive  ability  of  high  order.  The 
State  Teachers'  Association,  of  which  he  held  the  secre- 
taryship, approved  the  selection  without  reserve,  and  at 
once  the  most  cordial  cooperation  of  every  educator  in 
the  State  was  assured. 

The  result  was  exactly  as  anticipated.  A  great  wealth 
of  material,  intelligent  discrimination  in  the  selection  and 
perfection  of  systematic  arrangement,  gave  us  an  exhibit 
truthfully  representative  of  pupils'  work  in  every  grade 
of  the  public  common  school  system  throughout  the 
entire  State.  Supplementing  the  kindred  exhibits  by  the 
two  Normal  Universities  and  the  University  of  Illinois, 
it  rounded  out  the  educational  feature  of  the  State  ex- 
hibit, and  rendered  it  a  source  of  just  pride  and  con- 
gratulation to  every  citizen  intrusted  in  the  work  and 
mission  of  the  "Little  Red  School  House"  in  America. 

2.    Relief  Map  of  the  State. 

A  literal,  full  compliance  with  the  provision  of  the 
law  relating  to  topography  would  have  required  the 
Board  to  conduct  a  general  topographical  survey,  for 
the  proper  accomplishment  of  which  there  was  neither 
the  necessary  time  nor  funds.  Hence  it  was  decided  to 
proceed  no  further  in  that  direction  than  the  construc- 
tion of  a  Relief  Map  of  the  State. 


14 

Fortunately,  Prof.  C.  W.  Rolfe,  an  accomplished  civil 
engineer,  and  also  professor  of  geology  in  the  University 
of  Illinois,  consented,  chiefly  as  a  "labor  of  love",  to 
organize  and  direct  the  necessary  survey  and  the  con- 
struction of  the  map.  A  corps  of  assistants,  some  of 
whom  had  been  pupils  of  the  University,  were  selected 
by  him  and  placed  in  the  field.  He  was  entirely  familiar 
with  this  delicate  and  difficult  work,  was  already  in 
possession  of  much  valuable  data,  and  the  time  being 
limited,  was  able  to  press  the  survey  to  completion  as 
rapidly  as  was  consistent  with  careful  regard  for  accu- 
racy. There  is  no  reason  to  question  the  correctness  of 
the  observations  as  reported  by  his  assistants,  and  the 
data  obtained  may,  if  occasion  should  offer,  doubtless 
be  safely  relied  upon  in  connection  with  a  more  extended 
survey  at  some  future  time.  Already  the  puplishers 
have  utilized  the  data  thus  obtained  in  the  correction 
of  many  errors  existing  in  previous  editions  of  State 
and  county  maps. 

3.    Archaeology. 

The  certainly  of  limited  time  and  of  large  expense  in 
conducting  the  exploration  of  mounds  conspired  to  cir- 
cumscribe the  work  of  discovery  in  that  direction.  The 
collection  already  in  the  State  Museum  was  made  the 
basis,  of  the  exhibit  in  this  section.  To  this  were  added, 
chiefly  by  purchase,  many  specimens  found  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground  in  all  parts  of  the  State. 

Prof.  William  McAdarns,  of  Alton,  Geologist  and 
Archaeologist,  with  much  experience  in  this  department 
of  science,  and  residing  near  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing and  extensive  groups  of  mounds  in  the  world, 
was  engaged  to  direct  the  work  of  collection.  Limited 
operations  among  a  few  of  the  most  promising  mounds 
in  appearance  were  rewarded  by  valuable  results,  which 
his  report  details  in  full,  and  which  are  certainly  encour- 


15 

aging  to  future  effort.  Surface  collections  possess  little 
scientific  interest  as  compared  with  those  from  the 
mounds,  because  they  are  not  necessarily  and  generally 
not  at  all  characteristic  of  the  locality  where  found,  but 
they  are  desirable  in  museums,  and  are  fast  disappearing 
through  the  industry  of  commercial  collectors  and  dealers. 
The  Federal  Government,  through  the  intelligent  direc- 
tion of  the  Smithsonian  Institute,  is  pursuing  a  sys- 
tematic exploration  of  the  mounds  of  the  United  States, 
which  will,  ere  long,  invade  the  territory  of  this  State, 
and  absorb  for  the  National  Museum  such  relics  as  our 
mounds  may  give  up,  unless  that  work  shall  be  antici- 
pated by  a  State  survey  of  the  same  character. 

4.    Agriculture,  Horticulture  and  Floriculture. 

With  the  main  specific  purpose  of  illustrating  the  cli- 
matic conditions  of  this  State,  as  they  relate  to  and 
effect  rural  husbandry  throughout  our  nearly  four  hun- 
dred miles  of  latitude,  the  law  required  a  full  and  com- 
plete display  of  all  the  cultivated  products  of  the  several 
branches  of  agriculture,  farm  culture,  horticulture  and 
floriculture.  To  facilitate  operations,  m  the  display  was 
divided— farm  products  constituting  one  section,  horticul- 
ture and  floriculture  the  other.  With  the  approval  of 
the  Board,  Commissioners  Vittum  and  Chester  were  as- 
signed to  the  superintendency  of  the  former,  and  Commis- 
sioners Pullen  and  David  to  the  superintendency  of  the 
latter.  Owing  to  the  delicacy  of  the  material,  and  the 
difficulty  of  transporting  plants  and  flowers,  a  profes- 
sional florist,  Mr.  John  C.  Ure,  of  Chicago,  was  engaged 
to  make  the  floricultural  display.  His  exhibit  was  emi- 
nently beautiful,  artistic  and  profuse,  and  was  admir- 
ably maintained  from  the  opening  to  the  close  of  the 
Exposition. 

In  the  sections  of  the  farm  products  and  horticulture, 
no  descriptive  words  can  do  justice  to  the  intelligent, 


16 

conscientious  and  successful  labors  of  the  gentlemen  who 
personally,  and  with  the  aid  of  competent  assistants, 
selected  by  themselves,  conducted  the  work  of  collecting 
and  installing  these  displays.  The  stated  purpose  of  the 
law  was  strictly  complied  with.  Abundant  material 
truthfully  represented  the  varied  and  varying  production 
of  every  section  of  the  State  throughout  the  entire  season 
of  growth.  The  installation  was  systematic,  and  per- 
vaded by  decorative  forms  which  challenged  the  admira- 
tion of  every  visitor,  and  early  became  a  well  known, 
attractive  feature  of  the  Columbian  Exposition.  As  a 
whole  and  in  detail,  they  afforded  a  wealth  of  practical 
information  in  regard  to  rural  husbandry  in  Illinois 
which  could  not  be  otherwise  or  elsewhere  obtained. 
Their  catalogues  and  records  are  fully  made  up,  and 
possess  an  enduring  value. 

5.    Architectural  Drawings. 

In  framing  the  provision  of  the  law  relating  to  archi- 
tectural drawings  of  State  buildings,  it  was  assumed, 
without  inquiry,  that  in  case  of  every  important  build- 
ing erected  bv  the  State,  the  original  drawings  and 
specifications  used  in  letting  contracts,  or  copies  of  them, 
were  in  possession  of  the  State,  or  otherwise  obtainable, 
On  discovering  such  not  to  be  the  fact,  and  that  a  strict 
compliance  with  that  provision  within  the  time  available 
would  involve  the  necessity  for  the  expenditure  of  a  very 
large  sum,  it  was  thought  best  to  substitute  photogra- 
phy. A  full  and  complete  series  of  large  and  first-class 
photographs,  representing  all  public  State  buildings, 
with  many  views  of  interior  rooms  and  of  surrounding 
grounds,  was  executed  and  appropriately  installed  for 
exhibition.  The  effect  was,  in  all  respects,  satisfactory, 
while  the  cost,  compared  with  that  of  architectural 
drawings,  was  nominal  only. 


17 

6.    History  and  Statistics. 

The  direction  of  this  work  was  placed  in  the  hands  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Board,  under  whose  instruction  a 
synopsis  of  the  civil  history  of  the  State  has  been  pre- 
pared. Statistical  tables  have  been  compiled,  showing 
the  progress  and  growth  of  the  State,  by  counties,  in 
population  and  industrial  development,  by  decades,  from 
the  date  of  its  organization  (1819)  to  the  year  1890,  so 
far  as  correct  data  proved  to  be  available.  A  correct 
map  of  each  county  now  organized  is  included  in  this 
compilation,  which  is  full  of  facts  interesting  to  every 
intelligent  citizen  of  the  present  day,  and  will,  doubtless, 
form  the  reliable  basis  of  a  similar  compilation  to  be 
prepared  by  our  successors  for  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  of  1992. 

In  Review. 

As  a  member,  and  its  chief  executive  officer,  my 
duties  held  me  to  a  qualified  responsibility  in  connec- 
tion with  every  act  of  the  Board  in  all  its  relations, 
particularly  from  the  date  of  its  organization  to  the 
close  of  its  preparatory  work  on  the  opening  of  the 
general  Exposition  May  1,  1893,  necessarily,  during  this 
term  conducting  its  important  correspondence  with  all 
outside  organizations  and  individuals,  and  being  present 
as  a  representative  at  all  interviews  and  conferences  in- 
volving its  interests  and  policies.  This  intimate  and 
continuous  relation  with  the  transactions  of  the  Com- 
mission seems  to  require  of  me  in  this  report  at  least  a 
brief  reference  in  review  of  the  work  which  has  been  ac- 
complished. 

The  vital  question  which  has  been  asked,  and  which 
will  be  asked  again  and  again  is:  Has  the  participation 
of  the  State  of  Illinois  in  the  World's  Columbian  Expo- 
sition, so  liberally  provided  for,  substantially  fulfilled 

its  purpose? 
9 


18 

With  a  full  knowledge  of  what  has  been  done  and  of 
the  conditions  under  which  it  has  been  accomplished,  and 
assuming  to  speak  only  in  regard  to  the  Exposition- 
itself,  I  do  not  hesitate  to  reply  in  the  affirmative. 

The  law  which  prescribed  and  mapped  out  the  work 
of  the  Board  was,  as  nearly  as  possible,  exhaustive  in 
its  requirements  and  without  precedent  in  its  aims  and 
purposes.  The  field  was  large  and  its  path  untrodden. 
No  single  citizen  of  the  State  possessed  that  compre- 
hensive and  definite  information  which  justified  him  in 
deciding  in  advance  jusfc  what  showing  should  be  or 
could  be  made  within  the  lines  laid  down,  nor,  of  course, 
even  approximately  fixing  the  cost.  In  illustration  of 
this  uncertainty  it  will  be  remembered  that  the  original 
estimates  aggregated  $987,000.00;  that  the  available 
sum  of  the  appropriation  was  finally  reduced  by  legisla- 
tion to  $608,500.00,  and  that  of  this  sum,  at  the  close 
of  our  labors,  there  remains  an  unexpended  balance  of 
about  $83,000.00.  A  similar  uncertainty  pervaded 
others  than  the  financial  department,  and,  necessarily, 
more  or  less  modified,  if  it  did  not  embarrass,  the  efforts 
of  some  of  those  engaged  in  preparing  their  exhibits. 
Nevertheless,  while  it  would  be  idle  to  claim  that  no 
error  of  commission  or  omission  attended  the  execution 
of  the  task  assumed  by  the  Board,  while  looking  back 
it  is  now  clear  that  in  some  of  the  departments  the  dis- 
plays might  have  been  more  nearly  complete,  more 
valuable  and  more  fully  representative,  it  is  safe  to  say 
that,  as  a  whole,  the  result  was  creditable  to  the  great 
State  for  which  it  stood  before  the  world,  and  that  it 
presented  to  the  mind  of  every  thoughtful  citizen  and 
visitor,  however  intelligent,  a  new  fund  of  useful,  prac- 
tical information  far  beyond  any  just  estimate  of  finan- 
cial value.  Reference  has  not  been  made  to  the  con- 
struction, transportation  or  financial  departments  for 


19 

the  reason  that  they  were  in  charge  of  members  having 
ample  and  far  more  experience  in  those  affairs,  and  be- 
cause other  duties  seemed  to  require,  as  they  certainly 
received,  my  conscientious  and  unremitting  attention 
daring  my  official  term. 

In  obedience  to  the  instructions  of  the  Board,  and  just 
previous  to  the  public  openings,  I  assigned  to  special 
duty  and  continuous  service  during  the  full  term  of  the 
Exposition,  in  connection  with  the  care  of  the  exhibits, 
building  and  personal  property,  members  of  the  Board 
who  were  willing  to  accept  such  duty.  I  also  presented 
an  estimate  of  the  force  of  employes  required  for  the 
same  term,  and  apportioned  their  selection  among  the 
members  so  that  every  congressional  district  might  have 
an  equitable  share  of  such  appoinments. 

With  the  force  thus  fully  organized  for  the  remaining 
six  months'  campaign;  the  work  otf  collecting  and  pre- 
paring material  for  exhibition  in  the  several  depart- 
ments substantially  completed,  save  only  in  those  of 
farm  products,  horticulture  and  floriculture,  which 
were  fully  assured;  with  the  installation  also  substan- 
tially complete;  with  a  board  of  twenty-one  members 
regularly  organized,  and  to  receive  monthly  salaries  for 
continuous  service,  and  with  no  apparent  further  execu- 
tive duty  to  be  performed  which  did  not  properly  belong 
to  the  functions  of  a  regular  presiding  officer,  I  em- 
braced the  very  welcome  opportunity  to  tender  my 
resignation  as  Director-in-Chief  on  the  1st  day  of  May, 
1893,  in  the  consciousness  of  having  endeavored,  at 
least,  to  discharge  my  whole  official  duty  to  the  people 
of  the  State,  to  the  several  exhibitors  and  to  the  Board. 
Kespectfully, 

JOHN  P.  REYNOLDS, 

CHICAGO,  May,  1894.  Director-ir^  Chief. 


REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  CONSTRUCTION  AND 
INTERIOR  FURNISHING. 


'HE  Committee  on  Construction  and  Interior  Fur- 
nishing respectfullj'  submit  their  final  report: 

The  members  of  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair 
Commissioners  met  at  the  Sherman  House  in  Chicago, 
on  the  1st  day  of  July,  A.  D.  1891,  and  organized 
by  electing  a  President,  Yice-President,  a  Secretary  and 
a  Director-in-Chief,  and  providing  for  thirteen  standing 
committees,  to  be  appointed  by  the  President,  the  first 
and  chief  of  which  was  the  Committee  on  Construction 
and  Interior  Furnishing  of  the  Illinois  State  Building. 

This  committee  was  originally  composed  of  John 
Virgin,  Chairman,  Pace,  Pearce,  Pullen,  Bradley,  Vittum, 
and  Judy,  and  J.  M.  Washburn  was  afterwards  added 
by  an  order  of  the  Board ;  and  Secretary  Garrard  was 
made  clerk  of  the  Committee. 

On  the  5th  day  of  August,  W.  W.  Boyington  &  Co. 
were  employed  as  architects,  to  prepare  and  furnish  plans 
and  specifications  for  the  Illinois  Building  in  Jackson 
Park,  and  to  supervise  the  construction,  erection,  repair- 
ing, taking  down  and  removing  it,  for  a  gross  sum  of 
$11,500.00. 

The  plan  of  the  building,  made  by  the  architects,  ap- 
proved by  the  Committee  and  adopted  by  the  Board, 
was  for  a  main  building  450  feet  long,  east  and  west, 
by  160  feet  wide,  north  and  south,  three  stories  high 
across  each  end,  with  a  main  entrance  at  the  middle  of 
each  end,  with  a  dome  in  the  center  of  the  building  75 
feet  in  diameter,  built  up  from  the  foundations  of  the 
building,  to  the  height  of  235%  feet,  and  surmounted  by 
a  flag  pole  40  feet  above  the  dome.  At  the  center  of 

20 


23 

the  south  side  of  the  main  building  is  a  projection  or 
wing  121  feet  long,  east  and  west,  by  75  feet  wide, 
north  and  south,  also  three  stories  high,  with  a  main 
entrance  at  the  middle  facing  south.  Also  a  projection 
or  wing,  at  the  middle  of  the  north  side  two  stories  high 
and  75  feet  long,  east  and  west,  by  50  feet  wide,  north 
and  south,  with  a  main  entrance  at  the  middle  facing 
the  north. 

This  north  wing  is  also  called  Memorial  Hall,  and  was 
made  a  fire-proof  building.  The  main  building,  except 
30  feet  across  each  end,  which  is  three  stories  high,  is 
built  two  stories,  the  floor  of  the  second  story  consist- 
ing of  two  large  galleries,  each  16  feet  wide,  running 
from  one  end  of  the  main  building  to  the  other,  with 
an  open  space  between  them  32  feet  wide,  and  between 
these  galleries  and  the  north  side  and  south  side  walls 
of  the  building  are  open  spaces,  each  48  feet  wide. 

The  foundations  of  the  main  building  and  south  wing 
are  of  wood  placed  on  sand,  and  the  walls  are  of  wood 
and  mortar  covered  with  staff. 

The  foundations  of  the  north  projection  are  of  heavy 
timbers;  the  walls  are  of  brick  and  mortar,  also  covered 
with  staff,  and  the  girders  and  roof  are  iron. 

That  part  of  the  dome  below  the  roof  of  the  main 
building  is  made  of  timber  and  mortar,  covered  with 
staff.  That  part  above  the  roof  is  made  of  iron.  The 
joists,  girders  and  stairways  in  the  building  are  made 
Of  wood.  The  roof  is  made  partly  of  glass,  partly  of 
iron  and  tin  and  partly  of  gravel. 

The  contract  for  furnishing  the  material  and  erecting 
the  building  complete  and  keeping  it  in  repair  till  the 
end  of  the  Exposition  was  let  by  contract  to  the  lowest 
bidder,  after  advertising  the  time,  place  and  terms  for 
thirty  days  in  the  Herald,  Inter  Ocean,  News,  Tribune 
and  Times. 


22 

The  bids  were  opened  by  the  Board  of  Commissioner? 
in  session,  on  the  18th  day  of  November,  A.  D.  1891, 
when  it  was  found  that  there  were  quite  a  number  of 
bids  for  the  several  parts  of  the  work,  and  one  bid  of 
$195,800  for  the  entire  contract.  This  bid  was  by  Wil- 
liam Harlev  &  Sou. 

After  persistent  opposition  and  much  consequent  delay, 
the  contract  was  awarded  to  William  Harlev  &  Son  on 
their  said  bid,  it  having  been  ascertained  that  the  lowest 
aggregate  of  the  other  bids  was  $204,278. 

During  the  progress  of  the  building  a  number  of 
changes  were  made,  some  involving  an  addition  to,  and 
some  a  deduction  from,  the  original  sum  contracted  for, 
and  some  extras  were  incurred,  adding  to  the  original 
price  of  the  building;  for  all  these  we  refer  to  the  final 
report  of  the  Committee  on  Finance. 

The  building  was  accepted  and  occupied  by  the  Board 
of  Commissioners  on  the  15th  day  of  February,  A.  D. 
1893. 

Interior  Furnishings 

Were  made  from  time  to  time,  as  their  necessity  became 
apparent. 

An  ornamental  fountain  or  grotto  for  drinking  water 
was  erected  in  the  center  of  the  base  of  the  dome  and 
furnished  with  two  faucets  on  each  of  its  four  sides  by 
J.  B.  Mora,  under  a  contract  for  $1,500.  At  this  foun- 
tain pure  cool  water  filtered  by  the  Pasteur  system  by 
Brooks  &  Clark  for  $1,600,  was  furnished  free  to  all 
the  millions  who  admired  and  patronized  it. 

In  the  fish  department  a  grotto,  with  cavern  forming 
a  mountain  scene,  with  a  lake  at  the  mountain  base  and 
streams  running  from  the  lake,  was  made  by  J.  P. 
Mora  for  $1,750.  The  water  used  in  the  Fish  Exhibit 
was  filtered  by  the  Jewel  Filter  Company  without  cost 
to  the  Board. 


23 

For  the  use  of  the  agricultural  exhibit  a  pagoda  or 
pavilion  was  erected  in  the  Illinois  Building  by  Whar- 
ton,  English  &  Co.,  and  a  like  pagoda  in  the  Agricul- 
tural Building  by  the  same  persons.  They  also  built 
pyramids,  tables,  cases,  etc.,  for  these  agricultural  ex- 
hibits. 

In  the  horticultural  department  in  the  Illinois  Build- 
ing they  built  the  tables  on  which  the  horticultural  ex- 
•hibits  were  displayed.  There  were  a  number  of  long, 
plain  tables  and  also  a  number  of  pyramidal  tables  sur- 
rounded with  railings,  and  on  which  the  horticultural 
exhibits  were  tastefully  displayed. 

In  the  grain  inspection  department  there  were  built  a 
-car-box,  an  office,  a  number  of  grain  bins  and  ornament- 
al work,  and  lettering  on  the  wall  showing  the  amount 
'of  business  by  the  Grain  Inspection  Department  in  the 
year  1892. 

Forestry  Exhibit. 

For  the  better  display  of  the  forestry  exhibit,  there 
wras  erected  a  platform  on  which  was  exhibited  25  differ- 
ent varieties  of  cultivated  woods,  inserted  into  a  highly 
ornamental  farm  wagon.  Also,  frames  were  built  in 
rustic  work,  in  which  were  placed  the  specimens  of  both 
the  native  and  cultivated  varieties  of  trees  and  shrubs 
grown  in  Illinois.  Also,  a  very  ornamental  rustic  frame- 
work in  front  of  the  forestry  exhibit. 

Clay  Exhibit. 

A  pyramidal  platform  was  built  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  the  brick,  tile,  terra  cotta  and  ornamental  clay 
exhibits. 

Geological  and  Archaeological  Exhibits. 

For  these  exhibits  there  were  furnished,  by  the  Grand 
Rapids  School  Furniture  Company,  21  geological  cases, 
'•each  15  feet  long,  5  feet  wide,  and  52  inches  high. 


24 

One  upright  archaeological  case,  17  feet  long,  8  feet 
high,  and  12  inches  deep,  and  two  hexagonal  stands  for 
building  stone.  The  cases  were  covered  with  sash  filled 
with  American  plate  glass,  and  the  contract  price  for  all 
was  $2,205.43. 

Exhibits  of  Natural  History. 

The  following  lists  of  furniture  made  at  the  University, 
was  paid  for  by  this  Board: 

75  feet  insect  cases,  1  table,  2  gauze  frames,  1  micro- 
scope table,  1  table  and  office  catalogue,  60  insect  boxes, 
1  tool  and  supply  case,  1  stand  table,  30  feet  shelves 
for  insects,  1  table,  1  book-case  4  feet  6  inches,  with 
curtain,  1  book-cab e,  40  inches,  with  curtain,  1  case  of 
drawers,  1  table  for  gas  stove,  36  feet  book  shelves,  150 
feet  wall  cases,  1  case  for  birds'  eggs,  1  case  for  wild 
turkeys,  1  case  45x45  inches,  4  cases  (C.  F.  E.  D),  41 
feet  double  cases,  case  No.  1,  detail  sheet  7;  case  No.  2, 
detail  sheet  7;  case  No.  3,  detail  sheet  7;  1  table  swing 
shelf,  detail  sheet  7— a  total  charge  of  $1,592.60. 

Post  Office. 

There  was  furnished  a  post  office,  located  on  the  right 
of  the  south  entrance  to  Memorial  Hall,  consisting  of 
pilasters,  counters,  cornice,  doors,  80  call  boxes,  a  gen- 
eral delivery  for  papers,  a  letter  case  and  delivery  wicket. 
Also  parcel  bins,  filling  the  rear  wall  space  to  the  height 
of  11  feet.  Also,  1  work  table  2x3  feet,  1  office  chair,  1 
stool  and  1  step-ladder.  Also,  2  receptacles  for  canes 
and  umbrellas  of  45  capacity  each.  Also,  a  nest  of  latest 
improved  patterns,  placed  in  window,  consisting  of  72 
No.  1  and  16  No.  2  boxes— all  for  $290.80.  This  outfit 
was  returned  under  contract  at  40  per  cent,  of  the  cost. 


25 

Precautions  Against  Fire. 

For  the  purpose  of  extinguishing  any  incipient  fires, 
there  were  purchased  and  placed  in  the  building  1,750 
feet  of  water  hose,  with  reels  and  nozzles,  at  a  cost  of 
$1,276.  Also,  there  were  hired  25  Babcock  Fire  Extin- 
guishers, and  placed  in  convenient  parts  of  the  building, 
ready  for  instant  use  on  occasion,  at  a  rental  of  $375. 

Lights. 

The  Illinois  Building  was  furnished  with  71  arc  lights 
and  a  number  of  incandescent  lights  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  Exposition,  for  the  cost  of  which  we  refer  to 
the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Finance. 

Heating1. 

The  south  projection  of  the  building  was  heated  by 
steam  by  the  Detroit  Heating  and  Lighting  Company 
at  a  cost  of  $975.00. 

Interior  Decorations. 

The  following  rooms  in  the  south  projection  were 
decorated  by  the  Chicago  Carpet  Company  for  the  sum 
of  $1,500,  to-wit: 

S.  E.  reception  room  and  council  chamber,  S.  W.  re- 
ception room  and  three  other  rooms  connected  there- 
with, including  the  general  reception  room  and  the 
ladies'  national  commission  room. 

Seats. 

There  were  250  settees  provided  for  the  public  use 
from  5  to  10  feet  long,  capable  of  seating  1,250  or 
1,500  persons. 

University  of  Illinois  Furnishings. 

1.  A  plain  table  with  case  resting  on  table  covered 
with  glass  in  front,  with  two  movable  shelves. 


26 

2.  A  square  glass  case  resting  on  floor  with  sash. 

3.  Two  tables,  7  feet  and  11%  inches  long,  with  one 
row  of  drawers  full  depth  of  tables. 

4.  A  case  adjoining  No.  3,  14  feet  long  with  glass 
doors  in  front  and  with  a  continuous,  movable  shelf  on 
top. 

5.  Case,  6  feet  long,  same  as  No.  4. 

6.  A  continous  table  and  case  with  glass  front  and 
one  movable  shelf. 

7.  A  glass  case  resting  on  the  floor,  provided  with 
three  shelves. 

8.  A  glass  case,  7  feet  1%  inches  by  11  feet  4  inches, 
same  as  No.  7,  but  no  shelves. 

9.  A  glass  case  2  feet  %  inch  by  11  feet  4  inches,  with 
three  movable  shelves. 

10.  A  plain  table  with  drawers,  4  feet  by  8  feet. 

11.  Two  plain  tables  of  different  heights,  with  show 
case  on  the  higher  one. 

12.  13  and  14.  Three  glass  cases  resting  on  the  floor 
all  the  same  height  but  of  different  sizes. 

15.  A  case  with   solid    panel  doors  underneath   and 
movable  shelves  and  glass  doors  above. 

16.  A  case  in  two  sections,  one  upon  the  other,  with 
glass  doors  across   the   front   and    movable    shelves    6 
inches  apart  from  top  to  bottom. 

17.  A  table  with    show   case   on   top  and  with  two 
drawers  and  paneled  door  underneath  on  both  sides  for 
closet. 

18.  A  long  table  cut  to  fit  round  a  part,  with  various 
large  and  small  drawers  and  doors  for  closets. 

19  and  20.    Two  high  upright  cases  with  glazed  doors. 

21.  A  case  and  cabinet  with  drawers  and  cupboards. 

22.  A  plain  table  with  standard  show  case  on  top. 

23.  Two  upright  cases  with  glass  doors  and  movable 
shelves. 


27 

24.  One  upright  case,  glass    all   around  upper  part ; 
solid  panels  below;    inside  of  upper  part  built  up  with 
pyramid  shelves. 

25.  A  desk  for  the  study  of  chemistry. 

26.  Four  upright  cases,  glass  doors  in  front,  provided 
with  movable  shelves. 

27.  Four  tables  and  cases. 

28.  Work   bench,  provided    with   drawers,  shelf   and 
cupboards. 

29.  A  case  of  cupboards. 

30.  A  case  of  drawers. 

31.  A  heavy  work  table. 

32.  An  upright  case  resting  on  floor,  glass  sash  all 
around  and  glass  top ;  inside  a  pyramid  of  shelves. 

33.  An  upright    case,   with  glass  sash   in  front  ends 
and  on  top;  inside  a  pyramid  of  shelves. 

34.  Two  cases  paneled  underneath  and   glass   doors 
above  with  movable  shelves. 

35.  Case  with  glass  sash  all  around. 

36.  Case  with  glass  on  three  sides  and  top  and  two 
front  doors. 

37.  A  desk  with  show  case  top;    desk  part  provided 
with  drawers. 

38.  A  glass  cabinet  with  show  case  on  top. 

39.  An  upright  case  with  glass   doors   and    drawers 
below. 

40.  Two  upright  cases  with  glass  sash  all  around. 
40A.  A  common  table. 

41.  A  desk  with  two  glass  doors  and  with  cupboards. 

42.  A  high  upright  case  with  glass  sash  front. 

43.  A  case  of  cupboards  with  three  front  doors;  inside 
in  two  sections,  one  section  provided  with  four  station- 
ary shelves. 

44.  A  high  upright  case   resting  on  the  floor,  glass 
sash  all  around. 


28 

45.  Two  cases  of  cupboards  with  four  doors  in  front 
and  one  fixed  shelf. 

46.  Three  tables  with  vertical  walls  attached. 

47.  A  glass  case  with  solid  inclined  top  doors  in  front 
and  rear;  two  stationary  shelves. 

48.  Consists  of  six  tables. 

49.  A  continuous  table  with  drawers  and  cupboards, 
with  glass  case  on  top. 

50.  A  cabinet  and  case;  the  lower  part  with  drawers 
and  cupboards,  the  upper  part  with  glass  fronts  and  in- 
clined tops. 

51.  A  square  case  with  inclined  top  and  doors  on  one 
side. 

52.  A  table. 

53.  A  table  with  show  case  on  it. 

54.  A  table  with  show  case  on  it. 

55.  A  table  with  show  case  on  it. 

56.  A  table  with  show  case  on  it. 

57.  An  upright  case  with  glass  sash  on  three  sides. 

58.  A  cabinet  and  case  like  No.  50. 

59.  An  upright  case;  glass  front  and  ends,  with  mov- 
able shelves. 

60.  Three  cases  with  show  case  tops;  tops,  ends  and 
fronts  glass. 

61.  A  case  of  two  tables  and  show  cases ;  tables  pro- 
vided with  center  parts;    cases  have  inclined  tops  and 
glass  on  all  sides  and  tops. 

62.  An  upright  case  with  door  in  front  and  glass  all 
around  and  movable  shelves. 

Illinois  Normal  Universities. 

Your  committee  have  no  data  from  which  to  give  the 
different  articles  of  furniture  or  furnishings  in  or  on 
which  was  displayed  this  exhibit. 


29 

We  can  only  say  that  each  of  these  Universities  was 
furnished  such  tables,  cases  and  furniture  as  they  re- 
quired. 

The  furniture  and  furnishings  for  the  Illinois  State 
Normal  University,  were  made  and  delivered  by  Kelly 
Brothers'"  Manufacturing  Company  for  the  sum  of 
11,167.00. 

And  for  the  Southern  Illinois  -Normal  University,  by 
Kelly  Brothers'  Manufacturing  Company,  for  the  sum  of 
$1,377.20. 

For  the  display  of  the  exhibits  of  the  public  schools 
all  the  furniture,  tables,  cases,  screens,  etc.,  which  were 
required  by  the  superintendent  of  that  exhibit.  Prof. 
William  Jenkins,  were  made  and  delivered  by  Kelly 
Brothers'  Manufacturing  Company  for  $2,085.00. 

The  furniture  and  furnishings  of  the  several  educa- 
tional exhibits  occupied  a  large  and  prominent  space 
in  the  building,  and  with  the  exhibits  attracted  much 
of  the  attention  of  visitors. 

The  various  offices  and  reception  rooms  were  furnished 
with  carpets,  window  shades  or  curtains,  desks,  tables, 
chairs,  sofas  or  lounges,  washstands  and  other  conven- 
iences, and  some  of  them  with  stoves,  the  cost  of  which 
will  be  found  in  the  report  of  the  committee  on  finance. 

JOHN  VIRGIN, 
J.  IRVING  PEARCE. 
B.  PULLEN, 

D.  W.  YITTUM, 

E.  C.  PACE, 

JAMES  M.  WASHBURN. 
LAFAYETTE  FUNK. 

Committee. 


REPORT  OF  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  GROUNDS  AND 
EXTERIOR  ORNAMENTATION. 


f'HE  grounds  surrounding  the  Illinois  State  Building 
_  for  lawn  purposes  embraced  about  two  and  one- 
half  acres.  The  extent  was  two  or  three  times  that  of 
any  other  State  Building.  The  location  rendered  neces- 
sary much  heavy  filling  to  bring  to  grade,  especially  on 
the  north  side— the  north  annex  extending  into  the 
lagoon.  After  bringing  into  grade,  and  to  complete  the 
preparation  of  the  ground  for  sodding,  etc.,  there  was 
added  from  four  to  six  inches  of  well  fertilized  soil,  made 
necessary  by  its  complete  absence,  there  being  little  else 
than  sand.  Handsome  shade  trees  were  already  upon  a 
part  of  the  grounds.  Some  of  these  had  to  be  removed, 
and  they  with  others  were  distributed  over  the  entire  lawn. 
The  general  purpose  and  desire  being  that  the  lawn 
and  its  appointments  should  be  in  keeping  with  the 
building  and  its  surroundings,  special  efforts  were  made 
to  accomplish  this  purpose.  The  approaches  to  the 
building  from  the  National  roadways — the  one  from  the 
south  being  60  feet  and  the  one  from  the  west  being  50 
feet  wide — were  laid  with  Illinois  paving  tile.  On  each 
side  of  these  walks  were  placed  large  rustic  benches  for 
the  accommodation  and  comfort  of  the  general  public. 
On  the  north  side  of  the  building  and  next  to  the  lagoon 
were  built  a  gravel  walk  and  roadway  extending  the  en- 
tire length  of  the  building,  connecting  with  the  National 
roadways  on  the  east  and  west.  This  roadway  was  12 
feet  in  width  by  nearly  600  feet  in  length.  The  balance 
of  lawn  was  carefully  sodded,  requiring  between  8,000 
and  9,000  square  yards,  all  being  inclosed  with  steel 
posts  and  chain  for  its  protection. 


31 

In  the  fall  of  1892  a  number  of  tulip  beds  were 
located,  prepared  and  planted  in  variety.  These  fur- 
nished not  only  beautiful  flowers,  but  a  delightful  con- 
trast for  the  spring  and  early  summer  of  '93,  and  being 
succeeded  by  cannas  in  large  variety,  the  beds  were  thus 
continued  until  the  close  of  the  Exposition.  In  addi- 
tion, palrns,  shrubs  and  flowering  plants  were  distributed 
over  the  ground  for  a  relief,  adding  much  to  its  general 
appearance.  It  was  designed  to  introduce  a  few  rockeries 
for  ornamentation,  but  instead  coal  pyramids  were  sub- 
stituted, not  so  much  for  their  beauty,  but  as  a  practi- 
cal demonstration  of  the  value  of  the  coal  fields  under- 
lying the  great  State  of  Illinois.  One  of  these  pyramids 
showed  the  vein  of  coal  to  be  10  ft.  in  thickness.  On 
the  south  front  in  the  center  of  the  walk  leading  to  the 
main  entrance  was  located  a  piece  of  sculpture  called 
"Hide  and  Seek,"  David  Richards,  of  Chicago,  artist, 
which,  for  artistic  excellence,  was  certainly  not  equalled 
by  any  similar  work  on  the  grounds  of  the  Exposition. 
The  plans  and  specifications  of  the  building  called  for 
statuary  at  the  entrances.  Early  in  1892  the  commis- 
sion decided  to  substitute  for  these,  plants,  flowers, 
vines,  etc.  The  platforms  on  either  side  of  entrances 
were  converted  into  rockeries  mingled  with  soil,  into 
which  grasses,  ferns  and  running  vines  were  planted, 
the  whole  being  surmounted  with  palms  and  other  rare 
plants,  producing  a  beautiful  and  highly  artistic  effect. 
The  decision  of  the  commission  also  included  the  inte- 
rior of  the  building,  which  was  beautifully  decorated 
throughout  with  hanging  baskets,  flowering,  foliage  and 
other  plants.  We  think  the  commission  made  no  mis- 
take in  deciding  upon  this  change,  as  it  seemed  to  give 
general  satisfaction,  and  elicited  many  favorable  com- 
ments, No  other  building  upon  the  grounds  of  the 
Columbian  Exposition  was  similarly  decorated,  and  the 


32 

cost,  including  care,  will  not  equal  one-fourth  the  cost 
of  statuary.  We  feel  that  our  lawn  was  "a  thing  of 
beauty,"  and  only  wish  that  it  could  have  remained  ua 
joy  forever".  The  committee  on  "grounds  and  exterior 
ornamentation"  were  supposed  to  have  $10,000.00  for 
their  use,  including  care  and  maintenance  during  the 
six  months  of  the  Exposition. 

The  finance  committee's  report  will  show  that  less 
than  half  of  this  amount  has  been  expended,  and  we 
feel  confident  that  the  Commission  and  general  public 
feel  satisfied  with  the  work  that  has  been  done. 

B.  PULLEN, 
SAML.  DYSART, 
A.  B.  HOSTETTER, 
W.  H.  FULKERSON, 
S.  W.  JOHNS, 

Committee. 


REPORT    OF    COMMITTEE    ON    ARCHITECTURAL 
DRAWINGS,     TOPOGRAPHICAL     SUR- 
VEY, MAPS   AND   DRAWINGS. 


ftlE  work  assigned  to  this  committee,  under  the  di- 
rection of   the  Commission,  is  outlined  in  the  third 
article  of  the  second  section  of  the  statute  creating  the 
Commission. 

Public  Building's. 

On  investigation,  the  committee  learned  that  but  very 
few  of  the  original  architectural  drawings  of  the  several 
State  institutions  had  been  preserved,  and  to  make  new 
measurements  of  the  buildings  would  be  very  expensive 
and  impracticable. 

To  make  drawings  with  a  reasonable  degree  of  accu- 
racy, photographic  views  would  have  to  be  depended 
upon  as  the  basis  of  the  work. 

By  the  process  of  enlarging  photographs  to  any  de- 
sirable size,  it  was  found  that  the  buildings  and  grounds 
of  the  institutions  could  be  shown  as  correctly,  and  at 
much  less  cost  than  by  drawings.  By  coloring  these 
views  by  hand-work,  a  more  natural  representation  was 
produced,  and  a  more  attractive  picture  the  result. 

The  committee,  deeming  that  plan  the  most  practica- 
ble means  of  executing  the  law,  adopted  the  method,  and 
procured  the  service  of  a  competent  photographer,  who 
visited  all  the  institutions  arid  made  photographs  of  them. 
From  these  pictures  were  made,  varying  in  size  from  4% 
to  6  feet  in  length,  according  to  the  size  of  buildings  and 
grounds,  of  all  the  State  institutions,  as  follows: 

University  of  Illinois,  at  Champaign. 

State  Normal  University,  at  Normal. 

Southern  Normal  University,  at  Carbondale. 
—3  s3 


34 

Northern  Hospital  for  Insane,  at  Elgin. 

Eastern  Hospital  for  Insane,  at  Kankakee 

Central  Hospital  for  Insane,  at  Jacksonville. 

Southern  Hospital  for  Insane,  at  Anna. 

Institution  for  the  Education  of  Blind,  at  Jacksonville. 

Institution  for  the  Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
at  Jacksonville. 

Asylum  for  the  Feeble-minded,  at  Lincoln. 

Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home,  at  Quincy. 

Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home,  at  Normal. 

Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  at  Chicago. 

Reform  School,  at  Pontiac. 

Northern  Penitentiary,  at  Joliet. 

Southern  Penitentiary,  at  Chester. 

Penitentiary  for  Insane  Criminals,  at  Chester. 

State  House,  at  Springfield. 

State  Building,  World's  Fair  Grounds,  at  Chicago. 

To  preserve  the  form  for  the  future,  and  to  show  the 
prosperity  of  our  State  as  shown  in  its  Capitol  buidings 
since  the  admission  into  the  Union,  it  was  decided  to  en- 
large a  photograph  that  was  obtained  of  the  first  State 
House  at  Kaskaskia,  where  the  first  session  of  the  Legis- 
lature was  held  in  1819.  Also,  the  second  State  House, 
at  Vandalia,  which  was  used  for  twenty  years.  The  third 
State  House,  at  Springfield,  which  was  used  until  the 
present  Capitol  building  was  constructed. 

The  pictures  were  well  framed  and  glazed,  and  exhibited 
on  the  gallery  of  the  building. 

The  collection  was  an  interesting  exhibit  to  visitors 
from  home  and  abroad.  It  illustrated  the  progress, 
wealth  and  prosperity  of  our  State  by  sight.  They 
showed  how  freely  our  taxpayers  had  contributed  to 
the  cause  of  education,  and  the  greatest  of  all  virtues, 
charity,  in  caring  for  its  afflicted  and  unfortunate  citi- 
zens, for  its  aged  and  enfeebled  soldiers,  and  in  protect- 
ing society  from  the  destructive  liberty  of  criminals. 


ill 


•JMKiHI 


RELIEF  MAP  OF  ILLINOIS. 


45 

Relief  Map. 

The  best  method  of  illustrating  the  topographical 
features  of  the  State  was  a  subject  of  much  deliberation 
by  the  Commission. 

It  was  decided  that  the  most  intelligent  and  interest- 
ing profile  of  the  surface  could  be  ma.de  by  the  Relief 
Map  modeled  from  a  survey  of  the  State.  The  scale  of 
measurements  adopted  for  the  map  was  two  miles  to 
the  inch  horizontally  and  500  feet  to  the  inch  vertically. 

The  surface  of  a  large  portion  of  the  State  being  com- 
paratively level,  without  sharp  elevations,  an  exagger- 
ated vertical  scale  had  to  be  used  in  order  to  make  a 
good  representative  form  of  the  surface  as  it  really 
exists. 

No  topographical  survey  of  the  State  had  ever  been 
made;  hence  there  were  no  data  in  existence  for  such  a 
work  further  than  that  furnished  by  the  base  lines  of 
the  Government  survey  and  the  survey  of  the  different 
railway  lines  in  the  State. 

Not  having  the  necessary  time  or  means  to  make  a 
complete  topographical  survey  of  the  State,  the  com- 
mittee decided,  in  addition  to  those  surveys  mentioned, 
to  have  made  topographical  observations  by  counties, 
with  barometers  and  levels  in  the  hands  of  surveyors 
who  traversed  the  counties  in  different  directions  by 
private  conveyance. 

That  work  was  executed  at  considerable  expense,  but 
the  committee  feel  assured  that  the  important  data  thus 
secured  will  more  than  compensate  the  State  for  the 
expenditure. 

0.  W.  Rolfe,  of  Urban  a,  professor  of  geology  in  the 
University  of  Illinois,  was  employed  to  superintend  and 
direct  the  work,  and  the  committee  have  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  it  was  done  with  as  much  care,  accuracy  arid 
economy  as  possible  under  the  circumstances. 


46 

The  following  is  a  synopsis  of  data  upon  which  Prof. 
Rolfe  directed  the  survey.  From  the  Mississippi  River 
Commission  a  line  of  levels  from  Cairo  to  Dunleith,  a 
line  of  levels  from  Fulton  to  Chicago,  along  the  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railway,  a  series  of  topograph- 
ical charts  of  the  Illinois  shore  of  the  Mississippi  and 
the  low  water  slope  of  the  Mississippi. 

From  the  lake  survey  a  series  of  geodetic  stations  be- 
tween Chicago  and  Olney. 

From  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  low  water  levels 
of  the  Illinois  River. 

From  United  States  Geological  Survey  a  series  of  to- 
pographical charts  between  Chicago  and  Peoria. 

From  the  coast  and  geodetic  survey  a  Hue  of  levels 
from  Olney  to  St.  Louis,  a  line  from  Centralia  to  Cairo 
and  low  water  levels  of  the  Ohio  and  Wabash  Rivers. 

From  United  States  engineers  the  preliminary  survey 
of  the  Hennepin  Canal. 

From  the  railroads  profiles  of  their  lines. 

Barometric  profile  made  with  moving  and  stationary 
barometers  of  such  railroads  as  had  no  profile. 

The  bench  marks  of  the  lines  of  levels  and  geodetic 
stations  were  connected  with  the  nearest  railroads,  and 
were  used  to  correct  the  profiles  of  such  railroads. 

The  elevations  above  low  water  of  the  railroad  bridges 
over  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  rivers  were  obtained, 
and  the  railroad  profiles  checked  by  them. 

The  exact  relations  of  the  railroads  at  intersecting 
points  were  ascertained,  and  the  profile  of  the  roads 
checked  on  each  other,  using  those  that  had  been  cor- 
rected by  United  States  data  as  master  systems. 

To  the  outline  so  established  the  details  of  surface  in  the 
different  counties  were  added  by  traverses  with  barometer 
and  hand  level  arranged  to  intersect  railroads  as  often 
as  possible,  and  practically  to  bring  the  observer  within 
sight  of  every  section  of  land  in  the  county. 


47 

Prominent  points  either  of  elevations  or  depression 
were  visited  and  observations  made  upon  them. 

Many  cross  checks  and  other  means  of  correction  were 
applied  to  overcome  errors  in  atmospheric  pressure,  in- 
strumental irregularities,  and  errors  of  observations. 

Finally  the  results  thus  obtained  were  expressed  by 
contour  lines  on  the  maps  with  figures  showing  the  ele- 
vations of  the  points  taken  in  the  several  counties. 

Great  care  was  taken  to  make  the  data  atlas  map  of 
the  State  more  correct  in  its  horizontal  features  than  any 
heretofore  published. 

The  locations  of  towns  and  courses  of  streams  were  in 
most  cases  either  verified  or  corrected. 

The  time  allowed  for  making  the  survey  was  one  year, 
and  the  area  covered  was  56,000  square  miles. 

It  is  hoped  that  future  observations  will  show  that 
the  work  has  been  as  well  done  as  the  limitations  of 
time  and  funds  would  admit. 

From  the  data  thus  compiled  the  committee  pro- 
ceeded with  the  work  of  having  the  relief  map  of  the  en- 
tire State  made  in  plaster,  that  material  being  the  best 
known  for  durability.  Miss  Louise  Barwick  of  Tracy, 
Cook  County,  Illinois,  a  skilled  artist  in  modeling  work, 
was  engaged  to  model  the  map  in  clay  preparatory  to 
making  the  plaster  cast. 

The  work  was  executed  in  the  following  manner: 

Six  wooden  squares  2  inches  thick  were  made.  These 
were  of  sufficient  size  that  when  joined  together  they 
made  a  surface  larger  than  the  map  would  occupy,  and 
represented  the  sea  level  upon  which  the  map  was  built 
up  to  the  points  of  elevations  taken  in  the  survey. 

The  squares  were  then  covered  with  cloth  surfaced  so 
as  to  retain  the  finest  lines.  By  means  of  carbonized 
paper  the  contour  lines  and  figures  representing  the  ele- 
vations and  depressions  of  the  surface  of  the  country  in 
the  data  atlas,  heretofore  mentioned,  were  transferee! 


48 

clearly  to  those  squares.  Slender  wire  nails  were  driven 
into  the  wood  as  a  guide  to  the  modeling.  By  measure- 
ments the  portion  projecting  above  the  wood  corres- 
ponded with  the  figure  on  the  contour  line  where  they 
were  driven. 

In  making  the  survey  of  the  State  over  90,000  points 
of  observation  were  noted,  and  the  same  number  of  nails 
had  to  be  driven  to  form  the  lines  for  the  modeler  in 
the  clay  work,  which  it  was  necessary  to  execute  first 
in  order  to  cast  from  the  clay  moulds  in  which  the  fin- 
ished plaster  map  of  the  work  was  made.  Three  months 
time  was  occupied  in  doing  that  part  of  the  work. 

The  squares  were  placed  on  a  platform  in  a  horrizon- 
tal  position  carefully  joined  together,  the  whole  repre- 
senting the  State  on  a  surface  10  by  17  feet. 

After  the  whole  had  been  painted  a  light  green  in  color, 
the  county  boundaries  were  shown  by  heavy  red  lines; 
the  lakes,  rivers  and  smaller  streams  in  blue;  the  rail- 
roads by  black  lines,  and  the  names  of  county  seats  in 
heavy  black  letters. 

The  whole,  when  completed,  making  a  graphic  birdseye 
view  of  the  State,  the  like  of  which  no  human  eye  had 
ever  seen  before.  As  an  exhibit  it  was  one  of  the  most 
interesting  in  the  building.  It  was  daily  surrounded  by 
the  aged  and  the  youthful  visitor,  who  seemed  greatly 
impressed  as  they  gazed  on  the  face  of  our  great  State. 
Teachers,  students  and  children  engaged  in  the  primary 
grades  of  education,  seemed  alike  deeply  interested  in 
studying  it. 

The  plain  around  the  entire  map,  as  aforesaid,  repre- 
sented the  sea  level.  The  Mississippi  river,  as  the  west- 
ern boundary,  was  shown  slowly  rising  above  that  level 
from  268  feet  low  water  mark  at  Cairo,  until,  at  the 
northwest  corner  of  the  State,  it  has  an  elevation  of  615 
feet,  and  the  waters  of  the  Wabash  river,  on  the  east, 


49 

reach  an  elevation  of  601  feet,  while  Lake  Michigan,  at 
Chicago,  placidly  rests  at  an  elevation  of  595  feet  above 
the  sea. 

The  lowest  point  of  land  in  the  State  is  at  Cairo,  and 
the  highest  is  that  of  Charles  mound,  on  the  State  line 
of  Wisconsin,  in  JoDaviess  county,  which  reaches  the 
height  of  1,257  feet  above  the  sea. 

It  was  a  surprise  to  a  great  many  visitors,  even  those 
who  were  old  residents  of  the  State,  when  looking  at  the 
map,  to  see  a  high  range  of  hills  crossing  the  southern 
portion  of  the  State.  The  fact,  as  shown  by  the  map,  is, 
that  a  spur  of  the  Ozark  Mountains  of  Missouri  extends 
through  Union,  Johnson,  Pope  and  Hardin  counties. 
The  higest  of  these  hills,  and  the  highest  point  of  land 
in  Southern  Illinois,  is  what  is  known  as  Bald  Knob,  in 
Union  county,  which  has  an  elevation  of  985  feet. 

In  Johnson  county,  the  highest  point  of  observation 
was  800  feet;  in  Pope,  823  feet ;  and  in  Hardin,  780  feet. 

There  are  well  founded  reasons  for  believing  that  there 
has  been  a  period  in  the  past  when  this  range  of  hills 
was  much  higher,  and  has  been  worn  away  by  the  influ- 
ences of  time,  yet  the  range  at  the  present  time  is  nearly 
200  feet  higher  than  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  at 
Chicago. 

There  is  an  erroneous  belief  existing  among  non-resi- 
dents of  the  State,  and  many  of  its  citizens  who  have 
not  traversed  it,  that  much  of  the  surface  is  a  level 
plain,  which  will  not  admit  of  sufficient  drainage  neces- 
sary to  ensure  the  best  agricultural  results.  The  map 
dispels  that  idea  at  sight.  In  addition  to  the  range  of 
hills  mentioned,  it  shows  two  other  great  water-sheds 
extending  across  the  State  from  the  northeast  to  the 
southwest,  with  elevations  above  the  Mississippi,  Wabash 
and  Illinois  rivers,  varying  in  height  from  three  to  five 
hundred  feet,  and  the  remarkable  fact  that  the  interior 
-4 


50 

streams  of  the  State  flow  north,  south,  east  and  west, 
with  strong  currents,  into  these  outlets.  It  also  shows 
that  the  State  has  within  its  borders  the  means  of 
creating  one  of  the  greatest  water  powers  in  the  world, 
with  the  great  lakes  as  a  reservoir  to  feed  the  same. 

The  bed  of  the  Desplaines  river  at  Joliet,  forty  miles 
from  Chicago,  is  46  feet  lower  than  the  wa.ters  of  Lake 
Michigan.  Only  the  outlet  has  to  be  made  and  powers 
for  manufacturing  purposes  can  be  made  far  surpassing 
that  of  Niagara,  because  at  Ottawa,  eighty  miles  dis- 
tant, the  Illinois  River  is  146  feet  below  Lake  Michigan, 
and  this  would  permit  the  same  power  to  be  used  many 
times. 

The  map  shows,  as  cannot  be  shown  on  a  flat  map, 
many  interesting  features  of  the  State,  which  in  future 
years  will  without  doubt  add  greatly  to  its  prosperity 
and  wealth,  and  which  will  enable  it  to  maintain  a  dense 
population.  As  an  evidence  of  the  correctness  of  the 
survey  of  the  surface  of  the  State  made  for  this  purpose, 
and  the  perfection  in  modeling  the  form  as  it  exists,  the 
map  on  exhibition  proved  a  great  object  lesson  to  the 
students  of  glacial  geology. 

In  all  such  prehistoric  investigations,  where  positive 
proof  of  theories  are  not  in  existence,  the  human  mind 
has  a  wide  range  in  conjecture,  and  no  ideas  of  one  in- 
vestigator are  free  from  attack  by  a  conflicting  mind. 

As  no  other  State  in  the  Union  had  made  a  relief  map 
in  the  form  of  this  one  from  actual  survey  of  its  surface, 
students  of  national  reputation,  from  different  States, 
studied  its  markings  with  much  care  and  interest.  These 
markings  represent  the  only  data  we  have  of  prehistoric 
periods  in  the  earth's  history,  in  which  students  of  glacial 
geology  are  much  interested. 

No  one  can  give  any  definite  information  in  reference 
to  the  lapse  of  time  since  the  Glacial  period,  or  how  long 


51 

it  continued,  but  this  map  shows  clearly  to  the  eye  of 
a  student  that  there  has  existed  on  the  surface  of  the 
State  of  Illinois  two  distinct  periods,  and  that  a  long 
interval  of  time  intervened  between  them. 

Subsequent  to  the  coal  era  it  appears  that  there  was 
a  period  when  nearly  the  entire  State  was  covered  with 
ice  and  water,  a  portion  of  the  northwest  corner  and  a 
part  of  Calhoun  county  being  of  such  elevation  that 
they  were  not  covered.  The  Ozark  Hills  were  the  south- 
ern shore  line,  but  when  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers 
broke  through  these  hills  the  State  was  drained  and  the 
waters  receded  to  Lake  Michigan. 

The  drifts  of  that  era,  no  doubt,  came  from  the  north, 
and  carried  with  them  the  specimens  of  copper  and  the 
dark  granite  boulders  found  as  far  south  as  the  hills, 
from  the  Lake  Superior  regions,  where  the  mines  of  the 
former  and  the  parent  rocks  of  the  latter  are  now 
found. 

The  stratified  formation  of  the  soil  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  State  indicates  that  the  silts  were  deposited 
from  water  and  not  from  ice,  because  deposits  from  the 
latter  are  hilly  and  irregular  in  outline.  The  last  glacial 
period,  when  the  great  field  of  ice,  over  250  miles  wide, 
which  brought  with  it  the  immense  deluviau  deposits 
that  have  made  Illinois  the  rich  agricultural  State  that 
it  is  at  the  present  time,  the  map  shows,  came  from  a 
northeast  direction,  through  Lake  Michigan. 

The  central  part  of  that  flow  entered  the  State  at  or 
near  where  Chicago  is  now  situated,  and  moved  in  a 
southwesterly  direction  across  the  State  by  what  is  now 
known  as  the  valley  of  the  Illinois  river. 

A  well  defined  line  of  deposits  exists  on  each  side, 
varying  in  depth  from  100  to  200  feet,  creating  the 
water  sheds  before  mentioned,  sloping  on  either  side 
towards  the  center  and  outside,  and  the  whole  decreas- 
ing in  height  as  they  approach  the  western  side  of  the 


52 

State.  These  deposits  are  not  in  any  regular  outline 
like  a  range  of  hills  or  mountains,  but  dropped,  as  if  it 
were  by  chance,  where  a  great  iceberg,  loaded  with  a 
special  freight,  lodged  and  dissolved. 

Great  nests  of  boulders,  gravel  beds,  ridges  and 
mounds  of  heavy,  reddish  clay,  and  deep  beds  of  blue 
clay,  all  are  found  distributed  without  order  of  arrange- 
ment. In  them  are  found  the  gray  granite  boulder 
specimens  of  rock  gravel  and  the  clays  which  are  now 
found  in  their  natural  order  on  the  northern  shore  of 
Lake  Huron  and  on  the  shores  of  Hudson  Bay. 

The  deposits  on  the  southern  line  of  the  drift  are  near 
the  same  depth  as  on  the  north  line,  but  much  wider 
and  more  evenly  distributed  on  the  surface. 

The  deposits  on  the  north  side  are  more  irregular  on 
the  surface,  with  projecting  points  in  a^  northwestern 
direction.  If  the  reader  who  has  not  seen  this  map  will 
examine  the  direction  in  which  the  numerous  small 
streams  flow,  which  have  their  source  near  the  summit, 
on  a  flat  map  the  lines  of  these  elevations  can  be  readily 
followed. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  northern  ridge  is  thrown 
out  from  Lake  Michigan  near  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin, 
Lake  Geneva,  source  of  Fox  river,  being  the  highest 
plateau,  with  an  elevation  of  900  feet,  which  is  300  feet 
above  the  water  of  Lake  Michigan. 

The  highest  point  of  the  ridge  enters  Illinois  in  the 
northwest  corner  of  McHenry  county,  with  an  elevation 
of  1,000  feet.  Woodstock  is  the  highest  county  seat  in 
the  State,  being  916  feet. 

Southward,  in  Kane  county,  Briar  Hill  is  973  feet. 
Further  south,  in  the  same  county,  Lilly  Lake  is  934. 
The  line  then  bears  westward  into  DeKalb  county,  where, 
on  section  7,  township  39,  range  5,  there  is  a  point 
940  feet.  Still  further  west,  in  the  same  county,  there  is 


53 

another  point  on  section  19,  township  38,  range  3, 
which  is  970  feet. 

Sycamore,  the  county-seat,  being  on  the  northwestern 
slope,  is  only  857  feet.  Geneva,  the  county-seat  of 
Kane  county,  on  the  southeastern  slope  is  only  720  feet. 

From  the  last  point  named  in  DeKalb  county  there 
is  a  spur  extending  northwest  into  Ogle  county,  a  dis- 
tance of  twenty-five  miles.  Malta,  on  the  line  of  the 
Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway,  is  925  feet  high,  and 
Holcomb,  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Rail- 
way, 836  feet.  The  main  line  of  the  ridge  continues 
westward  through  the  southern  part  of  Lee  county. 
Paw  Paw,  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  county,  is  930 
feet.  Further  west,  West  Brooklyn  is  963  feet,  and  still 
further  west  Sublette,  934  feet.  Continuing  on  in  the 
same  course,  Ohio,  in  Bureau  county,  is  920  feet. 
From  there  the  elevation  descends  towards  the  west 
until  at  Sheffield,  the  summit  of  the  Hennepin  canal  sur- 
vey, it  is  but  673  feet. 

The  summit  of  the  southern  line  of  elevation  enters 
the  State  from  Indiana  in  Vermilion  county,  on  the 
line  of  the  Lake  Erie  and  Western  Railway.  The  station 
at  Cheney ville  is  721  feet.  Hoopeston,  further  west,  714 
feet;  Rankin,  same  line,  715  feet. 

Paxton,  county-seat  of  Ford  county,  is  790  feet.  Mel- 
vin,  on  Illinois  Central  Railway,  northwest  from  Paxton, 
is  808  feet.  West,  in  McLean  county,  on  section  4, 
township  23.  range  6,  the  elevation  is  913  feet,  which 
is  the  highest  point  in  the  central  part  of  the  State. 
Arrowsmith  876  feet,  and  Bloomington  821  feet.  From 
there  the  descent  towards  the  southwest  is  gradual. 
Springfield  is  602  feet.  As  heretofore  mentioned,  the  de- 
posits were  much  greater  in  area  and  composed  more 
of  clays  toward  the  south. 

The  table  lands  of  Vermilion,  Champaign,  Piatt  and 
Macon  counties  were  thus  built  up. 


54 

The  southern  line  where  the  deposits  cease  is  through 
Clark,  Cumberland,  Shelby  and  Christian  counties. 

Another  attractive  feature  of  the  State  is  the  demon- 
strated fact  that  the  territory  covered  by  the  deposits 
south  and  east  of  the  Illinois  river,  comprise  the  great 
corn  belt  of  the  State,  and  south  of  that  the  fruit  coun- 
try. The  composition  of  the  soil  is  lighter,  warmer  and 
so  different  in  color  as  to  be  noticeable  at  sight. 

Northward  the  numerous  streams,  springs  and  lakes 
of  pure  water,  the  hills  and  valleys  producing  the  best 
grains  and  grasses  for  the  purpose,  is  the  great  dairy 
region  of  the  State. 

The  map  points  out  other  great  changes  that  have 
taken  place  in  the  geography  of  the  territory  now  oc- 
cupied by  the  State  and  by  it  the  fact  has  first  been  dis- 
covered. Looking  at  the  north  end  we  see  Rock  river 
coining  down  from  Wisconsin  through  a  broad  valley 
until  it  reaches  a  point,  a  few  miles  south  of  Rockford, 
where  it  has  an  elevation  of  680  feet. 

The  map  shows  that  there  was  a  time  when  it  con- 
tinued in  its  southern  course  through  the  Kite  Creek 
bottoms  and  Inlet  Swamp  and  then  southwest  by  what 
is  now  Green  river. 

When  the  drift  came  as  mentioned  extending  north- 
west into  Ogle  county  a  dam  156  feet  high  was  built 
across  the  channel  which  caused  the  accumulated  water 
to  break  through  the  hills  in  a  southwest  direction 
where  it  now  flows  through  a  narrow  channel  where  the 
rocky  bluffs  are  rugged  and  do  not  present  the  time- 
worn  appearance  of  those  north  of  Rockford.  The  dif- 
ference is  strongly  marked  to  the  observer.  On  the 
west  side  of  the  State  we  find  the  evidence  of  another 
great  change.  When  the  Mississippi  river  passes  the 
high  rocky  bluffs  at  Fulton,  the  bluffs  on  the  Illinois  side 
disappear  and  the  flat  country  known  as  the  Cattail 


55 

Swamps  and  Meredosia  Flats  commences,  which  further 
south  extends  across  to  Rock  river.  When  both  streams 
are  at  high  water  these  flats  are  submerged. 

The  Mississippi  at  that  point  at  low  water  has  an 
elevation  of  564  feet  and  the  Illinois  river  southeast,  at 
Hennepin,  Putman  County,  at  low  water  is  only  441  feet. 

The  evidence  is  very  strong  that  the  course  of  the 
Mississippi  River  formerly  was  in  a  southeast  direction 
from  above  Rock  Island,  entering  the  Illinois  river  at  or 
near  Hennepin,  and  what  is  now  called  the  Illinois  river 
valley  was  at  a  former  period  the  course  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river. 

Here  again  the  drift  at  Sheffield,  Bureau  county,  where 
there  is  a  deposit  mostly  sand  over  150  feet  deep, 
created  a  dam  higher  than  the  rocks  at  Rock  Island. 
That  obstruction  was  more  than  sufficient  to  force  the 
waters  of  the  Mississippi  to  seek  an  outlet  over  the 
rocks  at  Rock  Island.  It  had  then  to  flow  nearly  in  a 
western  .direction  until  it  reached  Muscatine,  where  it 
found  its  first  opportunity  to  return  to  its  southern  course. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  survey  of  the  proposed 
Hennepin  Canal  descends  from  Sheffield  to  Hennepin  232 
feet,  and  from  the  same  point  to  the  Mississippi  only 
109  feet,  and  that  a  ditch  cut  through  the  summit  at 
Sheffield  130  feet  deep  would  bring  the  waters  of  both 
the  Mississippi  and  Rock  river  into  the  Illinois  river 
with  a  rapid  current. 

The  evidence  mentioned  in  reference  to  the  change  in 
Rock  river  is  again  to  be  seen  in  the  bluffs  of  the  upper 
Mississippi  and  Illinois  rivers  when  compared  with  those 
on  the  present  course  of  the  Mississippi  from  Rock 
Island  to  where  it  rounds  the  point  of  Calhoun  county 
into  its  original  channel. 

The  map  shows  those  outlines  very  plainly,  and  other 
points  displayed  by  it  will  forever  in  part  remain  a 


56 

mystery  which  will  draw  upon  the  imagination  of  the 
human  mind  for  an  explanation. 

We  see  the  facts  as  presented  to  us,  and  the  concen- 
tration of  human  thought  for  ages  is  not  likely  to  de- 
vise any  other  theory  by  which  the  changes  could  have 
been  produced  by  the  forces  of  nature. 

We  find  in  these  deposits  spoken  of  small  hills  of 
gravel  mixed  with  larger  stones,  worn  smooth  by  fric- 
tion against  each  other  in  water,  deposits  of  unmixed 
clays  without  any  other  like  them  for  miles  away.  We 
find  in  different  localities  great  nests  of  boulders  on  a 
small  area  rounded  and*  flattened  in  varied  forms,  and 
no  parent  rocks  like  them  within  hundreds  of  miles. 

It  seems  impossible  to  even  think  of  any  other  way 
of  transporting  them  than  by  the  theory  of  the  present 
age. 

The  reader  may  ask  how  the  map  shows  the  difference 
in  time  of  those  glacial  periods. 

Because  that  portion  of  the  State  not  covered  by  the 
second  drift  shows  a  much  more  uneven  surface. 

The  water  courses  large  and  small  have  wider  and 
deeper  valleys.  The  bluffs  along  them  show  long  ex- 
posure to  the  wear  of  atmospheric  influence  on  their 
form,  while  on  the  portion  covered  by  the  second  the 
valleys  of  the  stream  are  of  less  depth  and  narrow,  and 
the  bluffs  more  abrupt  and  broken  in  form,  and  do  not 
show  so  long  exposure  to  the  wear  of  time. 

The  difference  between  the  appearance  of  the  two  on 
the  map  is  so  plain  as  to  be  noticed  at  a  glance  by  one 
interested  in  that  study. 

The  map  teaches  many  more  object  lessons  to  the 
student  of  geography  of  our  State,  and  if  one  could  be 
placed  in  every  school  of  the  State  the  value  to  the 
cause  of  education  in  that  one  study  cannot  be  estim- 
ated. 


57 

According  to  the  requirements  of  the  joint  resolution 
of  the  last  General  Assembly,  the  Relief  Map  and  the 
data  from  which  it  was  made  were  sent,  after  the  close 
of  the  Exposition,  to  the  Museum  at  Springfield,  where 
it  will  continue  to  be  an  interesting  study,  as  it  was  at 
the  World's  Fair. 

Wall  Maps. 

In  compliance  with  the  law,  the  Commission  directed 
the  committee  to  have  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.,  of  Chicago, 
prepare  a  series  of  large  maps  of  the  State,  compiled 
and  engraved  expressly  for  exhibition  at  the  Fair. 

First.  A  sectional  map,  the  scale  of  which  was  fixed 
at  four  miles  to  the  inch,  one  section  of  land  thus  being 
one-fourth  of  an  inch  square,  a  scale  sufficiently  large 
to  locate  a  quarter  section  of  land,  the  whole  covering 
wall  space  5%x9  feet. 

For  the  survey  of  the  State  the  records  of  the  United 
States  land  office  were  used,  and  for  details  of  topog- 
raphy advance  sheets  of  the  "United  States  Geological 
Survey"  were  procured. 

For  the  location  of  post  offices,  cities,  towns  and  vil- 
lages, the  records  and  maps  of  the  post  office  department 
at  Washington  were  used. 

For  the  location  of  the  Mississippi  river  the  large 
scale  maps  of  the  Mississippi  River  Commission  were 
used,  and  the  Geodetic  and  "Coast  Survey"  maps  were 
used  for  determining  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 

For  locating  the  lines  of  railroads  within  the  State, 
without  an  exception,  the  profile  of  each  separate  cor- 
poration was  procured  from  the  Chief  Engineer's  office 
of  the  company,  all  lines  being  correctly  traced  through 
each  section  of  land. 

The  above  authentic  information  was  put  in  the  hands 
of  the  best  draughtsmen  that  could  be  obtained,  and  the 
map  thus  made  was  an  entirely  new  one.  After  the  draw- 


58 

ing  was  completed  it  was  engraved  by  the  relief  line  en- 
graving pi'ocess,  and  the  sheets  were  printed  from  electro- 
type plates.  The  subsequent  coloring  was  all  done  by  hand. 

Second.  Besides  the  foregoing,  a  geological  map  of  the 
State  was  prepared,  the  records  of  the  State  Geologist 
supplying  the  necessary  data,  and  the  various  forma- 
tions being  carefully  colored  in  accordance  \vith  recog- 
nized surveys. 

Third.  A  special  map  was  also  furnished,  based  upon 
reliable  information,  showing  the  general  effects  of 
glacial  action  throughout  the  State,  as  well  as  the  char- 
acter of  the  soil.  This  map  was  prepared  on  separate 
sheets  and  colored  by  hand. 

Fourth.  A  map  of  special  value  from  an  educational 
point  of  view  was  designed  to  show,  by  red  crosses,  the 
location  of  each  and  every  schoolhouse  in  the  State 
supported  by  public  funds— 7,000  in  all. 

Fifth.  Finally  a  map  was  prepared  showing  the  loca- 
tion of  every  public  building  in  the  State,  the  name  of 
the  institution  being  plainly  written  thereon. 

These  maps  were  all  of  the  same  size  and,  being  on  so 
large  a  scale,  made  an  attractive  exhibit. 

They  conveyed  to  the  mind  of  the  visitor  a  lasting 
impression  of  the  superficial  area  of  our  State,  its 
geological  wealth,  its  glacial  history,  its  educational 
progress  and  the  distribution  of  its  public  buildings. 

Copies  of  each  of  these  maps  were,  at  the  close  of  the 
Exposition,  sent  to  Springfield. 

The  foregoing  comprises  the  work  assigned  to  the 
committee,  and  this  report  is  respectfully  submitted. 

SAMUEL  DYSART, 
E.  C.  PACE, 
W.  D.  STRYKER, 
B.  F.  WYMAN, 
E.  E.  CHESTER. 
Committee. 


REPORT   OF    THE    COMMITTEE   ON   NATURAL, 
HISTORY  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY. 


y&N  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  this  Board,  and 
3§  in  pursuance  of  the  act  of  the  Illinois  Legislature 
creating  it,  your  committee  on  Natural  History  and 
Archaeology  begs  to  submit  the  following  report : 

Soon  after  the  organization  of  the  Board  of  World's 
Fair  Commissioners  assignments  were  made  by  order  of 
said  Board  to  the  different  interests  to  be  considered, 
and  among  said  assignments  a  committee,  designated  as 
the  Committee  on  Natural  History  and  Archaeology, 
was  created,  consisting  of  the  following  named  members 
of  said  Commission :  E.  C.  Pace,  A.  B.  Hostetter,  Wil- 
liam Stewart,  B.  Pullen  and  W.  D.  Stryker. 

The  scope  of  their  duties  comprised,  as  the  name  indi- 
cates, everything  on  and  under  the  surface  of  the  earth 
produced  by  natural  causes,  also  embracing  some  feat- 
ures of  artificial  production.  Exigencies  arising  and 
interests  worthy  of  attention  being  from  time  to  time 
brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Commission,  several  of 
them  were  assigned  to  this  committee,  thus  constituting 
probably  the  most  extensive  and  varied  department  in 
the  entire  exhibit.  Taking  them  in  their  regular  order 
they  stand  as  follows: 

First.    The  Laboratory  of  Natural  History. 

Second.     The  Fish  Exhibit. 

Third.    The  Forestry  Exhibit. 

Fourth.     Geology. 

Fifth.    Archaeology. 

Sixth.    Glacial  Geology. 

Seventh.     The  Clay  Exhibit. 

59 


60 

The  law  constituting  the  Commission  also  directed  the 
heads  of  the  different  departments  of  the  State  Govern- 
ment to  render  all  assistance  that  might  be  required  of 
them  by  the  Commission,  and  also  permitted  the  use  of 
any  material  belonging  to  the  State  to  be  used  for  sup- 
plementing or  completing  exhibits  in  the  different,  or 
in  certain  departments.  This  was  exceedingly  favorable 
to  your  committee,  as  it  provided  not  only  a  consider- 
able amount  of  material,  but  furnished  competent  per- 
sons to  take  charge  of  and  prosecute  the  work  to  a 
successful  completion,  so  that  in  the  purely  scientific 
departments  we  had  the  able  services  of  the  following 
well  known  scientists: 

Prof.  S.  A.  Forbes,  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  in  the 
Laboratory  of  Natural  History. 

Piscatorial  Exhibit,  Col.  S.  P.  Bartlett,  of  the  State 
Fish  Commission. 

And  in  the  Department  of  Geology  was  Dr.  Josua 
Lindahl,  Curator  of  the  Museum  of  Natural  History,  at 
Springfield,  connected  with  whom  were  such  distinguished 
scientists  as  Prof.  J.  A.  Udden,  of  Rock  Island;  Prof. 
Milton  Whitney,  of  John  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore, 
Md.;  Prof.  Frank  Leverett,  of  the  United  States  Geologi- 
cal Survey,  and  Prof.  J.  M.  Nickles,  of  Sparta,  Illinois, 
besides  the  office  force  at  Springfield. 

The  Department  of  Forestry,  not  having  a  depart- 
mental head  as  an  appendage  to  the  State  government, 
was  placed  in  the  hands  of  Hon.  Martin  Conrad,  of 
Chicago,  a  gentleman  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the 
forestry  of  the  State  and  fully  alive  to  its  interests. 

The  Department  of  Archaeology  was  presided  over  by 
Prof.  William  McAdams,  of  Alton,  Illinois,  a  man  who 
has  written  as  much  and  developed  more  in  this  line 
than  probably  any  other  person  in  the  United  States. 
He  has  spent  a  lifetime  in  this  work,  and  the  books  he 


61 

has  written  and  the  collections  he  has  made  will  live  as 
monuments  long  after  his  sturdy  form  has  crumbled  to 
dust. 

The  collection  of  glacial  float,  which  is  here  referred  to 
as  Glacial  Geology,  was  collected  and  exhibited  by  Mr. 
Ossian  Guthrie,  of  Chicago,  and  whatever  of  merit  or  in- 
terest it  may  have  possessed,  to  him  is  due  the  entire 
credit. 

The  Clay  Exhibit  was  made  under  the  direction  of  Mr. 
D.  0.  Loy,  of  Ashkum,  Illinois,  a  practical  clay  worker. 
It  was  made  at  a  comparatively  trifling  expense  to  the 
State,  and  in  point  of  beauty  of  design,  quality  of  work, 
and  variety,  probably  excelled  anything  of  the  kind  in 
the  entire  Exposition. 

The  entire  department  was  thronged  with  visitors  from 
the  day  it  was  opened,  on  May  1st,  until  its  close,  on 
the  30th  day  of  October. 

Probably  the  most  attractive  feature  of  the  exhibit 
was  the  piscatorial.  Every  foot  of  available  space  around 
the  pool,  or  "the  rustic  bridge  that  spanned  the  babbling 
brook,"  was  constantly  crowded  with  people  anxious  to 
get  a  look  at  the  finny  inhabitants  of  the  clear,  spark- 
ling pools.  This  exhibit  was  no  more  entitled  to  atten- 
tion than  others,  but  as  a  prominent  scientist  remarked, 
"live  things  catch  the  eye."  Feeling  that  a  short,  hur- 
riedly written  report  from  the  different  departments 
would  not  do  justice  to  this  exhibit,  your  committee 
has  given  considerable  latitude  to  the  Superintendents, 
so  as  to  enable  them  to  present  reports  worthy  of  the 
occasion.  Particularly  is  this  the  case  in  the  department 
of  Archaeology.  Nature  has  filled  our  forests  with  mag- 
nificent spires,  and  carpeted  her  lawns  with  her  own 
made  carpets.  The  lakes  and  rills  have  furnished  an 
abode  in  which  the  fish  may  live  and  multiply— even  the 
depths  of  the  earth  have  furnished  evidences  of  its  age 
and  creation — but  the  towering  pyramids  of  earth  and 


62 

the  relics  of  war  and  agriculture,  are  the  mute  and  only 
records  left  to  tell  the  sad  story  of  a  wonderful,  intelli- 
gent and  numerous  people. 

This  department  is,  to  a  certain  degree,  allegorical,  to 
some  extent  legendary,  and  largely  speculative.  The 
very  mystery  that  surrounds  it  clothes  it  with  an  in- 
terest that  transcends  that  which  we  are  able  to  com- 
prehend- We  reason,  ordinarily,  from  cause  to  effect,  but 
in  this  it  is  reversed, — we  reason  from  effect  back  to 
cause, — and  when  we  stand  in  the  shadow  of  the  mag- 
nificent temples  and  pyramids  built  by  this  unknown  and 
extinct  race  of  people,  we  may  justly  ask  ourselves  if 
they  had  not  attained  the  same  degree  of  intelligence 
and  art  as  that  attained  by  the  ancient  Egyptian  when 
he  laid  the  foundation  of  the  pyramids  that  are  now  the 
wonder  and  admiration  of  the  world. 

And  now,  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen  of  the  Commis- 
sion, we  desire  to  submit  this  and  the  reports  of  the 
different  departments  of  our  exhibit,  as  the  report  of  the 
Committee  on  Natural  History  and  Archeology. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

E.  C.  PACE, 

A.  B.  HOSTETTER, 
WM.  STEWART, 

B.  PULLEN, 

J.  D.  STRYKER. 


GEOLOGICAL  REPORT. 


BY  PROF.   J.   LINDAHL. 


|ICN  compliance  with  a  request  from  the  Hon.  Ed.  C. 
«i  Pace,  chairman  of  your  committee  on  science,  I  beg 
hereby  to  submit  to  you  a  brief  report  on  the  geological 
work  done  under  the  auspices  of  the  said  committee, 
together  with  more  elaborate  special  reports  from  Mr. 
Frank  Leverett,  Prof.  Milton  Whitney  and  Prof.  J.  A. 
Udden. 

According  to  my  original  plan,  as  laid  before  the  Illinois 
State  Board  of  Agriculture,  early  in  1891,  the  geological 
exhibits  from  this  State  were  to  present  mainly: 

1.  An  economical  series,  showing  the  natural  resources 
of   the   State,    in    soils,    waters,    coals,    clays,    building 
stones,  metallic  ores,  and  other  mineral  products  utilized 
in  the  arts  and  industries;  all  of  them,  as  far  as  prac- 
ticable, to  be  submitted  to  scientific  tests,  in  order  to 
ascertain  their  chemical  and  physical  properties,  and  the 
results  of  such  tests  to  be  stated  on  the  labels,  as  well 
as  in  an  eventual  catalogue. 

2.  A  stratigraphical   series,   representing  as  nearly   as 
possible  the  entire  succession  of  strata  in  the  earth's  crust 
within  the  State,  as  exposed  in  natural  outcrops  or  arti- 
ficial sections  in  railroad  cuts,  quarries,  and  mines;   and, 

3.  A  paleontological  series,  comprising  a  fairly  complete 
collection  of  all  the  fossil  species  of  animals  and  plants, 
known  to  occur  within  the  State. 

This  plan  was  subsequently  so  far  modified  by  you  that 
no  expenses  would  be  allowed  for  the  purpose  of  collect- 
ing and  testing  the  materials  of  the  u economical  series," 

— 5  65 


66 

with  the  exception  of  the  soils.  As  a  necessary  conse- 
quence, this  division  of  the  exhibition  gave  no  approxi- 
mate conception  of  the  natural  resources  of  the  State, 
a  fact  so  much  more  to  be  regretted,  as  the  State  of 
Illinois  produces  nearly  one-fourth  of  all  the  limestone 
quarried  in  the  United  States  for  building  purposes,  and 
also  nearly  one-fourth  of  all  the  coal  mined  in  the  United 
States,  outside  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  only  systematic  exhibit  in  the  economical  division 
was  that  of  the  agricultural  soils.  Much  work  of  high 
scientific  value  had  been  accomplished  within  the  previous 
years  by  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  in  regard 
to  the  superficial  deposits  of  Illinois.  The  work  had 
been  done  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  T.  C.  Chamberlin. 
as  chief  of  the  glacial  division  of  the  geological  survey r 
mainly  by  Mr.  Frank  Leverett,  assistant  geologist* 
Prof.  Chamberlin  cheerfully  consented  to  my  request  that 
Mr.  Leverett  be  allowed  to  accept  a  temporary  engage- 
ment in  the  service  of  the  Illinois  State  Survey  during  a 
few  months  in  1892,  for  the  purpose  of  preparing  a  map 
of  the  glacial  deposits  and  agricultural  soils  in  Illinois, 
together  with  an  extensive  collection  of  these  materials, 
and  that,  in  doing  this,  he  be  permitted  to  make  free 
use  of  all  the  (thus  far  mostly  unpublished)  results  of 
the  previous  work  done  by  Prof.  Chamberlin  and  assist- 
ants, as  far  as  such  work  would  have  any  bearing  on 
the  subject  in  view. 

Mr.  Leverett  was  thus  employed  at  your  expense,  and 
his  map  and  collections  of  samples  of  soils,  as  displayed 
at  the  World's  Fair,  formed  a  most  interesting  and 
highly  appreciated  feature  of  the  geological  exhibits  in 
the  Illinois  Building.  He  also  prepared  a  report  on  his 
work,  which  you  will  find  hereafter. 

A  suitable  selection  of  samples  of  these  soils  was  sent 
to  Prof.  Milton  Whitney,  of  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
Baltimore,  Md.,  (now  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Agriculture, 


67 

Soils  Division,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Washington,  D.  C.).  Prof.  Whitney  kindly  consented  to 
my  application,  that  he  would  submit  these  samples  to 
mechanical  analysis,  and  prepare  a  report  thereon  for 
publication  in  an  eventual  descriptive  catalogue  of  the 
exhibits.  As,  however,  the  analysis  would  consume  more 
time  than  Prof.  Whitney  could  devote  to  the  work,  he 
asked  that  a  laboratory  assistant  be  furnished  him  at 
your  expense.  Prof.  J.  A.  Udden,  who  had  just  then 
completed  the  work  entrusted  to  him,  as  will  be  men- 
tioned hereafter,  agreed  to  act  as  such  assistant,  and  he 
at  once  proceeded  to  Baltimore.  Prof.  Whitney's  report 
will  be  found  hereafter. 

Outside  of  the  soil  exhibit,  which  was  thus  accomplished 
at  your  expense,  the  division  of  economical  geology  was 
almost  exclusively  made  up  by  voluntary  contributions 
from  owners  of  mines  and  quarries,  brick  kilns  and  terra 
cotta  works,  etc.  Invitations  to  participate  in  the  ex- 
hibition had  been  sent  out  to  fully  two  thousand  parties, 
including  918  coal  mine  owners,  but  extremely  few  re- 
sponded. 

Among  exhibits  in  this  division  may  be  mentioned 
three  that  were  of  special  interest,  viz.:  (1)  the  fluorspar 
from  Eosiclare,  Hardin  county,  the  only  mines  of  their 
kind  on  this  continent ;  (2)  a  large  series  of  lithographic 
stones  from  Thebes,  Alexander  county,  the  only  exhibit 
of  its  kind  in  the  whole  World's  Fair,  with  the  exception 
of  one  solitary  slab  in  the  Canadian  department  of  the 
mining  building;  and  (3)  some  pretty  dishes  of  white 
and  decorated  faience,  made  of  clay  and  silica,  from  Union 
county — the  only  article  of  white  table-ware  ever  made 
out  of  purely  Illinois  materials.  As  these  materials  were 
the  only  substances  analyzed  at  your  expense,  I  give  the 
results  of  the  analyses. 


68 

Ball  Clay  from  Mrs.  M.  A.  Kellner's  clay  pit,  Mountain 
Glen,  Union  county,  111.,  (No.  3,011  111.  State  Mus.  Cat.). 
Analysis  by  Knut  Almstrom : 

Silicic  acid 51.71% 

Titanic  acid trace 

Alumina 32.75 

Oxide  of  iron 1.93 

Lime 0.53 

Magnesia 0.19 

Potash 0.96 

Soda 24 

Water  and  organic  matter 11.69 


Total... 100.00 

Earthy  Silica  from  the  mine  of  the  Chicago  Floated 
Silica  Co.,  Union  county,  111.  (No.  3,009  111.  State  Mus. 
Cat.).  Analyzed  by  Harald  Almstrom. 

Silicic  acid 97.82% 

Alumina  and  oxide  of  iron 1.08 

Lime '. 0.50 

Water  and  organic  matter 0.42 

Alkalies  and  loss..  0.18 


Total 100.00 

The  very  handsome  dishes  were  manufactured  under 
the  direction  of  my  esteemed  friend,  the  Hon.  Robert 
Almstrom,  director  of  the  Rorstrand  Porcelain  Works  at 
Stockholm,  Sweden,  and  I  beg  to  use  this  opportunity 
of  officially  thanking  him  for  his  courtesy  and  painstak- 
ing labors,  by  which  he  has  established  as  a  fact  the 
long-doubted  possibility  of  making  white  earthenware 
from  purely  native  Illinois  materials. 

The  Stratigraphical  Division  consisted  mainly  of  four 
diagrams,  representing  sections  across  different  portions 
of  the  State,  and  accompanied  with  four  sets  of  samples 
of  the  strata  out-cropping  along  the  lines  of  these  sec- 
tions. These  sections  were  as  follows: 


69 

1.  The  Mississippi  River  Section.    This  section  was  con- 
structed by  using  a  profile  of  the  bluffs  from  the  north- 
western corner  of  the  State  clear  down  to  Cairo,  which 
profile  was  furnished  by  Prof.  C.  W.  Rolfe,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois.    The  stratification  was  indicated  mainly 
in    accordance  with  the  "Mississippi   River  Section,"  in 
Vol.  I.,  Geol.  Surv.  111.,  with  such  local  corrections  as 
were  possible  from  data  furnished  by  Profs.  J.  A.  Udden 
for  Rock  Island  county,  and  J.  M.  Nickles  for  the  south- 
ern counties.    Rock  specimens,  to  illustrate  this  section, 
were  selected  out  of  the  collections  in  the  State  museum 
in  Springfield. 

2.  The  Rock  Island,  LaSalle,  Indiana  State  Line  Section. 
This  was  constructed  by  Prof.  J.  A.  Udden,   of  Augus- 
tana  College,  Rock  Island,  who  was  employed  to  survey 
the  line  during  the  summer  of  1892,  at  the  same  time 
collecting  a  complete  set  of  samples  from  out-cropping 
strata,  which  samples  were  displayed  at  the  Fair,  along 
with  the  section.    Prof.  Udden  has  furnished  a  report  on 
his  work,  which  you  will  find  hereafter. 

3.  A  section  along  a  line  from  East  St.  Louis,  on  the 
Mississippi,    to    Shawneetown,    on    the    Ohio,     passing 
through  the  greater  part  of  the  coal  measure  series;  and, 

4.  A  section  along  a  line  through  Waterloo,  Sparta, 
Murphysboro  and    Olmstead,    thus  crossing  the    Ozark 
highland,  with  its  conglomerate  beds,  and  the  tertiary 
deposits  in  the  extreme  south  of  the  State.    These  two 
sections    (3    and   4)    were   constructed    by  Prof.  J.    M. 
Nickles,  of  Sparta,  from  surveys  made  by  him  during 
the  summer  of  1892  and  in  the  early  spring  of  1893.    He 
also  collected  samples  of  all  the  strata  exposed  along 
the  said  lines. 

To  the  stratigraphical  division  belonged  also  two  sets 
of  diamond  drill  cores,  arranged  in  vertical  cases,  with 
grooves  for  the  retention  of  the  core  in  proper  order, 
and  glass  fronts.  One  of  these  sets  contained  all  the 


70 

core  that  had  been  preserved  from  a  boring  at  Braid- 
wood,  Will  county,  to  a  depth  of  900  feet;  it  occupied 
thirteen  cases,  five  feet  high,  each  with  eight  grooves. 
The  other  set  contained  one  sample  of  core,  one  to  four 
inches  long,  from  each  stratum  penetrated  in  a  boring 
at  Harvel,  Montgomery  county,  to  the  depth  of  775  feet. 
Each  set  was  accompanied  with  a  diagramatic  boring  log. 

In  this  division  may  also  be  counted  the  large  geolo- 
gical map  which  was  placed  on  the  south  wall.  It  was 
based  on  the  map  issued  in  1876  by  the  Geological  Sur- 
vey of  Illinois,  as  an  appendix  to  volume  VI.  of  the  re- 
ports; corrections  were  made,  as  far  as  possible,  from 
data  in  notes  accumulated  by  myself  in  previous  years, 
and  by  Profs.  Udden,  Nickles  and  Nicholson,  in  the 
course  of  their  respective  work  in  connection  with  the 
World's  Fair  preparations.  The  tract  of  the  great  up- 
heaval in  Calhoun  county  had  been  surveyed  in  the 
summer  of  1891,  by  Dr.  N.  0.  Hoist,  State  Geologist,  of 
Sweden,  accompanied  by  Prof.  Udden  and  myself.  The 
color  schedule  adopted  for  this  map,  as  well  as  for  the 
above  four  sections,  was  in  close  accordance  with  the 
suggestions  made  by  the  director  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  Major  J.  W.  Powell,  in  his  tenth  an- 
nual report. 

The  Paleontological  Division  consisted  of  an  extensive 
collection  of  fossils,  selected  from  the  Illinois  State 
Museum  and  supplemented  with  specimens  from  the  pri- 
vate collection  of  the  former  State  Geologist,  the  late 
Prof.  A.  H.  Worthen,  which  collection  you  had  pur- 
chased for  this  purpose  on  my  suggestion.  That  entire 
collection  was  afterwards,  as  I  understand,  donated  by 
the  State  to  the  University  of  Illinois,  at  Champaign. 
Some  other  specimens  had  been  borrowed  from  private 
parties,  as,  for  instance,  the  large  trunks  of  ulodendron, 
etc.,  which  were  the  property  of  Mr.  P.  A.  Armstrong, 
of  Morris,  111. 


71 

The  specimens  exhibited  represented  with  fair  com- 
pleteness all  the  species  of  fossils  recorded  as  having 
been  found  within  the  boundaries  of  this  State,  together 
with  some  such  species  as,  from  their  occurrence  in  ad- 
jacent States,  may  be  expected  to  occur  also  in  Illinois. 

The  great  scientific  importance  of  this  collection,  as 
well  as  its  value  in  exhibiting  to  the  world  what  the 
State  of  Illinois  had  done  in  this  branch  of  science,  may 
be  realized  from  the  fact  that  it  contained,  among 
other  things,  more  than  1,000  " types"  of  new  species 
of  fossils,  which  were  first  made  known  to  the  world  by 
the  descriptions  and  figures  of  those  very  specimens, 
published  in  the  eight  volumes  of  reports  of  the  Geolo- 
gical Survey  of  Illinois. 

The  collection  was  arranged  systematically,  according 
to  zoological  and  botanical  classification.  In  order  to 
facilitate  the  study  of  the  fauna  or  flora  of  any  particu- 
lar geological  age,  there  was  stuck  on,  in  the  center  of 
each  label,  a  small,  circular  tag,  bearing  the  same  color 
pattern  as  the  corresponding  geolological  terrane  on  the 
map  and  sections  above  referred  to,  which  was  placed 
close  to  the  paleontological  show  cases.  Wherever  it  is 
impossible  to  display,  in  a  geological  museum,  two  par- 
allel series  of  fossils  — one  arranged  biologically,  one 
stratigraphically — I  believe  the  above  arrangrnent,  in- 
cluding the  advantages  of  both,  to  be  far  preferable  to 
a  single  series  arranged  according  to  geological  succes- 
sion in  time. 

The  a,biindant  paleontological  material  at  my  disposal 
from  the  two  collections,  viz.:  the  State  Museum  and 
Prof.  Worthen's  private  collection,  was  rather  embarrass- 
ing, as  neither  of  them  had  been  more  than  partially 
classified,  and  that  so  long  ago,  that,  considering  the 
rapid  progress  of  paleontological  science  in  the  last  de- 
cades, a  thorough  revision  was  necessary.  The  specimens 


72 

were,  therefore,  first  assorted  and  classified  in  a  prelimi- 
nary way,  and  each  class  of  fossils  was  subsequently 
submitted  to  critical  examination  by  an  eminent  spec- 
ialist. The  corals  were  thus  revised  by  Dr.  Carl  Roniin- 
ger,  of  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan ;  the  crinoids  by  Mr.  Charles 
Wachsmuth,  of  Burlington,  Iowa;  the  brachipod  by  Prof. 
James  Hall,  the  veteran  State  geologist  of  New  York; 
the  mollusks  by  Mr.  E.  0.  Ulrich,  of  Newport,  Kentucky; 
the  trilobites  by  Prof.  J.  M.  Clarke,  of  the  New  York 
State  Museum,  Albany,  N.  Y.;  other  crustacese  by  Prof. 
Charles  E.  Beecher,  of  Yale  Museum,  New  Haven,  Conn.; 
and  all  the  coal  measure  plants  by  Mr.  David  White,  of 
the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C.  Valuable 
aid  was  also  rendered,  in  several  instances,  by  Prof.  E. 
D.  Cope,  of  Philadelphia,  and  Dr.  C.  H.  A.  White,  of  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Nearly  all  of  the  above  gentlemen,  besides  carefully 
revising  the  old  labels  and  determining  numerous  speci- 
mens hitherto  undetermined,  also  presented  brief  reports 
on  the  collections  examined  by  them,  mainly  discussing 
the  geological  and  geographical  distribution,  within  the 
State,  of  the  several  species  or  genera  contained  in  the 
said  collection.  These  reports  were  written,  at  my  re- 
quest, for  the  purpose  of  being  inserted  in  an  eventual 
descriptive  catalogue  of  the  exhibits,  and  they  were 
turned  over  to  you  for  such  purpose  on  the  day  of  my 
resignation.  It  appears  that,  in  the  confusion  unavoida- 
bly accompanying  the  closing  days  of  the  exhibition,  all 
these  papers  were  lost. 

The  State  rests  under  deep  obligation  to  the  above  dis- 
tinguished paleontologists,  who  so  cheerfully  gave  their 
time  and  knowledge  to  a  work  from  which  they  derived 
no  personal  benefit,  while  it  reflected  great  honor  on  the 
State,  and  will  prove  a  permanent  benefit  to  all  who  will 
study  these  collections  in  the  State  Museum  or  at  the 
State  Universitv. 


73 

During  two  years  from  July,  1891,  to  July,  1893,  I  was 
most  ably  assisted  by  Prof.  Wm.  F.  Nicholson,  who,  on 
your  authorization,  was  appointed  my  assistant  in  any 
or  all  of  the  work  incumbent  on  me  as  curator  of  the 
State  Museum,  or  as  director  of  the  geological  work  for 
the  State  for  the  Columbian  Exposition.  He  filled  his 
position  with  skill. 

Miss  Fannie  Fisher,  who  held  the  position  of  secretary 
at  the  State  Museum  until  her  resignation  from  that  office 
in  July,  1893,  rendered  excellent  service  as  clerical  as- 
sistant. 

The  extreme  delay  in  completing  the  installment  of 
exhibits,  and  particularly  in  preparing  new  labels  and 
substituting  them  for  the  old  ones,  was  due  mainly  to 
the  entire  lack  of  adequate  office  accommodation  for  the 
geological  department  in  the  Illinois  State  Building. 
Yours  respectfully, 

JOSUA   LlNDAHL. 

AtTGUSTANA  COLLEGE, 
ROCK  ISLAND,  ILL., 

May  9,  1894. 


GLACIAL 

AND  ^       v 

SOIL  MAP  OF  ILLINOIS 


FRAMK  LEVERETT 


o     GRAVELLY    RlDGES 
•(m  OLDER  DRIFT) 


—    BORDER  OF  OLDER  DRIFT 


GLACIAL    AND    SOIL    MAP    OF    ILLINOIS. 


SOILS  OF  ILLINOIS. 


BY  FRANK  LEVERETT,   ASSISTANT    U.   S.    GEOLOGIST. 


Explanation  of  the  Map. 

f!HE  morainic  belts  mark  margins  of  the  ice-sheet  at 
_  points  where  the  onward  flow  and  the  wastage  were 
nearly  balanced  for  a  considerable  period  of  time.  The 
drift  in  these  belts  is  massed  into  ridges  and  knolls, 
while  between  them  the  surface  is  usually  very  level.  The 
principal  morainic  ridges  rise  50  to  75  feet,  and  occasion- 
ally 100  feet,  above  the  bordering  plains.  Some  moraines 
(especially  those  near  Fox  river  in  the  northern  portion 
of  the  State)  are  made  up  of  a  great  many  small  knolls 
and  ridges  inclosing  basins  and  small  lakes.  Other  mo- 
raines (especially  those  in  the  central  and  eastern  portion 
of  the  State)  consist  of  a  single  great  ridge,  seldom  less 
than  a  mile,  and  in  some  instances  several  miles,  in 
breadth,  whose  surface  is  but  gently  undulating. 

In  the  older  drift  area  there  are  very  few  knolls  and 
ridges.  Such  as  occur  usually  contain  much  gravel  and 
sand,  but  in  some  instances  a  stony  clay  constitutes 
the  bulk  of  the  ridge  or  knoll.  A  belt  of  these  ridges 
and  knolls  follows  the  west  side  of  the  Kaskaskia  riv^er, 
and  marks  the  division  line  between  the  white  clay  soils 
and  the  black  soil  of  pervious  silt.  Why  it  does  so  is 
not  as  yet  known,  nor  is  the  origin  of  these  ridges 
clearly  understood.  They  seem  to  be  a  joint  product  of 
the  ice-sheet  and  its  associated  streams  of  water. 

The  portion  of  the  older  drift  in  northern  Illinois, 
which  has  no  silt  covering,  is,  in  part,  lower  than  the 
districts  bordering  it,  which  are  covered  with  the  silt. 

77 


78 

The  silt  depositing  waters  seem  to  have  been  excluded 
from  this  district  because  the  ice-sheet  still  covered  it 
while  these  waters  were  at  their  highest  stage.  This  ap- 
pears to  be  the  newest  portion  of  the  older  drift. 

The  several  classes  of  silts  found  on  the  surface  of  the 
older  drift  are  so  fully  discussed  in  the  text,  that  further 
explanation  seems  unnecessary,  except  perhaps  the  state- 
ment that,  where  heavily  shaded,  the  silt  is  thicker  than 
where  lightly  shaded. 

The  sandy  districts  are  characterized  by  ridges  and 
knolls,  drifted  (in  part,  at  least,)  by  the  action  of  the 
wind.  An  attempt  is  made  to  represent  this  aggregation 
by  unequal  shading  of  the  district  thus  covered. 

The  glacial  grooves  indicate  the  direction  of  the  ice 
movement.  They  are  usually  nearly  at  right  angles  with 
the  trend  of  the  adjoining  morainic  belt,  or  if  on  the 
older  drift,  they  are  directed  towards  the  margin  of  the 
ice-sheet  which  deposited  that  drift. 

The  old  outlet  of  Lake  Michigan,  down  the  DesPlaines 
and  Illinois,  and  the  width  of  the  channel,  is  represented 
in  blank,  as  is  also  the  portion  of  Cook  county  covered 
by  the  old  lake. 

Natural  gas  has  been  obtained  from  the  drift  in  suffi- 
cient amount  for  use,  as  fuel,  in  a  few  dwellings  in  several 
different  localities  in  the  State,  the  principal  districts 
being  in  Bureau,  LaSalle,  Livingston  and  DeWitt  coun- 
ties. Being  from  this  source,  they  are  necessarily  of  low 
pressure  and  small  volume.  The  gas  accumulates  in  sand 
beds  between  beds  of  clay,  and  is  derived  either  from  the 
vegetable  material  in  buried  soils  in  the  drift,  or  from 
passage  upward  from  the  shales  underlying  the  drift. 

Flowing  wells  are  often  obtained  from  the  drift  on  the 
plains  bordering  the  morainic  ridges.  The  principal  dis- 
trict is  in  Iroquois  and  Ford  counties,  where  several 
hundred  wells  have  been  obtained  without  entering  the 
rock.  In  this  district,  the  water  supply  is  apparently 


79 


from  the  elevated  ridges  on  the  south,  and  not,  as  popu- 
larly supposed,  from  the  Kankakee  marsh  on  the  north. 


For  convenience  of  reference,  we  have  condensed  into 
the  form  of  a  tabular  statement  the  origin  or  mode  of 
deposition,  and  the  areal  distribution  of  the  several 
classes  of  soil.  The  accompanying  map  will  aid  in  un- 
derstanding the  distribution. 


Table  of  Soils  of  Illinois. 


VARIETY. 

ORIGIN  OR 
MODE  OF  DE- 
POSITION. 

AREAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

Kesiduary. 

Decay  of  the 
underlying 
rocks. 

Driftless  portion  of  the  State  where- 
ever  the  loess  as  well  as  the  glacial 
drift  is  absent. 

Glacial  clay. 

Glacial. 

Mainly  in  the  northeastern  quarter 
of  the  State,  where  loess  and  silts 
are  generally  absent.  The  Shelby- 
ville  moraine  forms  the  southern 
boundary,  and  chiefly  the  western 
boundary,  but  in  northern  Illinois 
glacial  clays  form  the  soil  on  the 
older  drift  area  between  the  Shel- 
byville  moraine  and  the  loess  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley. 

Gravelly. 

Glacial  over- 
wash. 
Streams, 
Lakes. 

With  the  glacial  clay  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  the  State,  and  along 
streams  leading  away  from  the 
Shelbyville  and  later  moraines. 
This  variety  of  soil  includes  gravel 
knolls  and  ridges,  overwash  gravel 
plains,  terraces  and  raised  beaches. 

80 


Table  of  Soils  of  Illinois— Continued. 


ORIGIN  OR 

VARIETY. 

MODE  OF  DE- 

AREAL DISTRIBUTION. 

POSITION. 

Mainly  in  basins  along  the  Kanka- 

Glacial  drain- 

kee, Green  and  lower  Illinois 
rivers  ;  old  lake  bottom  and  raised 

Sandy. 

age. 
Streams, 
Lakes, 
Winds. 

beaches  near  Chicago  ;  also  on  bot- 
tom lands,  and  fringing  in  many 
places  the  low  bluffs  of  streams, 
and  locally  developed  on  areas  of 

glacial  formations. 

Along  the  Mississippi,  lower  Illinois, 

Silts  pervious 
to  water  (chief- 
ly  the  typical 
loess). 

Mainly      by 
slowly  flow- 
ing waters  ; 
perhaps,  in 
part,  wind. 

lower  Wabash  and  lower  Ohio 
rivers;  also  between  the  Illinois 
and  the  Mississipi  from  the  Green 
river  basin  south  to  the  latitude 
o.fPeoria,  and  in  the  basin  of  the 
Big  Bureau  Creek,  in  Bureau 

county. 

Silts  slowly 
pervious     to 
water. 

Mainly      by 
slowly  flow- 
ing waters  ; 
perhaps,  in 
part,  wind. 

Mainly  in  West  Central  Illinois, 
west  of  a  line  connecting  Alton, 
Litchfleld,  Pana,  Decatur  and 
Peoria  ;  also  on  the  eastern  border 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley  loess  belt, 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

Silts  nearly 
impervious  to 
water.    (Two 
kinds,  name- 
ly white  clays 
and  gumbo.) 

Nearly    still 
waters;  per- 
haps   wind 
in  part. 

White  clays  cover  much  of  southern 
Illinois  south  of  Shelbyville  mo- 
raine, as  far  west  as  the  Mississippi 
loess,  east  to  the  Wabash  loess  and 
south  to  the  Ohio  river  loess. 
Gumbo  is  found  on  some  bottom 
lands  along  the  main  rivers. 

Locally  over  the  greater  part  of  the 

State  wherever  drainage  is  imper- 

Peaty  and 
marly. 

Vegetal  ac- 
cumulations, 
and  shell  de- 

fect. Peat  is  rare  south  of  the  lati- 
tude of  Springfield,  but  it  abounds 
in  the  northeastern  Quarter  of  the 

posits. 

State,  in  bogs.  Marl  deposits  are 

less  extensive  than  peat,  but  are 

fully  as  widespread. 

81 

1.    Sources  of  Soil  Material. 

The  principal  sources  from  which  the  soils  of  the  State 
are  derived  are  the  glacial  drift  and  the  loess,  with  its 
associated  silts  of  glacial  age.  The  underlying  rocks 
are  indirectly  a  source  of  much  material  since  their  de- 
composed surface  portions  were  incorporated  in  the 
drift,  but  they  constitute  a  minor  source,  so  far  as 
direct  contribution,  is  concerned.  Lakes  and  streams  at- 
tending the  melting  of  the  ice  sheet  have  contributed 
material  in  considerable  amount,  and  it  is  thought  that 
the  wind,  also,  has  been  influential  in  distributing  fine 
material  over  portions  of  the  surface  of  the  State.  The 
present  streams  are  also  a  source  for  soils  in  the  districts 
over  which  they  spread  in  their  flood  stages. 

We  may,  perhaps,  better  appreciate  the  sources  of  the 
soils  and  the  cause  for  their  variation  by  a  brief  review 
of  the  recent  geological  events. 

It  is  now  well  known,  by  the  presence  of  glacial  striae 
and  a  deposit  of  glacial  drift,  that  at  one  time  a  sheet 
of  ice  covered  the  entire  State,  excepting  a  few  counties 
in  the  southern  end ;  portions  of  Jo  Daviess,  Carroll  and 
Stephenson  counties,  in  the  northwest  corner,  and  a  nar- 
row belt  in  Calhoun  and  Pike  counties,  in  the  western 
portion  of  the  State.  (See  Glacial  and  Soil  Map.)  When 
the  ice  sheet  withdrew  (because  of  the  excess  of  wastage 
over  onward  flow),  the  stony  clays  and  other  material 
which  it  had  deposited  became  weathered  at  surface  into 
soil.  Organic  matter  was  added  by  life  which  flourished 
upon  this  soil,  and  in  flat  tracts  it  became  blackened  by 
humus  to  an  average  depth  of  several  inches. 

After  a  long  period,  apparently  several  thousand  years, 
this  soil  became  extensively  covered  by  silt  deposits,  known 
as  the  loess  and  white  clay,  yet  it  may  still  be  seen  be- 
neath these  deposits,  its  dark  color  being  in  striking 
contrast  with  the  light-colored  silt.  These  silts  now  form 
-6 


82 

tlie  surface  over  much  of  western  and  southern  Illinois. 
A  few  counties  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  are  par- 
tially covered  by  them.  To  what  extent  the  central 
and  northeastern  portions  of  the  State  became  silt- 
covered  is  unknown,  since,  as  shown  below,  these  portions 
of  the  State  were  subsequently  covered  by  a  thick  sheet 
of  glacial  drift.  The  loess  and  associated  silts  also  cover 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  unglaciated  portion  of  southern 
Illinois;  the  unglaciated  districts  bordering  the  Missis- 
sippi in  northwestern  Illinois,  and  the  entire  unglaciated 
district  in  Pike  and  Calhoun  counties  in  western  Illinois* 
Since  the  silt  deposits  are  usually  so  thick  that  the 
soils  are  derived  from  them,  and  not  from  the  underlying 
rocks,  the  portion  of  the  State  where  the  soil  is  derived 
directly  from  the  underlying  rocks  is  of  much  less  extent 
than  the  unglaciated  districts.  It  embraces  only  portions 
of  the  elevated  ridge  traversing  Union,  Johnson  and 
Pope  counties,  in  southern  Illinois,  and  portions  of  Jo 
Daviess,  Stephenson  and  Carroll  counties,  in  northwest- 
ern Illinois  (to  which  should,  of  course,  be  added  hillside 
exposures  or  other  points  within  the  glaciated  district, 
where  rock  comes  to  the  surface.) 

It  is  generally  thought  that  the  deposits  of  loess  and 
silt  were  made  by  water,  though  some  geologists  are 
inclined  to  attribute  their  wide  distribution  over  the  up- 
lands, between  streams,  to  the  supplementary  agency 
of  wind.  That  water  had  a  great  share  in  the  deposi- 
tion seems  probable,  from  the  fact  that  the  deposits  are 
much  thicker  along  the  principal  waterways,  such  as  the 
Wabash,  Illinois  and  Mississippi,  than  they  are  in  the 
districts  remote  from  the  streams.  There  is  also  a  change 
from  a  porous  to  a  very  compact,  nearly  impervious, 
material  in  passing  away  from  the  streams,  such  as  would 
be  expected  on  the  aqueous  theory,  the  finer  material 
having  been  removed  along  the  current  and  retained  in 


83 

the  slack  water  of  the  border  districts.  The  analyses  of 
Illinois  soils,  made  by  Prof.  J.  A.  Udden,  under  the 
direction  of  Prof.  Milton  Whitney,  show  that  the  loess, 
or  pervious  silt,  contains  no  coarser  particles  than  are 
found  in  the  impervious  silt,  but  that  it  is  less  heavily 
charged  with  very  fine  particles.  It  can  scarcely  be 
doubted  that  the  removal  of  the  fine  particles  is  due  to 
a  current  which  followed  the  present  main  waterways. 
We  would  remark  here  that  these  analyses  bring  out  the 
further  important  fact  that  the  physical  condition  of 
porosity  is  a  very  important  factor  in  determining  fertility. 
Prof.  Whitney  has  found  this  a  principle  of  wide  applica- 
tion in  districts  which  vary  greatly  in  the  chemical  or 
mineralogical  constitution  of  the  soils.  The  loess  deposits 
along  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  rivers  show  considerable 
variation  in  thickness,  the  range  being  from  about  20 
feet  up  to  fully  100  feet.  On  the  Wabash  they  are 
somewhat  thinner,  being  usually  but  15  to  20  feet,  and 
in  some  places  much  less.  Within  five  or  ten  miles  back 
from  the  stream  the  thickness  of  the  loess  decreases  as 
a  rule  to  but  8  or  10  feet,  and  seldom  is  greater  than 
15  feet.  In  southern  Illinois,  where  this  deposit  is  called 
a  white  clay,  its  thickness  is  only  from  3  to  6  feet. 

Subsequent  to  the  deposition  of  the  loess  and  associated 
silts  the  ice  sheet  again  invaded  Illinois,  but  fell  short 
by  over  100  miles  of  reaching  as  .far  south  as  in  the 
earlier  invasion.  The  limit  of  this  later  invasion  is 
marked  by  the  Shelbyville  moraine,  shown  on  the  soil 
map.  The  amount  of  drift  deposited  is  much  greater 
than  that  during  the  first  invasion,  the  thickness  at  the 
border  of  the  later  drift  area  being  100  to  150  feet  or 
more,  while  in  the  earlier  drift  it  seldom  exceeds  40  feet, 
and  is  usually  but  15  to  20  feet.  The  rise  to  this  later 
drift  sheet,  in  passing  north  or  east  from  the  earlier 
drift  area,  is  well  shown  on  the  topographic  map  of  the 
State,  prepared  by  Prof.  Rolfe. 


84 

Along  some  of  the  vallej-s  which  lead  away  from  this 
newer  drift  district  there  are  terraces  of  coarse  gravel 
and  cobble  which  bear  clear  evidence  that  they  were 
formed  by  streams  whose  sources  were  in  the  ice-sheet. 
These  deposits  were  apparently  made  in  the  led  of  the 
glacial  stream.  At  higher  levels  along  the  bluffs  of  these 
valleys  sandy  deposits  occur,  which  are  thought  to 
mark  the  flood  plain.  In  some  instances  the  sand  ap- 
pears to  have  been  drifted  by  wind  to  higher  altitudes 
than  were  reached  by  the  water.  Such  sandy  deposits 
•are  to  be  seen  along  the  valleys  of  the  following  rivers: 
Kishwaukee,  Green,  Illinois,  Sangamon,  and  Embarras. 

In  its  retreat  this  later  ice-sheet  had  periods  of  halt- 
ing (because  of  a  balance  between  wastage  and  onflow). 
These  were  in  several  instances  sufficiently  long  to  build 
up  prominent  ridges  of  drift  (moraines).  Because  of  this 
method  of  formation,  one  passes  into  newer  and  newer 
country  in  crossing  these  ridges  from  southwest  to 
northeast,  the  newest  glacial  ridge  in  the  State  being 
along  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  north  of  Chicago.  It 
should,  perhaps,  be  stated  that  the  ice-sheet  apparently 
made  some  important  readvances  after  beginning  a 
general  retreat,  for  its  morainic  ridges  are  far  from 
concentric,  and  indicate  that  shiftings  in  the  movement 
and  great  differences  in  the  outline  of  the  ice-sheet  had 
occurred. 

During  this  retreat,  and  for  a  period  after  the  ice  had 
retreated  sufficiently  for  the  development  of  drainage 
systems  to  begin,  considerable  portions  of  the  newer 
drift  area  were  apparently  occupied  by  water,  either 
as  lakes  or  as  sluggish  streams.  Deposits  bear- 
ing evidence  of  the  presence  of  water  are  found  in  the 
Kankakee  basin,  where  a  belt  of  sand  several  miles  in 
width  occurs  along  the  entire  length  of  the  river.  There 
are  also  notable  accumulations  of  sand  along  the  Illinois- 


85 

Vermilion,  extending  back  several  miles  from  the  bluffs 
of  the  stream. 

Much  of  this  newer  drift  is  covered  by  a  thin  sheet  of 
loess-like,  pebbleless,  silty  material.  It  is  not  nearly  so 
thick  nor  so  continuous  a  deposit  as  that  covering  the 
earlier  drift.  Where  it  is  thickest,  and  most  closely  re- 
sembles the  loess  (in  Bureau  creek  drainage  area,  north 
of  the  bend  of  the  Illinois),  it  attains  a  depth  of  about 
eight  feet.  It  is  also  notably  present  in  central  Illinois, 
from  Peoria  southeastward  to  Bloomington,  covering  not 
only  plain  tracts,  but  also  some  of  the  highest  ridges  in 
that  portion  of  the  State  (those  near  Bloomington).  It 
has  here  a  thickness  of  but  three  to  five  feet,  and  is 
less  pervious  to  water  than  typical  loess.  Along  the 
outer  portion  of  the  newer  drift  in  central  and  eastern 
Illinois,  and  low-lying  districts  in  northeastern  Illinois, 
there  is  not  enough  of  this  silt  to  conceal  surface  boul- 
ders, while  over  large  districts  the  pebbly  clays  of  the 
glacial  drift  are  at  the  surface,  and  constitute  the  soil. 
This  silt  is  probably,  in  part,  a  water  deposit,  but  in 
certain  cases  its  presence  seems  difficult  of  explanation 
on  the  theory  of  submergence,  either  general  or  local, 
and  it  may  be  necessary  to  call  in  the  supplementary 
agency  of  wind  in  explaining  its  distribution. 

After  the  ice  sheet  had  withdrawn  from  Illinois  the 
outlet  of  Lake  Michigan,  for  a  long  time,  was  south- 
westward,  across  the  site  of  Chicago  to  the  Desplaines 
river.  The  lake  then,  for  a  time,  sjtood  about  55  feet 
above  its  present  level,  and  formed  a  well  defined  beach 
at  this  stage.  It  covered  not  only  the  present  site  of 
Chicago,  but  extended  west,  slightly  beyond  the  Desplaines 
river,  to  Maywood  and  LaGrange,  and  south,  beyond 
the  Calumet,  to  Conley's  and  Homewood,  Illinois,  and 
Dyer,  Indiana.  Blue  Island  Ridge  stood  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  lake,  and  so  did  an  elevated  tract  southeast 


of  Willow  Springs.  (See  Soil  Map).  As  the  lake  subsided 
from  this  high  level  to  the  present,  it  halted  sufficiently 
long  to  form  well  defined  beaches  at  two  levels — one  beach 
being  about  35  feet,  and  another  15  to  20  feet,  above  the 
present  level.  The  low  gravel  ridges  west  and  north  from 
the  Exposition  grounds,  were  formed  at  the  stage  when 
the  lake  stood  about  15  feet  above  the  present  level. 
They  do  not  mark  the  extreme  west  shore  of  the  lake, 
but  were  'formed  as  bars  some  distance  out  from  the 
shore,  the  west  shore  at  that  time  being  in  the  western 
part  of  Chicago.  These  bars,  however,  prevented  wave 
action  in  the  district  west  of  them,  and  no  beach  depos- 
its of  consequence  occur  back  of  them.  While  this  district 
was  occupied  by  the  expanded  lake,  soils  were  forming 
in  the  remainder  of  the  State.  This  district  from  which 
the  lake  has  recently  withdrawn  is,  therefore,  the  young- 
est part  of  the  State.  According  to  estimates  made  by 
Dr.  Edmund  Andrews,  based  upon  the  present  rate  of 
transportation  of  sand  past  the  Chicago  piers,  Lake 
Michigan  has  occupied  its  present  level  for  less  than  6,000 
years.  This  estimate  accords  well  with  estimates  on  re- 
cession of  falls  in  post-glacial  time,  made  by  Prof.  N.  H. 
Winchell  and  Mr.  G.  K.  Gilbert. 

II.    Classes  of  Soil. 

It  will  be  readily  understood  by  anyone  that  in  any 
given  region  there  may  be  deviations  of  more  or  less 
consequence  from  the  prevailing  type  of  soil — deviations 
which  may  affect,  to  some  extent,  the  value  of  the  soil. 
Often  an  exceptionally  good  farm  lies  in  the  midst  of  an 
otherwise  inferior  agricultural  district,  or  a  poor  farm  may 
lie  in  a  district  where  the  land  is  of  superior  quality.  Such 
deviations,  even  where  known,  cannot  be  represented  upon 
a  map  of  the  scale  here  used,  nor  given  individual  atten- 
tion. Only  general  classification  can  be  made,  and 


87 

approximate  boundaries  indicated.  It  is  left  to  those 
interested  in  any  particular  district,  to  note  the  excep- 
tions and  fill  out  the  outline. 

The  classification  of  soils  which  seems  to  best  serve  our 
purpose  is  based  mainly  upon  physical  characteristics. 
The  following  classes  are  represented:  (1).  Residuary 
soils,  or  soils  formed  from  the  underlying  rock.  (2). 
Stony  or  glacial  clays.  (3).  Gravelly  soils.  (4).  Sandy 
soils.  (5).  Loess  or  silt  rapidly  pervious  to  water.  (6). 
Silts  slowly  pervious  to  water.  (7).  Fine  silts  nearly 
impervious  to  water.  (8).  Peaty  or  organic  material. 

(-1).  Residuary  Soils.  These  soils  show  variations 
which  correspond  in  a  rude  way  with  variations  in  the 
structure  of  the  rocks,  from  which  they  are  derived,  there 
being  in  regions  underlain  by  shale  or  limestone  a  more 
compact  and  adhesive  soil  than  in  sandstone  regions, 
while  each  class  of  limestone  has  its  own  peculiar  soil, 
and  soils  derived  from  shales  range  from  stiff  clay  to  a 
very  sandy  material.  A  complete  analysis  of  the  nature 
of  the  differences  displayed  by  the  several  classes  of 
residuary  soils  has  not  been  made.  With  proper  rota- 
tion of  crops  these  soils  constitute  a  fertile  portion  of 
the  State,  otherwise  they  become  exhausted  sooner  than 
soils  formed  from  glacial  drift. 

(2).  Stony  or  Glacial  Clay.  Under  this  class  is  included 
the  weathered  surface  of  the  drift-sheet  wherever  it  was 
unaffected  by  water  action  during  deposition,  or  was 
not  subsequently  coated  by  silt,  sand,  or  other  material. 
Ifc  includes  the  greater  part  of  the  surface  of  the  newer  drift- 
sheet  between  the  Shelbyville  moraine  and  Lake  Michi- 
gan, and  much  of  the  earlier  drift-sheet  in  the  districts 
north  of  the  sandy  belts  of  the  Green  and  Rock  river 
valleys.  The  soils  are  very  productive,  being  composed 
of  a  varied  rock  material,  a  large  percentage  of  which 
is  in  a  fine  state  of  division.  Where  the  surface  of  the 


88 

country  is  rolling  all  classes  of  grains  and  fruits  suited 
to  the  latitude  will  flourish.  On  flat  districts  corn  and 
grass  are  exceptionally  productive. 

(3).  Gravelly  Soils.  Gravelly  soils  are  varied  in  their 
method  of  deposition,  occurring  in  lake  beaches  and 
along  streams,  in  drift  knolls  and  ridges,  and  beneath 
plains  not  now  occupied  by  streams.  In  the  last-named 
situation  the  plains  are  so  related  to  the  drift  ridges  as 
to  show  that  they  were  occupied  by  glacial  waters. 

The  beaches  have  generally  a  poor  soil,  but  the  gravel 
terraces  along  streams,  especially  those  of  glacial  age, 
have  as  a  rule  a  capping  of  loam  several  feet  thick, 
which  renders  them  productive.  The  same  is  often  true 
of  gravelly  knolls  and  ridges.  On  the  whole,  the  soils 
underlain  by  gravel  possess  more  fertility  than  do  the 
sandy  soils.  This  superiority  is,  however,  due  to  the 
capping  of  loam  which  constitutes  the  soil,  or,  as  in  the 
drift  knolls  and  ridges,  to  an  admixture  of  clay  or  earthy 
material  with  the  surface  portion  of  the  gravel.  The 
coarse  fragments  in  the  gravel  can  furnish  but  little 
sustenance  to  crops,  although,  by  weathering,  the  stones 
may  yield  rich  material  to  the  soils  and  furnish  a  greater 
variety  of  plant  food  than  could  be  obtained  from  a 
siliceous  sand.  .  . 

(4).  Sandy  Soils.  The  sandy  soils,  though  much  alike 
in  structure,  are  varied  in  their  methods  of  deposit. 
They  occur  in  the  beaches  along  the  borders  of  Lake 
Michigan,  in  the  valley  bottoms  of  the  main  streams,  on 
the  bluffs  ancj  along  the  borders  of  the  streams  which  lead 
away  from  the  newer  drift  district,  in  basins  within  the 
newer  drift  district  (as  the  Kankakee  and  Illinois-Vermil- 
ion), and  to  a  limited  extent  in  the  drift  ridges  (moraine). 
There  is  also  an  extensive  development  of  sand  in  north- 
western Illinois,  in  the  Green  river  basin  and  the  border- 
ing districts,  as  far  north  as  northern  Whiteside  county. 


89 

Where  the  sand  is  of  medium  to  coarse  grade  it  is  usually 
rather  barren,  but  where  fine,  as  in  the  eastern  portion  of 
the  sandy  belt  bordering  the  Illinois  in  Taze well  and  Mason 
counties,  it  is  very  productive.  Within  the  districts  noted 
upon  the  map  as  sand-covered,  there  are  more  or  less  ex- 
tensive tracts  of  wet,  mucky  land.  This,  where  artificially 
drained,  has  often  proved  very  productive.  There  are 
districts  where  the  loess  assumes  a  sandy  phase,  but  in 
these  places  the  sand  is  very  fine,  so  fine  that  individual 
grains  can  scarcely  be  recognized,  and  the  fertility  is 
about  as  great  as  in  the  typical  loess. 

(5).  Loess  or  silts  readily  pervious  to  water.  This  class 
of  silt  is  confined  mainly  to  the  borders  of  the  principal 
streams  of  the  older"  drift  district,  though  there  is  a 
somewhat  extensive  development  within  the  newer  drift 
area  in  the  Bureau  creek  basin,  as  noted  above.  In 
southern  Illinois  the  loess  graduates  into  white  clay  in 
receding  a  few  miles  from  the  Mississippi,  Ohio  and  Wa- 
bash  rivers;  in  western  Illinois  into  the  slowly  pervious 
silt  described  below,  and  in  the  extreme  north  it  thins 
out,  and  the  residuary  clays  come  to  the  surface. 

The  loess  is  so  well  known  as  scarcely  to  need  descrip- 
tion. In  this  State  it  is  occasionally  fossiliferous  and 
calcareous,  but  as  a  rule,  fossils  are  rare,  and  lime  is  a 
subordinate  element.  The  chief  material  is  silica  in  a  fine 
state  of  division,  but  with  the  silica  are  rock  fragments 
of  various  kinds,  especially  of  crystalline  rocks.  The 
loess  is  so  porous  that  roots  penetrate  readily  to  a  great 
depth  (25—30  feet  or  more).  It  yields  fair  crops  of  all 
kinds,  but  is  especially  valuable  for  fruits,  both  orchard 
and  small  fruits.  The  physical  condition  of  porosity 
seems  to  be  the  chief  cause  for  the  superiority  of  the  loess 
and  the  other  pervious  silts,  over  the  white  clays  and 
finer  silts.  Nothing  has  been  found  to  indicate  that  the 
former  contain  a  better  supply  of  plant  food  than  the 


90 

latter,  while  the  fertility  of  the  latter  is  made  certain  by 
the  rich  growth  of  such  crops  as  will  flourish  in  a  com- 
pact soil. 

(6).  Silts  slowly  pervious  to  water.  This  class  of  silts 
embraces  the  rich  black  soil  district  of  the  western  por- 
tion of  the  State.  The  southern  boundary  lies  near  a 
line  connecting  Alton,  Litchfield  and  Pana.  The  eastern 
boundary  of  the  main  district  may  be  placed  at  the  bor- 
der of  the  newer  drift.  The  northern  boundary  is  near 
the  south  border  of  the  Green  river  basin,  while  the  west- 
ern boundary  is  found  in  the  loess  that  borders  the 
Mississippi.  Through  this  district  there  passes  the  belt 
of  typical  loess  which  borders  the  Illinois,  a  belt  only  a  few 
miles  in  width.  Aside  from  this  main  district,  there  is 
considerable  silt  of  this  class  between  the  Rock  and  Mis- 
sissippi rivers,  in  northern  Illinois,  capping  the  earlier 
drift  sheet. 

On  the  newer  drift,  as  stated  above,  silts  slowly  per- 
vious to  water  cover  large  districts  in  central  and  eastern 
Illinois  to  a  depth  of  several  feet.  In  northeastern  Illi- 
nois, such  a  silt  capping  is  not  a.  common  feature. 

Wherever  silts  of  this  class  occur  the  vegetation  is 
usually  prairie  grass,  and  there  is  a  blackening  of  the 
soil  by  humus  to  a  depth  of  several  inches,  often  two 
feet  or  more.  This  class  of  silts  gives  rise  to  a  highly 
productive  soil.  One  which  will  yield  fair  returns  even 
under  most  careless  methods  of  farming.  Corn  and 
grass  are  the  staple  products,  but  other  crops  have  a 
fair  yield. 

(7).  Fine  silts,  nearly  impervious  to  water.  These  silts 
are  of  two  classes,  white  clay  and  gumbo.  The  first 
class  covers  the  uplands  of  much  of  southern  Illinois. 
The  second  is  common  in  portions  of  modern  river  val- 
leys, remote  from  the  current  and  subject  to  overflow 
in  periods  of  extreme  high  water,  and  has  great  extent 
along  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  river  bottoms.  A  less 


91 

compact  silt,  found  in  river  bottoms,  is  known  as 
potato  land. 

The  white  clay  is  a  pale  colored  deposit  scarcely  at  all 
blackened  by  humus.  It  covers  the  greater  part  of  the 
State  south  from  a  line  running  eastward  from  Litch- 
field,  Illinois,  to  the  Wabash  valley,  near  Terre  Haute, 
Indiana.  It  is  so  compact  that  much  of  the  water 
stands  on  the  surface  until  removed  by  evaporation, 
while  in  seasons  of  drouth  scarcely  enough  water  rises 
from  below  to  supply  the  loss  from  evaporation.  In 
the  southeastern  portion  of  the  State  there  is,  however, 
a  looser  soil  less  easily  influenced  either  by  excess  or  de- 
ficiency of  rain.  In  that  part  of  the  State  the  surface  is 
hilly  and  the  drift  so  thin  that  the  rock,  in  many 
places,  comes  sufficiently  near  the  surface  to  have  be- 
come uncovered  by  erosion  and  deeply  weathered  in 
post-glacial  time. 

There  are  extensive  districts  with  very  flat  surface 
where  the  white  clay  soil  is  underlain  at  a  depth  of  a 
few  inches,  with  a  ferruginous  crust  or  ochery  cla}^ 
which  is  exceedingly  refractory,  giving  very  slow  access 
to  air  or  water.  In  the  greater  part  of  the  region,  how- 
ever, this  crust  is  either  absent  or  is  so  low  down  that 
it  does  not  seriously  affect  the  soil.  With  the  exception 
of  corn,  which  is  liable  to  be  injured  by  autumn  drouths, 
the  leading  crops  of  the  State  do  fairly  well.  Wheat 
yields  as  well  as  anywhere  in  the  State,  while  orchards 
and  small  fruits  bring  very  profitable  returns.  The  soil 
needs  careful  attention,  but  there  is  every  indication 
that  where  properly  cared  for  it  will  become  as  profit- 
able for  agriculture  as  the  soils  which  now  enjoy  a  bet- 
ter reputation. 

The  surface  of  this  white  clay  district  is  nearly  equally 
divided  between  forest  and  prairie.  The  former  borders 
the  streams  and  the  latter  occupies  the  divides.  Here, 


92 

as  well  as  elsewhere  in  the  State,  the  causes  for  the  re- 
striction of  the  forest  are  not  fully  understood. 

(8).  Peaty  and  Organic  Soils.  Such  soils  occur  in 
basins  or  in  poorly  drained  tracts,  where  rank  vegeta- 
tion becomes  submerged  at  certain  seasons  and  is  thus 
prevented  from  atmospheric  decay.  This  class  of  soils 
is  much  more  abundant  in  the  northern  one-third  of  the 
State  than  further  south.  Peat  bogs  occur,  however, 
south  of  the  center  of  the  State. 

Many  bogs  are  underlain  by  shell  marl  as  well  as  by 
peat.  The  marl  is  seldom  sufficiently  pure  or  abundant 
to  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  lime. 

In  many  instances  the  bogs,  when  drained  and  the 
peat  given  time  to  ripen  and  become  warm,  yield  large 
crops  of  potatoes  and  other  garden  truck.  Wheat  or 
other  crops  requiring  mineral  food  in  the  ripening  of 
their  grains,  can  scarcely  be  expected  to  grow  on  such 
soil  until  it  becomes  charged  with  earthy  material  by 
natural  or  by  artificial  processes. 


REPORT  ON  THE  EXAMINATION  OF  SOME 
SOILS  FROM  ILLINOIS. 

BY  MILTON  WHITNEY. 


§OILS  are  derived  from  the  disintegration  oi  rocks. 
They  consist  of  minute  fragments  of  the  rocks  or  of 
the  minerals  which  compose  the  rock,  or  of  some 
other  minerals  which  have  been  formed  by  the  chemi- 
cal changes  constantly  going  on  in  the  soil.  These 
small  particles  of  mineral  matters,  although  they  seem 
to  be  very  compact  and  continuous  in  the  soil,  have 
minute  spaces  between  them,  into  which  the  water  can 
enter.  Soils  contain,  as  a  rule,  about  fifty  per  cent,  by 
volume,  of  empty  space,  that  is,  a  cubic  foot  of  soil  will 
-contain  about  half  a  cubic  foot  of  space,  and  will  absorb 
about  half  a  cubic  foot  of  water.  Coarse  grained  sandy 
soils  usually  have  the  smallest  amount  of  empty  space 
and  fine  grained,  heavy  clay  soils,  which  really  weigh 
less  per  cubic  foot,  have  considerably  more  empty  space, 
and  will  hold  more  water.  The  smaller  these  spaces  are 
and  the  more  uniform  they  are  in  size,  the  slower  will 
water  move  through  them,  but  the  soil  will  have  greater 
power  for  holding  water  and  for  drawing  water  up  frpm 
below.  This  is  the  case  in  strong  clay  soils.  There  is  a 
larger  amount  of  space  for  water  to  be  held  in,  and  the 
mineral  fragments  composing  the  soil  are  extremely 
small,  so  that  there  are  a  large  number  of  them  in  a 
cubic  foot  of  soil,  and  the  spaces  between  them  are  very 
small,  making  the  soil  very  retentive  of  moisture,  be- 
cause the  rainfall  can  only  pass  down  through  it  very 
slowly  and  it  can  be  drawn  up  again  to  the  plants  with 
considerable  force.  It  should  be  noticed  here,  also,  for 

03 


94 

this  is  probably  very  important  in  the  consideration  of 
these  fertile  western  lands,  that  the  presence  of  large 
amounts  of  organic  matter  will  have  the  same  effect  in 
making  the  soil  retentive  of  moisture  as  a  large  percent- 
age of  clay,  but  if,  through  constant  cultivation  the 
organic  matter  is  oxidized  and  used  up,  the  lands  will 
become  more  and  more  sandy  in  texture  and  less  pro- 
ductive. Therefore,  a  heavy  clay  soil  is  stronger,  more 
certain  and  more  lasting  than  a  virgin  soil,  depending 
for  its  retentive  powers  and  its  fertility  upon  the  ac- 
cumulation of  organic  matter. 

These  mineral  matters  composing  the  soil  contain  cer- 
tain chemical  elements  required  by  plants,  such,  for  ex- 
ample, as  potash,  phosphoric  acid,  lime,  silica,  alumina, 
etc.  All  soils,  even  very  barren  ones,  contain  at  least  a 
ton  of  each  of  these  elements  in  one  acre,  -to  a  depth  of 
one  foot,  and  they  usually  contain  from  two  to  twenty 
tons  of  each  of  these  plant  foods.  With  this  vast  quan- 
tity of  food  material  the  barrenness  of  soils  cannot  be 
due  to  the  lack  of  plant  food,  and  the  deterioration  of 
lands  cannot  be  due  to  the  loss  of  plant  food,  for  it 
would  be  impossible  for  crops  to  remove  so  much  plant 
food  as  this  in  the  few  years  it  takes  for  a  soil  to  be- 
come worn  out  under  improper  methods  of  cultivation. 

The  prevailing  ideas  of  plant  nutrition  have  been  based 
mainly  upon  the  chemical  composition  of  soils.  When 
it  was  found  that  the  chemical  composition  of  a  soil 
and  plant  did  not  show  what  was  lacking  in  the  soil 
for  a  large  crop,  it  was  held  that  only  a  small  part  of 
the  plant  food  in  the  soil  is  at  any  one  time  in  a  form 
of  combination  which  is  available  to  plants;  that  the 
available  plant  food  never  accumulates  as  such  in  the 
soil,  but  quickly  reverts  to  more  insoluble  forms,  which 
are  unavailable  to  plants.  According  to  this  idea  the 
exhaustion  of  soils  by  continued  cropping  is  due  to  the 


95 

actual  loss  of  available  plant  food,  removed  by  the  crop 
or  converted  into  an  unavailable  form  by  chemical 
changes  in  the  soil.  The  chief  use  of  fertilizers  is  to  sup- 
ply the  plant  with  food  which  the  soil  fails  to  furnish. 
The  reason  certain  plants  do  better  on  certain  kinds  of 
soil  is  assumed  to  be  due  to  the  fact  that  plants  vary 
greatly  in  their  powers  of  gathering  their  food  from  the 
soil  and  air,  and  that  thus  a  rye  plant  would  do  well 
on  a  soil  too  poor  to  give  a  good  yield  of  wheat. 

Our  investigations  on  the  Maryland  soil  seem  to  show, 
however,  that  the  texture  and  the  physical  conditions 
of  the  soils  are  of  more  importance  than  the  chemical 
composition.  It  appears  that  under  favorable  condi- 
tions of  moisture  and  temperature  plants  can  readily 
gather  sufficient  food  material  from  nearly  all  soils,  but 
if  these  conditions  of  moisture  and  heat  are  changed  the 
development  of  the  plant  will  be  greatly  changed  and  it 
will  take  up  more  or  less  food  from  the  soil.  Soils  differ 
greatly  in  their  texture,  that  is,  in  the  amount  of  sand 
and  clay  which  they  contain,  and,  as  we  have  seen,  this 
controls  very  largely  the  suppty  of  moisture  which  they 
can  maintain  for  the  crop,  with  a  given  amount  of  rain- 
fall. If  there  are  four  inches  of  rainfall  a  month  a  coarse 
sandy  soil  will  allow  most  of  this  to  run  through  very 
quickly,  so  that  there  may  not  be  more  than  5  or  6  per 
cent  of  water  held  in  the  soil  for  the  crop,  or  say  about 
100  tons  of  water  per  acre  one  foot  deep,  and  when  this 
water  is  used  up  the  soil  has  comparatively  very  little 
power  to  draw  up  more  water  from  below  for  the  use 
of  the  crops.  With  a  compact  clay  soil,  on  the  other 
hand,  Hie  water  passes  downward  very  slowly,  and  the 
soil  will  maintain  about  18  or  20  per  cent  of  its  weight 
of  water  for  the  crop,  or  about  400  or  500  tons  of 
water  per  acre  one  foot  deep.  In  a  dry  season,  also, 
the  clay  soil  has  more  power  of  drawing  up  water  from 
below  and  maintaining  this  supply.  If  a  florist  should 


96 

give  a  plant  four  times  as  much  water  as  he  gives 
another  plant, of  the  same  kind,  the  two  plants  would 
develop  very  differently,  and  he  uses  this  constantly  to 
produce  any  kind  of  development  he  desires.  If  it  is  de- 
sired to  have  the  plants  flower  or  fruit,  the  soil  is  kept 
rather  dry  and  cool.  If  it  is  desired  to  produce  large, 
leafy  plants,  the  soil  is  kept  much  wetter  and  warmer. 
To  have  equal  success  with  different  kinds  of  plants  the 
amount  of  water  must  be  carefully  regulated  according 
to  the  needs  of  the  plants.  Some  plants  require  a  much 
more  abundant  supply  of  water  than  others.  This  con- 
trol of  moisture  and  temperature  is  far  more  important 
than  the  mere  chemical  composition  of  the  soil. 

The  texture  of  our  various  soils  being  different,  they  are 
enabled  to  maintain  a  variety  of  conditions  of  moisture, 
and  they  partake  somewhat  of  these  artificial  conditions 
in  a  green-house,  the  conditions  in  each  of  the  soils 
being  best  suited  to  the  needs  of  certain  classes  of  plants. 

The  amount  of  moisture  which  a  soil  can  maintain 
for  a  crop,  under  given  climatic  conditions,  will  depend 
mainly,  (1)  upon  the  amount  of  space  in  the  soil  in 
which  water  can  enter;  (2)  upon  the  extent  of  subdi- 
vision of  this  space,  that  is,  upon  the  number  of  grains 
of  sand  and  clay  there  are  in  a  given  volume  of  soil; 
(3)  upon  the  arrangement  of  these  grains,  for,  as  al- 
ready remarked,  if  the  grains  are  symmetrically  ar- 
ranged, so  that  the  spaces,  shall  all  be  of  uniform  size, 
water  will  move  through  the  soil  much  slower  than  if 
the  spaces  are  of  very  unequal  sizes;  (4)  upon  the 
amount  and  condition  of  the  organic  matter  in  the 
soil.  The  grains  of  clay  are  so  exceedingly  small  that 
their  number  vastly  exceeds  the  number  of  the  grains  of 
sand  and  silt,  so  that  the  percentage  of  clay  practically 
determines  the  extent  of  subdivision  of  the  space,  and 
it  is  thus  the  most  important  ingredient  of  the  soil. 


97 

The  mechanical  analysis  of  soils  consists  of  separating 
out  the  different  grains  of  sand,  silt  and  clay.  Of  these 
the  most  important  is  clay,  for  reasons  just  given.  Be- 
fore giving  the  mechanical  analysis  of  the  Illinois  samples 
it  will  be  interesting  to  say  a  few  words  as  to  the  origin 
of  these  soils,  for  this  has  some  bearing  upon  the  texture. 

There  is  only  a  small  area  of  the  old  crystalline  rocks 
in  this  country.  Most  of  these  old  crystalline  rocks 
have  been  disintegrated  by  the  various  forces  concerned 
in  the  decay  of  rocks,  and  the  material  resulting  from 
the  disintegration  of  the  rocks  has  been  carried  off  by 
water,  wind  and  moving  ice,  and  deposited  elsewhere  as 
"  sedimentary "  material.  The  Illinois  soils  are  of  this 
sedimentary,  nature.  The  older  crystalline  rocks  have 
long  ago  been  worn  away,  and  have  been  covered  with 
this  sedimentary  material.  When  the  original  crystal- 
line rock  disintegrates  grains  of  all  different  sizes  may 
be  produced,  from  coarse  gravel  to  the  finest  grades  of 
silt  and  clay.  If  this  material  is  carried  off  by  water 
and  deposited  near  by  there  is  likely  to  be  a  variety  of 
soils  formed,  having  very  different  textures.  Some  will 
have  more  of  the  coarser  fragments,  and  others  will 
have  more  of  the  finer  material,  according  to  the  dis- 
tance they  will  have  to  be  carried  and  the  circum- 
stances under  which  they  are  deposited.  When  the 
material  has  to  be  carried  further  the  deposits  are  more 
likely  to  be  of  uniform  size. 

In  Maryland  we  have  a  broad  area  of  these  old  crys- 
talline rocks,  in  what  is  called  the  Piedmont  Plateau, 
with  mountains  on  one  side,  made  up  of  sedimentary 
material,  and  still  more  recent  sedimentary  deposits  of 
the  coastal  plain  on  the  other  side,  which  has  not  yet 
been  consolidated  into  rock.  All  of  these  sediments  had 
been  laid  down  within  a  comparatively  short  distance  of 
the  old  crystalline  rock  from  which  the  material  came. 
We  have  representatives  of  all  the  geological  formations, 


98 


from  the  old  cryst aline  rocks  down  to  the  most  recent 
quarternary  deposits.  As  these  have  been  laid  down  near 
the  source  of  supply  from  which  the  material  was  de- 
rived, and  have  not  since  been  modified  by  glacial 
action,  it  happens  we  have  a  great  variety  of  soil  forma- 
tions, and  it  is  both  interesting  and  instructive  to  see 
how  the  texture  of  these  soils  determines  the  kind  of 
crop  which  it  is  best  suited  to  grow.  The  mechanical 
analysis  of  representative  samples  from  a  number  of 
these  soil  formations  is  given  in  the  accompanying 
table,  with  the  crops  best  adapted  to  them,  for  a  basis 
of  comparison  with  the  Illinois  soils. 

Mechanical  Analysis  of  Maryland  Soils. 


Diameter, 
mm. 

Conventional 
Names. 

472. 
Earlv 
Truck. 

467. 
Truck 
&  fruit. 

258. 
Tobac- 
co. 

180. 
Wheat. 

480. 
Grass. 

173. 
Lime- 
stone. 

2-1 
1-.5 

.5-.2o 
.25-.! 
.1-.05 
.05-.01 
.01-.005 
.005  .0001 

Total  mil 
Organic 

loss 

Fine  gravel.. 
Coarse  sand.. 
Medium  sand 
Fine  sand  
"Very  fine  sand 
Silt  

0.49 
4.96 
40.19 
27.59 
12.10 
7.74 
2.23 
4.40 

0.76 
8.55 
35.04 
19.26 
8.42 
11.38 
4.13 
10.59 

1.53 
5.67 
13.25 

8.39 
14.95 

28.86 
7.84 
14.55 

0.00 
0.00 
0.48 
3.06 
50.32 
14.19 
6.78 
20.28 

0.00 

0.38 
1.07 
0.78 
3.41 
43.08 
13.81 
30.21 

0.54 
0.32 
0.72 
0.62 
4.03 
36.02 
14.99 
41.24 

Fine  silt  
Clay 

leral  matter.  . 
matter,  water 

99.70 
0.30 

98.13 

1.87 

95.04 
4.96 

95.11 
4.89 

92.80 
7.20 

98.48 
1.52 

No. 

Crop. 

Geological 
formation. 

Clay. 
Per  cent. 

Surface 
area 
sq.  cm. 

Approximate 
number  of 
grains  per  gram. 

47? 

Early  truck  

Columbia   . 

4  40 

615 

1,950  000  000 

467 

258 
180 

Truck  and  fruit. 
Export  tobacco.. 
Wheat  

Columbia  — 
Chesapeake... 
Chesapeake 

10.59 
14.55 

20  28 

],244 
1,902 

2  380 

4,767,000,000 
6,786,000,000 
9  357  000  000 

480 

Grass  .... 

Cabbro 

30  21 

3  479 

14  457  000  000 

173 

Strong  grass  and 
wheat  

Trenton  lime- 
stone   

41.24 

4,575 

19,638,000,000 

99 

It  must  be  remembered  that  these  are  very  old  soils, 
that  is,  they  have  been  under  cultivation  for  probably 
200  years,  and  that  the  original  store  of  organic  mat- 
ter has  been  used  up  long  ago.  We  find  that  the  first 
two  samples  are  so  light  and  sandy  that  they  will  not 
produce,  even  under  the  best  system  of  cultivation,  over 
five  bushels  of  wheat  per  acre,  so  that  practically  wheat 
cannot  be  produced  on  them  economically.  These  used 
to  be  considered  very  poor  and  barren  soils  and  were 
almost  worthless  for  agricultural  soils,  but  since  the  in- 
troduction of  truck  farming  these  soils  are  the  most 
productive  in  the  State  for  early  vegetables,  as  crops 
mature  on  them  much  earlier  than  on  any  other  soil. 
Fifteen  years  ago  these  lands  were  worth  not  over 
$4.00  or  |5.00  per  acre,  but  now  they  are  worth  from 
$50  to  $200  per  acre,  depending  upon  the  location  and 
the  transportation  facilities.  The  third  sample  (258) 
represents  the  finest  type  of  tobacco  land,  producing  a 
a  mild,  bright  colored  pipe  tobacco,  which  has  been  cele- 
brated since  the  earliest  colonial  days.  If  the  tobacco  is 
grown  on  either  of  the  other  soils  just  mentioned,  it  has  a 
finer  texture  and  a  brighter  color,  but  it  has  not  suffi- 
cient body.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  tobacco  is  grown  on 
any  of  the  heavier  soils,  the  plants  are  large,  coarse 
and  sappy,  they  have  too  much  body  and  do  not  take 
on  color.  The  fourth  sample  (180)  with  about  20  per 
cent  of  clay,  represents  about  the  lightest  textured  land 
on  which  wheat  can  be  economically  produced  with  us. 
The  remaining  two  samples  are  still  heavier  in  texture 
and  are  well  suited  to  both  grass  and  wheat.  The  grains 
of  sand  and  clay  in  these  soils  seem  to  have  about  the 
same  arrangement,  for  the  fertility  of  the  lands  is  meas- 
ured by  the  percentage  of  clay  which  they  contain. 

The  mechanical  analyses  of  the  Illinois  soils  are  given 
in  the  accompanying  table,  arranged  in  the  order  of  Mr. 


100 

Leverett's  classification  of  the  geological  formations 
from  which  they  are  derived.  The  texture  of  the  boulder 
clay  lands,  as  shown  by  the  mechanical  analysis,  corres- 
ponds very  closely  with  the  wheat  and  grass  lands  of 
Maryland,  although  none  of  the  samples  are  as  rich  in 
clay  as  the  limestone  soils  of  that  State.  There  is  this 
to  be  considered,  however,  that  there  is  a  larger  amount 
of  volatile  matter  in  the  Illinois  soils,  showing  that  they 
probably  contain  twice  as  much  organic  matter  as  the 
Maryland  soils.  This  would  tend  to  make  them  more 
productive  than  soils  otherwise  similar  in  texture.  The 
terrace  formations,  with  the  exception  of  the  rich  bot- 
tom lands  (1340),  are  almost  identical  in  texture  with 
the  early  truck  and  fruit  lands  of  Maryland.  They  appear 
to  be  too  light  in  texture  for  profitable  wheat  produc- 
tion, as  they  have  not  enough  body  to  maintain  a 
sufficient  water  supply  for  the  crop.  There  is  this  con- 
sideration, however,  in  regard  to  the  samples,  if  the 
lands  lie  low,  so  that  it  is  but  a  short  distance  from 
the  surface  down  to  the  water  level,  the  land  may  be 
able  to  maintain  a  sufficient  water  supply,  and  they 
may  thus  be  very  fertile  wheat  lands.  Or,  if  there  is  a 
hardpan  or  a  layer  of  compact  and  impervious  clay 
underlying  the  lands  to  prevent  the  rain  water  from 
passing  down  too  readily,  they  may  then  become  suffi- 
ciently retentive  of  moisture  to  make  good  wheat  lands. 
There  might  also  be  sufficient  organic  matter  in  these 
lands  to  make  up  for  the  low  percentage  of  clay,  but 
this  is  not  apparent  from  the  analyses,  and,  if  it  were 
so,  the  lands  would  gradually  deteriorate  as  the  organic 
matter  was  oxidized  and  used  up  by  continued  cultiva- 
tion. It  is  likewise  possible  that  the  grains  of  sand 
and  clay  are  so  arranged  as  to  make  these  soils  more 
retentive  of  moisture  than  the  Maryland  soils  having  a 
similar  texture.  In  this  case,  also,  they  might  be  suffi- 
ciently retentive  of  moisture  to  make  fertile  wheat  lands. 


101 

This  arrangement  of  the  grains  could  only  be  determined 
by  experiments  in  the  field,  but  it  does  not  seem  prob- 
able from  our  laboratory  experiments  that  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  grains  differ  materially  from  the  arrangement 
in  the  Maryland  soil.  If  there  is  no  hardpan  or  imper- 
vious clay  underlying  these  lands,  and  there  is  no  more 
organic  matter  than  appears  from  these  analyses,  and 
the  grains  of  sand  and  clay  are  arranged  in  about  the 
same  way  as  with  the  Maryland  soils,  these  lands  should 
make  very  fine  truck  lands,  as  they  would  force  the  vege- 
tables to  an  early  maturity,  which  could  command  a  high 
market  price.  The  question  of  the  ease  and  cost  of  trans- 
portation would,  of  course,  have  to  be  considered. 

The  above  remarks  apply  also  to  the  samples  of  the 
river  loess.  They  are  lighter  in  texture  than  our  best 
wheat  lands,  although  they  have  rather  more  organic 
matter  to  balance  the  low  percentage  of  clay.  They  are 
more  like  our  fruit  and  tobacco  lands,  although  the 
higher  percentage  of  volatile  matters  indicates  that  they 
are  rather  more  retentive  of  moisture.  To  determine 
this  would  require  some  special  investigations  in  the  field. 

Of  the  upland  loess  there  are  two  types,  those  which 
are  pervious  to  water  and  which  are  valuable  agricultural 
lands;  those  which  are  compact  and  almost  impervious 
to  water,  locally  known  as  white  clays,  which  are  so 
very  retentive  of  moisture  as  to  be  always  wet,  are  of 
less  agricultural  value.  The  mechanical  analysis  shows 
that  these  two  types  of  land  are  almost  identical  in 
texture,  and  that  the  white  clays  (1,321,  1,342,  1,343, 
and  1,345)  have  no  more  clay  than  the  other  samples 
of  upland  loess,  which  are  considered  very  fertile  lands. 
The  wetness  of  these  white  clay  lands,  therefore,  is  not  due 
to  the  fact  that  they  contain  more  clay,  but  it  must  be 
ascribed  to  some  other  cause.  They  contain  no  more 
organic  matter,  so  that  it  canno't  be  due  to  an  excessive 
amount  of  this  material.  It  must  be  due,  therefore,  to 


102 

one  of  two  causes;  either  that  there  is  a  hardpan  or  a 
layer  of  impervious  clay  underlying  these  lands  which 
retards  the  descent  of  the  water  and  prevents  the  excess 
of  rainfall  being  carried  down,  or  it  may  be  due  to  a 
difference  in  the  arrangement  in  the  grains.  Our  labora- 
tory experiments  do  not  seem  to  indicate  that  there  is 
any  material  difference  in  the  arrangement  of  the  grains 
in  these  two  classes  of  soils,  but  this  can  only  be  de- 
termined with  certainty  by  investigation  of  the  soils  in 
their  natural  position  in  the  field.  If  the  pervious  char- 
acter of  the  white  clays  is  due  to  a  difference  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  grains,  the  lands  ought  to  be  under- 
drained,  so  that  the  excess  of  water  may  be  artificially 
removed,  or  the  trouble  may  be  greatly  alleviated  by 
liming  the  land,  which  will  tend  to  make  it  more  loamy 
and  less  retentive  of  moisture.  The  effect  of  kainit  and 
of  some  of  the  phosphates  would  probably  have  a  similar 
effect  on  the  land  if  applied  regularly  for  a  number  of 
years.  If  the  soils  are  impervious  because  of  a  hardpan 
or  a  layer  of  impervious  clay  three  or  four  feet  below 
the  surface,  then  fertilizers  will  do  very  little  to  correct 
the  evil,  unless  the  lands  are  systematically  underdrained. 
Of  the  three  miscellaneous  or  unclassified  samples, 
1,306  was  sent  on  as  representing  a  sandy  type  of  loess. 
The  mechanical  analysis,  however,  shows  that  this  has 
no  more  sand  than  the  other  samples  of  loess,  and  that 
it  contains,  indeed,  rather  more  clay  than  the  average. 
If  this  really  appears  as  a  sandy  type  of  loess  it  must 
undoubtedly  be  due  to  the  arrangement  of  the  grains 
of  sand  and  clay  in  the  soil,  arid  this  can  readily  be 
corrected  by  the  use  of  fertilizers  and  manures.  Sample 
1,325  appears,  from  the  mechanical  analysis  and  a  con- 
sideration of  the  locality  from  which  it  was  derived,  to 
be  a  true  loess.  Sample  1,339  is  undoubtedly  a  modified 
drift,  if  not  a  lacustrine  deposit. 


103 


The  samples  represented  in  this  series  cannot  be  con- 
sidered soils  and  subsoils  in  an  agricultural  sense,  but 
so  far  as  they  be  classed  as  such  and  as  far  as  the  data 
goes,  it  appears  that  the  subsoils  of  the  glacial  drift 
contain  more  clay  than  the  corresponding  soils.  Thus, 
we  have  in  three  samples  of  soils,  24.31  and  21.70  and 
23.37  per  cent  of  clay,  respectively,  while  the  one  sample 
of  subsoil,  said  to  be  very  characteristic  of  the  region 
around  Champaign,  has  30.90  per  cent  of  clay.  This  is 
the  rule  of  the  agricultural  lands,  that  the  subsoils  are 
richer  in  clay  than  the  corresponding  soils,  but  this  ap- 
paars  to  be  just  the  reverse  of  the  conditions  in  the 
loess,  as  the  following  table  shows: 


4        No. 

LOCALITY. 

SOIL. 

SUBSOIL. 

315-6 

Virginia  City  

15  34 

6  15 

317-8         

Virginia  City  

15  15 

7  10 

307-8          

Carrollton    

23  65 

12  52 

368 

Rock  Island 

12  08 

370  

Gladstone  

8.31 

Mechanical  Analysis  of  Illinois  Soils. 
Glacial.     (Boulder  clay). 


Diameter, 
mm. 

Conventional  Names. 

1334. 
Charles- 
ton. 
1-18. 

1369. 
Sheldon 
6-12. 

1333. 
Mar- 
shall Co. 
1-15. 

13-27. 
San 
Jose. 
1-18. 

302. 
Cham- 
paigrn. 
30-42. 

2-1 
1-.5 
.5-.  25 
.25-.! 
.1-.05 
.05-.  01 
.01-.  005 
.005-.0001 

Total  rain 
Organic  DO 

Loss  by  di 

Fine  gravel 

0.13 
0.36 
1.88 
2.10 
3.73 
44.28 
13.21 
21.70 

0.20 
0.71 
3.24 
4.01 
7.30 
41.66 
13.33 
23  37 

1.08 
1.65 
6.45 
9.32 
12.89 
23.44 
11.07 
24.31 

0.00 
0.00 
0.24 
0.57 
8.54 
44.63 
12.64 
26.57 

1.04 
1.98 
6.85 
6.23 
5.82 
28.38 
15.46 
30.00 

Coarse  sand  

Medium  sand 

Fine  sand  

Very  fine  sand  

Silt 

Fine  silt.  ... 

Clay  

eral  matter. 

87.41 
12.59 

83.82 
6.18 

91.84 
8.16 

93.19 
6.81 

95.64 
4.36 

latter,  water  loss  
rect  ignition.  . 

100.00 
9.65 

100.00 
8.24 

100.00 
8.16 

100.00 
5.77. 

100.00 

104 
Terrace  Formations. 


Diameter, 
mm. 

Conventional  Names 

tb. 

1344. 

Chris- 
tian Co. 
1-18. 

tb. 
1346. 
Mason 
City. 
2-24. 

a. 

13:58. 
Chilli- 
cothe. 
2-18. 

Hoi'- 
ford. 
1-15. 

c. 

1340. 
Ameri- 
can bot- 
toms. 
1-12. 

2-1 
1-.5 
.5-.  25 
.25-.! 
.1-.05 
.05-.01 
.01-.005 
.005-.0001 

Total  min 
Organic  m 

Loss  by  di 

Fine  gravel 

0.00 
0.00 
8.69 
54.87 
29.06 
1.45 
1.27 
3.66 

0.00 
0.01 
3.30 
41.44 
34.76 
10.93 
2.74 
3.87 

0.16 
4.70 
47.51 
13.55 
3.01 
16.82 
4.89 
5.61 

0.26 

2.62 
23.52 
20.44 
11.66 

20.74 
6.32 
8.29 

0.00 
0.00 
0.03 
0.13 
7.99 
41.28 
10.33 
30.42 

Coarse  sand             . 

Fine  sand.  .   .       ... 

Very  fine  sand  
Silt  

Fine  silt 

Clay         

sral  matter 

99.00 
1.00 

97.05 
2.95 

96.25 
3.75 

93.85 
6.15 

90.18 
9.82 

atter,  water  loss  — 
rect  ignition 

100.00 
1.24 

100.00 
3.64 

100.00 
3.68 

100.00 
5.34 

100  .-DO 

9.82 

a.  Terrace  of  glacial  age. 

b.  Flood  deposit ;  fb,  probably  wind  deposits. 

c.  Post  glacial  terrace  (bottom  land  of  Mississippi.) 

River  Loess. 


Diameter, 
mm. 

Conventional 
Names. 

1316. 
Virginia 

City. 
48-120. 

1370. 
Glad- 
stone. 
36-96. 

1368. 
Rock 
Island. 
1-6. 

1347. 
Du- 
buque. 
1-15. 

1315. 
Virginia 
City. 
1-16. 

1312. 
Alton. 
84-180. 

2-1 
1-.5 
.5-.25 
.25-.! 
.1.-05 
.05-.01 
.01-.  005 
.005-.  0001 

Total  mir 
Organic 
loss 

Fine  gravel  .  . 
Coarse  sand.. 
Medium  sand. 
Fine  sand  
Very  fine  sand 
Silt  

0.00 
0.00 
0.01 
0.10 

24.84 
60.98 
2.80 
6.15 

0.00 
0.02 
0.04 
0.84 
28.17 
49.02 
5.42 
8.31 

0.00 

0.00 
0.02 
0.17 
22.27 
51.53 
9.72 
12.08 

0.00 
0.00 
0.04 
0.74 
30.12 
41.49 
7.96 
14.44 

0.00 
0.00 
0.31 
2.62 
8.22 
56.63 
9.65 
15.34 

0.08 
0.27 
1.32 
1.48 
25.24 
44  79 
7.86 
15.57 

Fine  silt  
Clay 

leral  matter.  .  . 
matter,  water 

94.88 
5.12 

91.82 
8  18 

95.79 
4.21 

94.79 
5.21 

92.77 
7.23 

96.61 
3  39 

Loss  by  direct  ignition.  . 

100.00 
8.11 

100.00 
8.18 

100.00 
4.21 

100.00 
5.66 

100.00 
6.03 

100.00 
4.25 

105 

Upland  Loess. 

a.  Soils  pervious  to  water. 


Diameter, 
mm. 

Conventional  Names. 

1318. 
Virginia 
City. 
60-120. 

1308. 
Carroll- 
ton. 
24-44. 

1317. 

Virginia 
City. 
4-48. 

1307. 
Carroll- 
ton. 
1-15. 

1328. 
Wyo- 
ming. 
1-15. 

2-1 
1-.5 
.5-.25 
.25-.! 
.1-.05 
.05-.  01 
.01-005 
.005-.0001 

Total  min 
Organic  m 

Loss  by  d 

Fine  gravel  

0.00 
0.00 
0.00 
0.00 
8.55 
76.67 
4.84 
7.10 

0.00 
0.10 

0.87 
1.00 
6.17 
62.58 
8.76 
12.52 

0.00 
0.00 
0.00 
0.01 
7.68 
61.85 
9.60 
15.15 

0.00 
0.00 
0.01 
0.04 
9.93 
48.76 
8.39 
23.65 

0.00 
0.00 
0.02 
0.10 
6.55 
49.20 
11.21 
23.94 

Coarse  sand  

Medium  sand  

Fine  sand  

Very  fine  sand  — 
Silt 

Fine  silt 

Clay         

eral  matter  

97.26 
2.74 

92.00 
8.00 

94.29 
5.71 

93.78 
6.22 

91.02 
8.98 

atter,  water  loss  — 
[irect  ignition  

100.00 
4.19 

100.00 
4.16 

100.00 
5.87 

100.00 
6.14 

100.00 
9.52 

Upland  Loess. 

b.  Soils  compact  and  almost  impervious  to  water. 


Diameter, 
mm. 

Conventional  Names. 

1321. 
Green- 
ville. 
2-15. 

1342. 
Cumber- 
land Co. 
1-12. 

1345. 
Jeffers'n 
County. 
2-15. 

1343. 
Moawe- 
qua. 
2-18. 

2-1 
1-.5 
.5-.  25 
.25-.! 
.1-.05 
.05-.  01 
.01-  005 
.005-.  0001 

Total  min< 
Organic  m 

Loss  by  dii 

Fine  gravel  

0.48 
1.92 
1.22 
0.57 
5.08 
59.06 
11.09 
14.12 

0.30 
1.05 
3.42 
3.30 
6.47 
55.48 
11.70 
14.90 

0.00 
0.07 
0.29 
0.40 
6.38 
56.92 
12.18 
17.06 

0.00 
0.08 
0.77 
0.11 
4.88 
52.50 
12.15 
22.10 

Coarse  sand 

Medium  sand            .... 

Fine  sand.  .        

Very  fine  sand  

Silt  -. 

Fine  Silt 

Clay  

?ral  matter  

93.54 
6.46 

96.62 
3.38 

93.30 
6.70 

93.39 
6.61 

atter,  water,  loss  

*ect  ignition  

100.00 
5.59 

100.00 
3.11 

100.00 
4.49 

100.00 
5.73 

106 


Miscellaneous. 


Diameter, 
mm. 

Conventional  Names. 

a. 

1306. 
Gallatia. 
1-18. 

b. 
1325. 
Warren. 
1-12. 

c. 
1339. 
Maywood. 
1-15. 

2-1 
1-.5 
.5-.  25 
.25-.! 
.1-.05 
.05-.01 
.01-.0051 
.005-.0001 

Total   mine 
Organic  ma 

Loss  by  din 

Fine  gravel 

0.00 
0.00 
0.02 
0.30 
5.21 
57.75 
12.78 
20.36 

0.00 
0.00 
0.14 
0.19 
10.10 
41.66 
11.97 
23.60 

0.30 
0.58 
2.14 
3.48 
4.72 
28.12 
14.33 
36.52 

Coarse  sand 

Medium  sand 

Fine  sand  

Very  fine  sand     

Silt  

Fine  silt 

Clay  .  . 

ral  matter  .  .  . 

96.42 
3.58 

87.66 
12.34 

90.19 
9.81 

tter,  water  loss  

jet  ignition 

100.00 
6.01 

100.00 
13.12 

100.00 
10.28 

a.  Sandy  type  of  loess. 

b.  Probably  loess. 

c.  Modified  drift. 


Mr.  Leverett's  Classification  of  the  Illinois  Soils. 

1.  LACUSTRINE  DEPOSITS  (LITTORAL).  .  1339 

2.  GLACIAL  BOULDER  CLAY— 

a.  True  glacial  till 1333    1334    1369    1335      302 

6.  Modified  drift 1327 

3.  TERRACE  FORMATIONS — 

a.  Terraces  of  glacial  age 1338 

6.  Flood  deposits 1344    1332    1346 

c.  Post-glacial  terraces 1340 


107 

4.  LOESS— 

a.  Riverloess 1315    1316    1368    1370    1311 

1312    1347 

6.  Upland  loess  (including  white  clays). 

1.  Allowing    slow    passage    of 

water..  ....  1328    1318    1317    1307    1308 


2.  Compact  and  almost  imper- 
vious to  water 1343    1342    1345    1319    1320 

1321 


3.  Unclassified  loess 1306    1309    1310    1313    1314 

1336    1337    1349    1365     1366 
1374    1375    1376    1377 

4.  Sandy  deposits 1346 

5.  BURIED  SOILS  AND  UNDETERMINED.  1325    1322    1372 

6.  UNCLASSIFIED  SAMPLES 1323    1329    1331    1341    1348 

1344    1324    1330    1326    1364 
1371    1373 

Total  number  of  samples 58 

Classified 46 

Unclassified 12 


NOTE— The  samples  underscored  were  analyzed  by  Prof.  J.  A. 
Udden. 


108 
List  of  Samples. 


No. 

Locality. 

Depth. 

Clay. 

Geological  Formation. 

1334 
1369 
1333 
302 
1335 
1327 

1338 
1344 
1346 
1332 
1340 

1316 
1370 
1368 
1347 
1315 
1312 
1311 

1318 
1308 
1317 
1307 
1327 
1321 

1342 
1345- 
1343 
1319 
1320 

Charleston  

1-18 
6-12 
1-15 
30-42 
1-12 

21.70 
23.37 
24.31 
30.90 

1.   Glacial  boulder  clay. 
a.    True  glacial  till. 

Sheldon  
Marshall  Co  

ft                   <t                    tf                    f( 
U                   ft                    U                    (( 

It               1  1                1  1                ft 

b.    Modified  drift. 
2.    Terrace  formations, 
a.  Terraces  of  glacial  age. 
b.  Flood  and  wind  deposits 

Champaign 

Eldorado 

ISan  Jose        .... 

1-18 

2-18 
1-18 
2-24 
1-15 
1-12 

48-120 
36-96 
1-6 
1-15 
1-16 
84-180 
1-60 

60-120 
24-48 
4-48 
1-15 
1-15 
2-15 

1-12 
2-15 
2-18 
-4H6 
24-60 

26.57 

5.61 
3.66 

3.87 
8.29 

6.15 
8.31 
12.08 
14.44 
15.34 
15.57 

Chillicothe  

Christian  Co  

Mason  City  
Rockford  .   .   . 

11                1  1               U              1  1                       ft 

c.  Post-glacial,       (bottom 
land)  3.    Loess. 
a.  River  loess. 

t        <t 

i                    11 
t                     ft 
1                    «  f 
f                     ft                         ft 

b.    Upland  loess. 
1    Soils  pervious  to  water 

i               U                        i                        ti              ft 

(          (f               f               ft         ft 
t          ft               f               ft         it 
(            t  f                  t                   ft           ft 

2.  Compact  and  almost  im- 
pervious to  water. 
2.  Compact  and  almost  im- 
pervious to  water. 
2.  Compact  and  almost  im- 
pervious to  water. 
2.  Compact  and  almost  im- 
pervious to  water. 
2.  Compact  and  almost  im- 
pervious to  water. 
2.  Compact  and  almost  im- 
pervious to  water. 

Miss,  bottoms.  .  . 

Virginia  City... 
Gladstone 

Rock  Island  — 
DubuQue  

Virginia  City... 
Alton  

<( 

Virginia  City... 
Carrollton  .  . 

7.10 
12.52 
15.15 
23.65 
23.94 
14.12 

14.90 
17.06 
22.10 

Virginia  City... 
Carrollton  

Wyoming  

Greenville  

Cumberland  Co.. 
Jefferson  Co  
Moweaqua  . 

Madison  Co  

«           i< 

109 


Mr.  Leverett's  Classification  of  the  Illinois  Soils. 


No. 

Locality. 

Depth. 

Clay. 

Geological  Formation. 

1309 
1310 
1313 
1314 
1336 
1337 
1340 
1365 
1366 
1374 
1375 
1376 
1377 
1306 
1325 
1339 
1322 
1372 
1323 
1329 
1331 
1341 
1343 
1344 
1324 
1330 
1326 
1364 
1371 
1373 

Montgomery  Co  
tt            it 

Moweacjua  

1-18 

18-48 
1-18 
24-42 
]   10 



3.  Unclassified 

((                              U 

((                  tl 

It                         U 

((                  It 

tl                 It 
It                     11 
11                 11 
It               11 
tt                 11 
11                 11 
tl                 tl 
It                 11 

4.  Unclassified 

U                        li 
11                           ll 
((                            U 

((                      tt 
tl                 li 
It                     11 
11                 ll 
It                     11 
tl                 11 
tl                 11 
11               11 
11                 11 
tl                 11 
it                 11 
It                 11 
11               11 

loess. 
ii 

it 

n 

samples. 
it 

14 
ti 
II 

II 
II 
U 
II 

(I 



Freeport 

Marion 

1-12 
24-48 
1-20 

Madison  Co 



Springfield 

60-72 
12 



Union  Co  ...   . 

11              (  ( 

((            <  t 

6-12 



((        (( 

Gallatia  

1-18 
1-12 
1-15 
60-84 
96-120 
4-24 

20.36 
23.60 
36.52 

Warren  

May  wood  

Greenville  
Taylorville  
Greenville  

Red  Bud  

1-12 

Carrollton  
Gladstone  

1-18 
36-96 
24-40 
1-18 
1-20 
1-36 
1-12 
1-12 



Montgomery  Co  
Christian  Co  

Rohley. 

Vienna    .  .  . 

San  Jose  
DeKalb  Co.  ... 

Litch  field  

4 



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A  GEOLOGICAL  SECTION  ACROSS   THE   NORTHERN 
PART   OF   ILLINOIS. 


BY   PROF.   J.   A.    UDDEN. 


Introductory. 

better  line  could  be  chosen  for  the  construction 
of  a  section  running  east  and  west,  to  illustrate 
the  geological  structure  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  than 
the  line  following  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific 
Railroad  from  the  Mississippi  river  to  the  Indiana  line  on 
the  east.  Most  of  the  State  is  drift-covered,  and  exposures 
of  the  bed-rock  are  often  few  in  the  uplands,  and  occasion- 
ally also  scarce  in  the  lowlands.  Data  for  determining  the 
position  of  the  deeper  formations  are  mostly  only  to  be 
had  in  exposures  along  the  water  courses  and  from  well- 
drillers.  Most  of  the  deeper  borings  now  made  are  in- 
tended for  artesian  purposes,  and  are  most  frequently  met 
with  on  the  lowlands  along  the  larger  rivers.  Here,  only, 
are  found  data  for  the  construction  of  geological  sections. 
A  glance  at  the  map  of  the  State  is  sufficient  to  show 
us  why  the  sections  constructed  by  the  earlier  geologist 
mostly  run  north  and  south.  The  Mississippi,  the  Illi- 
nois, the  Wabash,  and  even  Rock  river,  have  their  general 
trend  in  this  direction.  But  it  may  also  be  noticed  that 
eastward  from  Rock  Island  county,  a  line  may  be  extended 
in  such  a  way  as  to  follow  one  of  three  rivers  for  the 
greater  part  of  the  distance  across  the  State.  These  rivers 
are  the  Mississippi,  Green,  and  Illinois.  A  closer  ex- 
amination of  this  line  will  show  that,  even  where  rivers 
are  wanting,  the  topography  along  the  line  is  favorable 
for  making  geological  observations. 

117 


118 

Beginning  at  Rock  Island,  we  first  follow  the  south 
bluff  of  the  Mississippi  for  a  distance  of  about  seven 
miles.  At  Port  Byron  Junction  we  turn  a  little  to  the 
south  and  trace  our  line  along  the  south  bluff  of  an 
alluvial  bottom  known  as  Pleasant  Valley,  which  con- 
nects the  bottom  lands  of  the  Mississippi  with  those  of 
Kock  river.  Crossing  the  latter  stream  at  Colona,  and 
also  crossing  Green  river,  we  proceed,  with  extensive  low- 
lands on  our  left,  due  east,  below  the  gently-marked 
bluff  line  on  the  south  of  this  river,  for  a  distance  of 
thirty-three  miles,  until  we  come  to  Sheffield,  where  Green 
river  turns  to  the  north.  Here  the  lowlands  of  this  river 
are  succeeded  by  a  wide  swale,  which  turns  to  the  south- 
east, crossing  a  great  moraine  and  extending  for  some 
eight  miles.  At  this  point  we  strike  the  branches  of  Bureau 
creek  and  nine  more  miles  southeast,  along  this  creek, 
bring  us  down  to  the  Illinois  river.  For  the  next  fifty- 
eight  miles  we  may  then  go  nearly  due  east,  under  the  often 
steep  bluffs  on  the  north  side  of  this  river,  until  we  are 
at  a  point  nearly  due  south  of  Minooka.  From  this 
point  we  may  still  proceed  east,  for  about  five  miles,  on 
the  lowlands  between  the  Kankakee  and  the  Desplaines 
rivers ;  but  here,  if  we  do  not  wish  to  turn  either  north  or 
south  and  follow  one  of  the  two  rivers,  we  have  to  ascend 
the  slope  of  another  moraine,  and  the  remaining  thirty- 
three  miles  take  us  over  highlands,  presenting,  for  the 
most  part,  only  gentle  reliefs  and  few  exposures  of  the 
bed-rock. 

The  line  here  described  was  chosen  by  Dr.  J.  Lindahl 
as  one  particularly  well  suited  to  exhibit  the  geological 
structure  of  the  State,  and  as  one  yielding  more  data 
than  any  other  line  across  the  State.  It  follows  the  route 
of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railroad  from  Rock 
Island  to  Minooka.  A  survey  was  made,  and  all  the 
topographic  and  stratigraphic  data  obtainable  were 
secured.  A  section  was  then  constructed  on  the  scale  of 


119 

one-half  inch  to  the  mile,  horizontally,  and  one  inch  to 
five  hundred  feet,  vertically.  We  will  here  briefly  discuss 
the  most  important  features  of  this  section. 

The  Superficial  Features  of  the  Section. 

Not  more  than  twenty  rods  southeast  from  the  Union 
Depot  at  Rock  Island,  there  is  an  old  quarry  in  the  De- 
vonian limestone.  A  closer  examination  of  the  beds  in 
this  place,  reveals  below: 

(a).  A  ledge  of  unfossiliferous,  compact,  white,  or 
slightly  dove-colored,  limestone.  Three  feet  of  this  is  ex- 
posed near  the  east  end  of  the  quarry,  and  about  five 
feet  near  the  west  end.  It  has  small  crevices  which  are 
lined  with  iron  pyrites,  and  near  the  top  there  are  nodu- 
lar masses  of  a  mortar-like  composition,  consisting  of  a 
matrix  of  carbonate  of  lime,  in  which  there  are  a  few  grains 
of  quartz  sand.  Occasionally  it  acquires  a  brecciated 
appearance. 

(b).  Next  above  this  there  are  four  ledges,  each  a  little 
more  than  two  feet  in  thickness,  of  a  hard  and  tough 
limestone,  somewhat  less  fine  in  its  texture  and  rich  in 
fossil  corals.  In  the  upper  part  it  becomes  somewhat 
shaly. 

(c).  This  is  followed  by  about  twenty-four  feet  of  beds 
of  shaly  limestone  and  calcareous  shale,  full  of  fossil 
brachiopods  and  some  corals. 

The  quarry  is  in  an  outlier  of  the  upper  part  of  the 
Devonian  rocks,  which  have,  for  the  most  part,  been 
carried  away  by  erosion.  Proceeding  east,  the  erosion 
is  found  to  have  extended  seventy  feet  below  the  top  of 
this  outlier,  a  well  on  Dr.  Gordon's  property,  close  to 
the  river,  having  passed  through  a  black  shale  to  that 
depth  before  striking  the  Devonian  limestone.  This  shale 
is  connected  with  a  coal  seam,  fire  clay,  and  arenaceous 
beds,  which  appear  in  several  exposures  in  the  vicinity 
and  constitute  the  scattered  outliers  of  the  base  of  the 


120 

coal  measures.  The  unfossiliferous  beds  of  the  Devonian 
limestone  soon  appear  again,  and  its  surface  is  a  hori- 
zontal plstne  twenty  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Mississippi 
for  the  next  three  miles  to  the  east.-  East  of  Moline,  near 
the  old  Deere  farm,  there  is  another  small  outlier  of  the 
upper  ledges  of  the  Devonian  rock.  The  top  of  the  bed 
"a"  is  seventeen  feet  higher  than  at  Rock  Island,  show- 
ing a  small  dip  towards  the  west.  At  East  Moline,  the 
limestone  disappears  under  the  base  of  the  coal  measures 
and  is  not  seen  again  along  the  bluffs. 

At  Carbon  Cliff,  the  beds  "b"  have  been  encountered 
in  some  wells  at  an  elevation  of  580  feet  A.  T.,  showing 
that  there  is  no  extensive  tilting  of  these  beds  either  east 
or  west.  The  coal  measures  cover  the  limestone  in  the 
bluffs  west  of  this  place  with  a  'thickness  of  nearly  sev- 
enty-five feet,  but  the  erosion  in  the  Rock  river  valley 
seems  to  have  just  reached  the  plane  of  the  contact  be- 
tween the  two  formations,  and  the  outcrops  in  this  part 
of  the  valley  and  in  the  bed  of  the  river  are  exposures 
sometimes  of  Devonian  limestone  and  sometimes  of 
carboniferous  sandstone.  This  is  also  true  of  the  low- 
lands for  several  miles  to  the  east  of  Colona.  From  re- 
cords of  borings  and  shafts  around  Colona  it  appears 
that  the  level  at  which  the  upper  surface  of  the  lime- 
stone is  found  is  not  always  the  same,  but  it  varies  from 
twenty  to  sixty  feet  below  the  general  level  of  the  bottom 
lands.  Five  miles  farther  east  the  beds  "a"  of  the 
Devonian  limestone  have  been  quarried  in  the  bed  of 
Green  river.  Their  thickness  at  this  place  is  probably 
not  very  great,  for  only  three  miles  farther  north  the 
Silurian  limestone  forms  the  bed-rock  in  Rock  river. 

As  we  come  nearer  Geneseo  the  coal  measures  become 
thicker  and  continuous,  their  upper  surface  rising  in  the 
series  and  their  base  descending  in  altitude,  until  we 
come  to  Tiskilwa,  in  Bureau  county,  or  some  distance 
east  of  this  place.  It  should  be  remembered,  however. 


121 

that  the  upper  surface'  of  the  coal- measures  is  by  no 
means  an  even  plane,  but  presents  even  greater  reliefs- 
than  the  present  topography  of  the  land.  Thus  we  find 
in  the  valley  of  Spring  creek,  east  of  Geneseo,  the  drift 
having  a  thickness  of  from  60  to  70  feet,  while  on  the 
higher  land  at  Atkinson  the  coal  measures  come  up  to 
within  a  few  feet  of  the  surface,  the  drift  being  thicker 
over  the  low  lands  along  Green  river  and  its  tributaries 
than  on  the  low  swells  approaching  the  river  between 
the  latter.  Again,  along  the  extensive  lowlands  of  Mud 
creek  we  find  the  coal  measures  covered  by  considerable- 
thickness  of  drift  until  we  pass  Mineral  slough  and  ascend 
the  gentle  slope  to  the  east. 

This  excavation  of  the  coal  measures  under  the  low- 
lands has  removed  the  greater  part  of  the  two  coal  seamsr 
which  occur  at  the  level  of  about  100  feet  above  the  base 
of  the  series,  leaving  them  only  in  the  low  swells  which 
extend  northward  from  the  high  prairie  on  the  south 
between  the  main  tributaries  of  Green  river.  The  gradual 
increase  in  thickness  of  the  coal  measures  eastwards 
along  this  section  may  be  seen  from  the  following  table : 

Thickness  of  coal  measures  at  Geneseo 60  feet 

"          "  Atkinson 130    " 

"          "    "  "          "  Annawan 139    " 

"    "  "          "  Sheffield,  (estimated) 290    " 

"  "-  Tiskilwa  (partly  estimated).  400    " 

Near  the  city  of  Tiskilwa  the  coal  measures  disappear 
under  a  heavy  deposit  of  drift,  the  surface  of  which 
rises  no  higher  than  the  general  level  to  the  west.  The 
last  seen  of  them  is  in  the  Rocky  Run,  west  of  Tiskilwa, 
In  this  creek  there  are  huge  blocks  of  a  ledge  of  lime- 
stone belonging  to  the  coal  measures.  These  blocks 
have  not  been  far  removed  from  their  original  site.  In 
several  places  they  bear  the  marks  of  ice-scoring,  and  in 
one  instance  the  scored  blocks  were  evidently  nearly  in 
situ,  being  but  little  tilted. 


122 

For  the  next  ten  miles,  in  the  valley  of  the  Bureau 
creek  and  along  the  Illinois  river,  there  are  no  outcrops 
of  bed  rock  of  any  kind.  In  the  country  to  the  north 
of  our  section  a  number  of  borings  have  been  made,  and 
the  coal  measures  have  been  struck  at  a  depth  ranging 
from  440  feet  below  the  surface  at  Princeton  to  50  feet 
below  the  surface  in  the  bottom  lands  a  little  to  the 
northeast  of  the  city  of  De  Pue.  Just  a  little  west  of  the 
mining  town  of  Loceyville  the  coal  measures  again  make 
their  appearance  in  the  north  bluffs  of  the  Illinois  river, 
and  at  Spring  Valley,  three  miles  east  of  this  place, 
they  rise  to  a  height  of  at  least  seventy-five  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  river.  Proceeding  in  this  direction  the 
drift  is  noticed  to  diminish  in  thickness  until  we  come 
to  LaSalle,  where  the  coal  measures  rise  fully  150  feet 
-above  the  river,  just  north  of  the  city.  Crossing  the 
Little  Vermillion,  we  see  the  limestone  ledges  in  the  coal 
measures  slowly  rising,  with  a  dip  to  the  west  of  less 
than  2°  for  about  one  mile.  But  here  the  dip  increases, 
and  for  the  next  quarter  of  a  mile  it  varies  in  different 
places  from  5°  and  6°  to  12°  and  13°,  averaging  perhaps 
10°.  About  500  feet  west  of  the  west  end  of  the  railroad 
tunnel  the  base  of  the  coal  measures  is  seen  to  come  up 
above  the  level  of  the  road-bed  and  ascend  at  first  a 
gentle  slope  formed  by  the  upper  surface  of  the  Silurian 
rocks,  the  uppermost  visible  member  of  which  is  the 
Trenton  limestone.  The  coal  measures  are  composed  of 
fragmentary  material.  There  are  pieces  of  white  and 
black  chert,  blocks  of  sandstone  and  limestone,  etc., 
imbedded  in  a  clayey  base.  Upward  this  changes  into 
the  regular  coal  bearing  clays  and  sand  stones.  The 
dip  o?  the  Trenton  is  on  the  average  18°  to  the  west 
and,  as  it  runs  along  the  railroad  track  for  a  distance 
of  205  feet,  the  exposure  exhibits  the  lower  60  feet  of 
the  formation.  A  short  distance  from  the  west  end  of 


the  tunnel,  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  in  its  turn  rises  above 
the  railroad  bed.  It  dips  in  the  same  direction,  but  the 
tilting  is  somewhat  irregular,  measuring  in  one  place  18°, 
and  in  other  places  20°,  26°,  27°,  23°,  22°  and  19°.  The 
average  dip  is  perhaps  22°.  This  sandstone  runs  along 
the  railroad  for  a  distance  of  300  feet  with  this  dip.  At 
the  east  end  of  the  tunnel  the  lower  part  of  the  formation 
is  concealed  and  its  total  thickness  cannot  be  measured, 
but  as  its  dip  is  very  much  decreased  in  the  exposures 
which  are  seen  close  by,  to  the  east,  it  is  not  likely 
that  this  thickness  exceeds  175  feet.  For  one-half  mile 
to  the  east  of  the  tunnel  the  dip  is  still  to  the  west 
and  the  Magnesian  limestone  rises  in  the  bluffs  at 
a  low  angle.  At  about  this  place,  a  few  rods  west  of 
the  cement  works,  the  dip  changes  to  the  east.  The 
highest  point  in  the  low  anticline  is  a  few  rods  west  of 
the  cement  works.  At  this  place  there  are  exposed 
nearly  80  feet  of  the  Magnesian  limestone.  Following 
the  north  bluff  of  the  river,  we  notice  the  line  of  con- 
tact between  the  Magnesian  limestone  and  the  St.  Peter 
sandstone  descending  until  the  former  disappears  and 
the  latter  makes  up  the  greater  part  of  the  bluff.  In 
the  course  of  a  mile  and  a  half  the  descent  is  about  75, 
feet,  and  at  Utica  this  line  is  only  a  few  feet  above  the 
railroad  level,  the  total  descent  in  eight  miles  being 
about  130  feet. 

A  mile  arid  a  half  east  of  Utica  the  coal  measures 
again  make  their  appearance  in  the  bluffs,  capping 
the  St.  Peter  sandstone,  first  by  a  very  thin  rem- 
maut,  and  farther  east  by  a  thickness  of  some  60  or  70 
feet  of  shales,  near  the  bottom  of  which  there  is  a  work- 
able seam  of  coal,  which  has  been  mined  bv  stripping 
at  several  points  along  the  section.  In  some  places  the 
coal  can  be  seen  to  rest  almost  on  the  bare  Silurian 
sandstone,  and  in  other  places  it  is  separated  from  this 


124 

by  a  few  feet  of  fire  clay.  At  Ottawa  the  erosion  of  the 
river  valley  extends  a  little  below  the  contact  of  the 
coal  measures  and  the  St.  Peter  sandstone.  To  the 
east  of  the  city  coal  measure  clays  begin  to  cover  it, 
and  the  sandstone  soon  passes  out  of  sight.  The  river 
bluffs,  which,  between  LaSalle  and  Ottawa,  form  a  low 
but  mostly  vertical  escarpment,  here  change  their  na- 
ture and  present  gentler  slopes  and  well  rounded  con- 
tours. For  the  first  five  miles  east  of  Fox  river  we  find 
dark  shales  with  thin  seams  of  coal,  which  are  seen  suc- 
cessively at  lower  levels  in  the  ravines.  About  a  mile 
west  of  the  city  of  Marseilles  the  shales  are  succeeded  by 
a  sandstone,  which  reaches  a  thickness  of  about  50  feet 
northeast  of  the  city,  but  afterwards  thins  out  and 
descends  so  as  to  form  only  an  inconsiderable  feature  in 
the  bluffs.  As  the  strata  of  the  coal  measures  slowly 
descend  in  this  part  of  the  section,  the  drift  again  ac- 
quires a  greater  thickness,  having  formed  an  inconspicu- 
ous capping  only  for  most  of  the  distance  between  La- 
Salle and  Marseilles.  Some  distance  west  of  Seneca  its 
total  thickness  is  not  less  than  100  feet  in  the  uplands, 
and  for  several  miles  it  forms  nearly  all  of  the  bluffs 
east  of  Seneca,  but  as  we  come  nearer  to  Morris,  low  out- 
crops of  coal  measures  again  appear  in  the  low  lands. 
These  continue  with  interruptions  for  a  few  miles  to  the 
east  of  the  city.  The  drift  has  been  nearly  all  removed 
in  the  lowlands  about  Morris,  and  coal  has  been  stripped 
in  several  places  near  the  city  and  at  other  places  mined 
at  a  short  distance  from  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
About  three  miles  northeast  of  this  city,  a  short  dis- 
tance to  the  north  of  where  the  Rock  Island  road  crosses 
Au  Sable  creek,  the  Trenton  limestone  crops  out  in  the 
lowland,  but  following  this  creek  eastward  we  find 
that  it  runs  over  coal  measure  sandstone  for  two  miles, 
or  a  little  more,  perhaps,  when  this  is  again  followed  by 


125 

a  Silurian  limestone,  which,  however,  belongs  to  the 
Cincinnati  series.  The  railroad  here  ascends  the  outer 
slope  of  a  moraine,  near  the  summit  of  which  is  located 
the  town  of  Minooka.  The  thickness  of  the  driffc  in  this 
moraine  is  about  130  feet,  concealing  from  our  view 
the  bed  rock,  which,  however,  again  appears  in  the  low- 
lands along  the  DuPage  river,  consisting  of  limestone 
belonging  to  the  Cincinnati  series,  alternating  with 
shales  of  the  same  age  and  often  presenting  glacial 
scorings  on  its  upper  surface.  Following  the  railroad 
four  miles  east  of  this  river  the  Cincinnati  rocks  disap- 
pear under  the  base  of  the  Niagara  limestone  which 
forms  the  bed  rock  for  the  remainder  of  the  distance  to 
the  city  of  Chicago. 

If,  instead  of  following  the  railroad  in  its  northeast 
course  from  the  crossing  of  Au  Sable  creek,  we  proceed 
eastward  along  the  Illinois  river  and  its  headwaters, 
the  DesPlaines  and  the  Kankakee,  we  find  in  the  lowlands 
near  the  junction  of  the  two  last  rivers  that  the  bed 
rock  consists  of  occasional  outliers  of  the  coal  measures, 
filling  depressions  in  the  upper  surface  of  the  Cincinnati 
series  of  limestone  and  shales.  The  remnants  of  the 
coal  measures  become  smaller  and  less  numerous  as  we 
go  east,  and  about  two  miles  east  of  the  junction  of  the 
headwaters  of  the  Illinois  there  is  a  low  rise  in  the  land, 
which  marks  the  western  limit  of  the  Niagara  limestone, 
under  which  the  Cincinnati  series  disappears.  The  con- 
tact is  seen  some  distance  to  the  north  of  our  section  in 
Jackson  creek  along  the  line  of  the  Chicago,  Alton  & 
St.  Louis  railroad.  From  this  point  we  ascend  the  slope 
of  a  moraine,  and  for  the  next  five  miles  the  bed-rock  is 
mostly  concealed,  the  drift  varying  from  130  to  50  feet 
in  thickness. 

About  two  miles  west  of  Manhattan  the  drift  is  thin 
and  several  exposures  are  seen  of  the  Niagara  limestone, 
some  in  the  upland  and  some  along  the  streams.  This 


126 

continues  for  a  half  mile  to  the  east  of  Manhattan, 
where  our  section  runs  up  against  the  south  bend  of 
still  another  moraine  which  covers  the  rock,  sometimes 
to  a  depth  of  200  feet,  for  the  greater  part  of  the  re- 
mainder of  the  section. 

The  Stratigraphy  of  the  Section. 

THE   DRIFT. 

The  drift  exhibited  along  the  section  may  properly  be 
divided  into  three  divisions :  alluvium,  loess  and  boulder 
clay.  The  alluvium  varies  in  its  character  in  different 
valleys,  and  must,  no  doubt,  be  referred  to  different  sub- 
epochs  of  post-glacial  history.  We  shall  not  discuss  the 
most  recent  phases  which  are  to  be  seen  along  every 
stream  in  the  State.  In  Pleasant  Valley  we  find  it  con- 
sisting of  a  fine  sand,  the  surface  of  which  is  at  least 
fifteen  feet  above  the  highest  stage  of  water  known  in 
either  the  Mississippi  or  Eock  river.  It  appears  to  have 
been  deposited  at  a  time  when  the  main  channel  of  the 
Mississippi  followed  the  lower  channel  of  Rock  river,  and 
it  may  possibly  belong  to  a  terrace  formation  which  seems 
to  have  been  formed  during  the  last  epoch  of  glaciation 
of  this  continent.  A  similar  sand  occurs  near  the  mouth 
of  Green  river  south  of  the  town  of  Colona,  and  contin- 
ues in  the  low  banks  of  sand  which  skirt  the  bottom 
lands  of  Rock  river  as  well  as  Green  river  east  and 
northeast  of  this  place. 

The  loess  is  best  developed  in  the  west  end  of  the  sec- 
tion. Near  Rock  Island  its  thickness  approaches  40 
feet.  At  this  place  it  is  occasionally  stratified,  exhibiting 
seams  of  a  fine  sand  in  its  lower  part.  Near  the  town  of 
Colona  it  is  not  as  heavy,  but  mostly  a  little  coarser, 
especially  near  the  surface.  This  is  particularly  the  case 
on  top  of  the  bluffs,  bounding  the  highland  between 
Rock  river  and  Green  river.  On  the  north  side  this 


127 

sandy  loess  forms  an  irregular  ridge  some  20  or  30  feet 
higher  than  this  highland,  and  along  the  bottom  land 
north  of  Green  river  is  a  similar  but  less  pronounced 
accentuation  of  the  bluff.  The  formation  presents  similar 
features  south  of  Green  river,  eastward  past  Geneseo. 
Proceeding  in  this  direction  it  becomes  thinner,  and 
finally  disappears,  occuring  in  isolated  places  as  far 
as  Sheffield.  Over  the  rest  of  the  section  the  typical 
loess  is  absent,  but  the  boulder  clay  is  covered  in  many 
places  with  a  layer  of  silt  from  2  to  10  feet  in  thick- 
ness. In  the  neighborhood  of  Wyanet  this  silt  is  some- 
what sandy,  and  farther  north  its  appearance  is  much 
like  the  sandy  loess  in  Henry  county.  In  the  drainage 
area  of  Bureau  creek  its  appearance  is  often  so  very 
much  like  that  of  loess  that  it  cannot  be  distinguished 
from  it.  It  seems  to  cover  nearly  all  of  the  upland  in 
Bureau  county,  but  along  the  east  end  of  the  section  it 
occurs  mostly  in  isolated  places. 

Under  the  base  of  the  loess,  in  the  west  end  of  the 
section,  there  is  often  found  a  silt,  sometimes  dark  and 
sometimes  greenish  or  whitish  in  color,  and  mostly 
known  by  well-diggers  as  usea  mud,"  "grand mother's 
garden,"  or  the  "forest  bed."  In  it  are  often  found 
pieces  of  branches  of  trees  and  logs  and  other  remnants 
of  decayed  vegetation,  snail  shells,  and  remains  of  large 
mammals. 

Below  the  loess  and  the  forest  bed  lies  the  bowlder 
clay.  This  is  composed  of  a  finely  ground  mass  of  clay, 
sometimes  whitish,  sometimes  bluish,  and  sometimes  of 
a  buff  color,  containing  sand,  gravel,  pebbles  and  bould- 
ers of  all  sizes  and  of  a  great  variety  of  material.  The 
proportion  of  the  fine  and  the  coarse  material  varies 
greatly.  Gen-rally  the  boulder  clay  has  no  marks  of 
stratification,  but  in  various  localities  it  shows  the  most 
perfect  sorting  and  bedding.  It  varies  in  thickness  from 


128 

0  to  450  feet,  and  along  the  whole  section  it  displays 
a  tendency  to  develop  its  greatest  thickness  in  de- 
pressions in  the  bed-rock.  To  this  general  rule,  there 
are  several  exceptions,  especially  towards  the  east.  As 
to  the  nature  of  the  material  of  which  the  boulders 
are  composed  it  may  be  said  that  eastward  from  Shef- 
field there  is  a  greater  proportion  of  limestone  than 
westwards  from  this  place,  in  fact  the  boulder  clay  in 
the  west  end  of  the  section  is  more  thoroughly  ground 
up  and  contains  smaller  and  fewer  boulders.  Between 
Wyanet  and  Loceyville  stratification  is  a  common  feat- 
ure in  the  boulder  clay,  and  quite  often  the  material  is 
seen  to  be  cemented  together  so  as  to  form  a  solid 
mortar  rock,  the  cementing  material  being  in  most 
cases  carbonate  of  lime,  often  quite  pure  but  sometimes 
ferruginous.  The  mortar  rock  is  known  by  well-drillers 
as  "hard-pan."  In  the  Bureau  creek  valley  the  lower 
part  of  the  drift  is  composed  of  sand  and  gravel. 

Below  the  boulder  clay  and  its  assorted  materials 
there  has  been  found  in  some  borings  a  fine,  bluish  or 
reddish  silt,  somewhat  like  loess  in  appearance,  and 
resting  on  the  bed-rock. 

The  Coal  Measures. 

The  highest  beds  in  the  coal  measures  series  are  seen 
at  LaSalle,  north  of  the  city.  They  consist  of  variously 
colored  shales,  alternating  with  thin  seams  of  limestone 
and  carbonaceous  material.  A  section  taken  at  this 
place  is  as  follows: 


129 

SECTION  AT   LASALLE. 

A.  T. 

(1).  37  feet  variously  colored  shales 580-543 

(2).    1  foot  blue  limestone  (weathering  rod) 543-542 

(3).    2  feet  bituminous  shale  and  coal 542-540 

(4).  32    "    variously  colored  shales 540-508 

(5).  20    "    limestone 508-488 

(6).    3    "    bituminous  shale  and  coal 488-485 

(7).  flre  clay  (sometimes  absent) 

(8).  17     "    shale 485-468 

(9).    2    "    limestone  (several  feet  concealed) 468-466 

(10).  shales 

NOTE  :  In  the  following  pages  these  numbers  refer  to  the  eleva- 
tion above  the  level  of  the  sea  in  feet,  a  minus  sign  (— )  being  used 
when  the  section  is  below  the  sea  level.  The  levels  were  obtained 
by  aneroid  measurements  checked  to  the  nearest  known  level. 

• 

In  the  bluff  at  Loceyville  there  are  exposed  some  beds 

which  may  probably  belong  to  a  lower  horizon.  A  sec- 
tion of  the  greater  part  of  the  bluff  at  this  place  is  as 
follows: 

SECTION  AT  LOCEYVILLE. 

A.  T. 

(1).    7  feet  limestone 527-520 

(2).  26    "    bluish  shale 520-494 

(3).    2    "    limestone 494-492 

(4).  shale  (mostly  concealed )  — 


About  a  mile  west  of  Tiskilwa  in  the  Rocky  Run,  the 
following  exposure  is  seen: 

SECTION  IN  EOCKY  RUN,   TISKILWA. 

A.  T. 

(1).  40  feet  sandy  shales 674-634 

(2).    4    "     shales  with  nodular  seams  of  ferrugin- 
ous limestone 634-6M 

(3).     2     "     coal 630-628 

(4).  Probably  several  feet  of  limestone 

—9 


130 

A  limes  bone  which  cannot  be  far  below  the  base  of 
this  section  is  broken  up  into  huge  blocks  which  are 
seen  in  the  bottom  of  the  creek.  This  limestone  is  prob- 
ably identical  with  the  upper  limestone  in  the  previous 
section. 

Near  Sheffield  the  following  section  is  seen: 

SECTION    IN    COAL    CREEK.    SHEFFIELD. 

A.  T. 

(1).  12  feet  micaceous  sandstone  thin  bedded,  often 
rippled-marked,  with  ferruginous  no- 
dules, indurated  below 683-671 

(2).  15    "    micaceous  sandy  shales  above,  argillace- 
ous shales  with  bands  of  nodules  below  671-656 
(3).    1  foot  black  indurated  thin  splitting  shale. . . .  656-655 

(4).    5    "    coal 655-650 

(5).    2    "    limestone 650-648 

Numbers  4  and  5  in  this  section  are  the  equivalents  of 
3  and  4  in  the  previous  section.  The  same  succes- 
sion is  seen  south  of  Mineral,  where  Mr.  TV.  H.  Forrest 
has  sunk  a  shaft  and  observed  the  following  section: 

MINERAL. 

A.  T. 

(1).  12  feet  sandstone 709-697 

,  (2).  18    l{    light  colored  shale 697-679 

(3),    6    "    bituminous  shale 679-673 

(4).    5    "    coal 673-668 

(5).    1  foot  flre  clay 668-667 

(6).    Limestone 

The  beds  which  are  found  under  the  limestone  of  these 
sections  are  not  exposed  anywhere  along  the  line  of  the 
survey,  except  in  the  vicinity  of  LaSalle,  but  from  borings 
which  have  been  made  in  various  places  in  Bureau  and 
LaSalle  counties  they  are  known  to  consist  of  alterna- 
tions of  shales  and  sandstone,  with  seams  of  coal  and 
limestone.  In  a  well  which  was  bored  about  a  mile  and 


131 

one-half  southeastof  Annawan,  on  Mr.  L.  A.  Ferguson's 
farm,  strata  below  this  horizon  were  passed  through  as 
follows : 

ANNAWAN. 

A.  T. 

(1).    Drift - 

(2).    6  feet  miner's  "slate" 557-551 

(3).     3     "    coal 551-548 

(4).    1  foot  fireclay 548-547 

(5).  10  feet  shale 547-537 

(6).  seam  of  limestone 

(7).  16    "    sandy  shales 537-521 

At  Atkinson  coal  is  mined  at  a  small  depth,  from  a 
seam  which  is  probably  identical  with  number  3  in  the 
section  of  Ferguson's  well.  In  Mr.  Kiley's  mine,  south 
of  the  city,  the  succession  of  the  beds  is  as  follows: 

MR.  RILEY'S  SHAFT,  ATKINSON. 

A.  T. 

(1).    Drift 

(2).    4  feet  shale 648-644 

(3).    1  foot  concretionary  limestone 644-643 

(4).  15  feet  shale 643-628 

(5).    1  foot  limestone . .  628-627 

(6).    2  feet  shale 627-625 

(7).    3    "    miner's  "slate" 625-622 

(8).    3    "    coal 622-619 

(9).    Fire  clay 

The  same  is  seen  in  a  shaft  on  Mr.  James  Kay's  farm, 
four  miles  west  of  the  city. 

MR.    KAY'S  SHAFT,  ATKINSON. 

A7T. 

(1).    Drift 


(2).    1  foot  limestone 642-641 

(3).  17  feet  shale 641-624 

(4).    2    "    miner's  "slate" 624-622 

(5).    3    "    coal 622-619 


132 

Mr.  Johii  Mowbray  some  years  ago  explored  below 
this  coal  not  far  from  Mr.  Kay's  place  and  found  the 
following  beds  below  it: 

MR.  MOWBRAY'S  SHAFT,  ATKINSON. 

A.  T. 

(1).    4  feet  pyritiferous  flre  clay 619-615 

(2).    2    "    concretionary  limestone 615-613 

(3).  12    "    blue  shale 613-601 

(4).    2    "    sandstone 601-599 

(5).     1  foot  coal 599-598 

(6).    4  feet  fine  fire  clay - 598-594 

(7).    Impure  flre  clay - 

The  lower  part  of  the  coal  measures  contain  a  greater 
percentage  of  arenaceous  material.  This  is  first  seen  at 
Geneseo. 

SECTION  IN  GENESEO  CREEK. 

A.T. 
(1).    Concretionary 

(2).  Sandstone  (partly  concealed) - 

(3).  2  feet  black  shale 623-621 

(4).  1  foot  coal  and  shale 621-620 

(5).  3  feet  flre  clay. 620-617 

It  is  also  seen  in  the  ravines  back  of  Carbon  Cliff. 

SECTION  OF     ARGILLO  WORKS  CLAY  PIT. 

A.T. 
(1).    Drift 

(2).    10  feet  sandstone 645-635 

(3).      1  foot  coal 635-634 

(4).      4  feet  flre  clay 634-630 

(5).    25    "     shale 630-605 

In  Heagey's  mine,  south  of  Port  Byron  Junction,  the 
succession  is  as  follows: 

HEAGEY'S  MINE,  PORT  BYRON  JUNCTION. 

A.T. 

(1).    50  feet  drift 684-634 

(2).    14     "     sandstone  and  "cap  rock" 634-620 

(3).      3     "     coal 620-617 


133 

Donald  and  Jamison's  shaft,  about  a  mile  southwest 
of  this  place,  was  sunk  through  the  following  strata: 


A.  T. 

(1).     Drift 

(2).  15  feet  sandstone 630-615 

(3).    8    "    dark  shale 615-607 

(4).    2    "    coal  ("bone  coal") 607-605 

(5).    4    "    fireclay 605-601 

(6).    Not  reported 601-590 

(7 ).    Coal 

The  arenaceous  character  of  the  lower  part  of  the 
coal  measures  is,  however,  best  developed  east  of  Ot- 
tawa. At  Marseilles  and  Seneca  there  is  a  sandstone 
over  50  feet  thick,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Morris  the  ex- 
posures of  the  coal  measures  along  the  canal  mostly 
consist  of  sandstone.  This  is  the  equivalent  of  the 
famous  fossil  bearing  sandstone  of  Mazon  creek. 

The  character  of  the  material  constituting  the  base  of 
the  coal  measures  is  quite  varied.  Most  commonly  it 
consists  of  sandstone.  This  is  the  case  farthest  east  in 
the  DuPage  river  south  of  Channahon  in  the  Kankakee 
river  above  its  mouth,  and  in  Au  Sable  creek,  east  of 
Morris,  West  of  Morris  the  lowermost  of  the  coal  meas- 
ures are  composed  of  shale  overlying  a  seam  of  coal,  as 
seen  in  the  following  sections: 

PRENDERGAST  AND  Al'CLARY    SHAFT,   SENECA. 

A.  T. 

(1).    Alluvium , - 

(2).  20  feet  sandstone 502-482 

(3).    8    "     "soapstone" '. .  482-474 

(4).    2    "    hard  black  shale 474-472 

(5).  10    "    sandstone 472-462 

(6).  63    u     "soapstone" 462-399 

(7).    3     "    coal 399-396 


134 

CARNEY  BROTHERS'  SHAFT,  %  MILE  EAST  OF  MARSEILLES. 

A.  T. 

(1).     Drift 

(2).    4  feet  coal 551-547 

(3).  57    "    sandy  shales  and  sandstones 547-490 

(4).    1  foot  black  miner's  slate 490-489 

(5).  69  feet  shales 489-420 

(6).    3    "    coal 420-417 

RIVER  BLUFF,  MARSEILLES. 

A.  T. 

(1).    Drift 

(2).  60  feet  sandstone 580-520 

(3).    5    "    darkshale 520-515 

West  of  Ottawa,  the  coal  measures  may  be  said  to  be- 
gin with  a  seam  of  coal  resting  on  the  St.  Peter  sand- 
stone. At  Split  Rock  they  consist,  as  already  noted,  of 
brecciated  fragmentary  material.  In  the  vicinity  of 
Bureau  Junction,  where  a  number  of  borings  have  been 
made,  some  of  the  drillers  have  reported  "zinc  ore" 
from  the  horizon  under  consideration,  but  as  no  com- 
petent analyist  has  examined  the  material,  so  far  as 
known,  nothing  definite  can  be  stated  as  to  the  nature 
of  the  borings  so  named. 

At  Anna-wan  the  lowest  strata  of  the  coal  measures 
run  as  follows: 

SECTION  OF  ANNAWAN  CREAMERY  WELL. 

A.  T. 

(1).  124  feet  drift 629-505 

(2).    14  feet  dark  shale , 505-491 

(3).      1  foot  bituminous  seam 491-490 

(4).    21  feet  shale 490-469 

(5).      1  foot  limestone 469-468 

(6).      1     "    coal 468-467 

(7).      1  foot  fire  clay 467-466 

(8).      Niagara  Limestone 


135 

On  the  lowlands  along  Green  river  coal  has  been 
stripped  from  the  top  of  the  Devonian  limestone,  and 
this  coal  was  capped  by  a  black  bituminous  limestone, 
but  some  distance  to  the  west  of  this  place  a  sandstone 
is  found  occupying  the  position  of  this  coal.  Along  the 
Mississippi  river,  near  Port  Byron  Junction,  the  little 
remnant  left  of  the  coal  measures  consists  of  sandstone, 
in  which  pebbles  are  occasionally  found  imbedded. 

In  the  city  of  Rock  Island  an  outlier  of  Devonian 
limestone  is  capped  by  a  small  remnant  of  a  hard  con- 
glomerate, which  consists  for  the  greater  part  of  chunks 
of  yellow  chert  containing  Silurian  fossils.  Though 
positive  proofs  are  wanting,  there  are  good  reasons  to 
believe  that  this  conglomerate  belongs  to  the  coal  meas- 
ures. 

A  Marked  Unconformity. 

The  coal  measures  are  separated  from  the  rocks  below 
them  by  a  marked  unconformity.  For  the  greater  part  of 
the  distance  across  the  State  it  appears  as  an  uncon- 
formity without  tilting.  At  Kock  Island  it  displays 
-erosion  forms  in  the  underlying  horizontal  strata,  with 
reliefs  of  nearly  70  feet,  and  the  lower  rocks  are  studded 
with  caves  which  are  filled  with  sandstones  and  shales 
of  the  coal  measures.  Similar  appearances  have  already 
been  referred  to  above  as  occurring  near  East  Moline 
and  at  Carbon  Cliff.  In  nearly  all  of  these  localities  the 
underlying  limestone  is  studded  with  caves  which  are 
filled  with  sandstones  and  shales  belonging  to  the  coal 
period.  South  of  Channahon,  on  the  bank  of  the  Du 
Page  river,  eroded  depressions  in  the  Niagara  and  the 
Cincinnati  formations  were  observed  to  be  filled  with 
€oal  measure  sandstones,  in  which  were  found,  with  im- 
perfectly preserved  woody  tissue  of  plants  of  the  coal 
age,  various  fragmentary  materials  of  the  underlying 


136 

rock,  such  as  lumps  of  the  Cincinnati  shale  and  small 
blocks  of  Niagara  limestone,  containing  casts  of  the 
fossils  of  that  age. 

At  LaSalle  it  appears  as  an  uncomformity  produced 
by  tilting  with  a  differential  precarboniferous  erosion  of 
900  feet,  this  thickness  having  been  removed  (in  ex- 
cess of  the  denudation  on  the  west  side)  from  the  under- 
lying rocks  on  the  east  side  of  the  monocline  at  this 
place.  In  its  general  aspect,  the  unconformity  may  be 
said  to  be  connected  with  a  general  tilling  of  the  sub- 
jacent formations,  for  these  are  seen  to  slowly  ascend 
and  run  out  under  the  superimposed  coal  measures,  both 
in  the  east  and  in  the  west  end  of  the  section. 

The  Rocks  *>f  the  Devonian  Age. 

To  recapitulate  what  is  already  stated  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  superficial  features,  the  exposed  Devonian 
rocks  may  be  given  as  follows: 

SECTION  NEAR  ROCK  ISLAND  DEPOT. 

A.  T. 

(1).  20  feet  shaly  limestone  and  calcareous  shale, 
containing  throughout  fossil  brachio- 
pods,  and  near  the  top  stems  of  various 
crinoids 599-579 

(2).  6  "  composed  of  three  ledges  of  limestone 
separated  by  seams  of  shale,  and  con- 
taining about  the  same  fossils  as  the 
beds  above 579-573 

(3).  7  "  consisting  of  three  solid  ledges  of  a 
strong  limestone,  containing  a  less  num- 
ber of  brachiopods  and  more  corals 573-566 

(4).  5  "  even  grained,  sometimes  brecciated, 

limestone,  containing  no  fossils 566-561 

Below  this  there  are  probably  some  70  or  80  feet  of 
limestone,  like  No.  4  of  the  above  section,  but  though 


137 

there  are  quite  a  number  of  exposures  of  this  limestone, 
no  continuous  section  can  be  constructed  for  this  local- 
ity. On  Sylvan  Island,  just  north  of  Moline,  there  is  a 
typical  exposure  of  these  lower  beds  which  may  be 
described  as  follows: 


SWAN  TROPP'S  QUARRY,  ON  SYLVAN  ISLAND. 

A.  T. 

(1).  7  feet  irregularly  bedded  white  and  hard  lime- 
stone, but  little  brecciated  and  weather- 
ing into  thin  layers 577-570 

(2).  5  "  darkish  compact  limestone,  with  a  pecu- 
liar lamination,  occasionally  presenting 

a  low  dome-shaped  structure 570-565 

(3).    1  foot  pure  and  white,  massive  limestone 565-564 

(4).    4  feet  dark  limestone,  resembling  No.  2 564-560 

(5).  3  "  white  limestone,  sometimes  massive,  and 
sometimes  brecciated  and  composed  of 
good-sized  blocks  of  dark  material  im- 
bedded in  the  white 560-557 

From  borings  made  at  Rock  Island  it  seems  as  if 
there  were  40  feet  or  more  of  similar  rocks  below  this 
section. 

Materials  resembling  these  rocks  are  reported  from 
the  boring  at  Geneseo,  but  nothing  can  be  said  with 
certainty  as  to  the  occurrence  of  Devonian  rocks  at  this 
place.  In  the  boring  at  Annawan  they  are,  without  a 
doubt,  absent,  but  in  several  borings  in  Bureau  creek 
valley  and  in  the  artesian  well  at  Hennepin,  as  well  as 
in  the  wells  at  Peru  and  LaSalle,  calcareous  shaly  beds 
were  encountered  on  top  of  the  Silurian  limestone,  which 
in  all  probability  belong  to  this  age;  but  here  again 
positive  knowledge  from  fossils  is  wanting.  The  thick- 
ness of  these  undetermined  shales  averages  100  feet. 


138 


THICKNESS  AND   POSITION   OF   DEVONIAN   ROCKS. 

(Estimated  from  borings). 


Rock  Island,  shales  and  limestone  .  . 
Moline  limestone 

80  feet. 
50     " 

A.  T. 

599  —519 
565  —515 

Carbon  Cliff  limestone 

80     " 

580  —  500 

Searles'  AVell   limestone 

(g)  40      " 

560  —  520 

Geceseo,  limestone  

.  .  (?)  40     " 

520  —480 

Princeton,  shales  and  limestone.  .  .  . 

.  .  (?)100     " 

120    —20 

Hennepin,  shales  and  limestone  .  .  . 

.  .  (?)100      " 

130    —30 

LaSalle,  shales... 

,.  (?H30     " 

0  —130 

The    Contact   Between   the    Devonian   and    the    Silurian 

Systems. 

The  contact  between  the  Devonian  and  the  Silurian 
rocks  is  not  exposed  for  certain  anywhere  in  Rock  Isl- 
and county.  About  one-half  mile  below  Hampton  there 
is  seen  in  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi  some  buff-colored 
limestone,  which  Professor  Worthen  refers  to  as  the 
southernmost  exposure  of  the  Niagara  limestone  along 
the  river  in  this  county.  (Geol.  Surv.  of  111.,  vol.  V., 
p.  223.)  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  top  of  the  Niagara 
limestone  comes  near  to  the  surface  at  this  place,  for  it 
soon,  appears  in  the  river  above  Hampton.  But  on  a 
closer  examination  of  the  rocks  at  this  point  they  show 
a  greater  resemblance  to  the  lowest  unfossiliferous  layers 
of  the  Devonian  rocks  than  to  the  uppermost  of  the 
Silurian  strata.  The  color  is  the  same  as  that  of  the 
latter,  but  this  color  is  due  to  weathering  of  an 
originally  bluish-white  limestone,  like  the  Devonian 
in  texture,  as  can  be  seen  on  a  freshly  broken  sur- 
face of  some  of  the  ledges.  It  may  be  that  the  rocks 
seen  farthest  to  the  north  at  this  place  belong  to  the 
Silurian  system.  If  such  is  the  case,  we  have  here  the 
contact  between  the  two  systems.  Nothing  is  exhibited 
in  distinctness.  The  beds  are  all  apparently  horizontal. 
But  there  are  found  in  the  limestone  broken  pieces  of 


139 

chert,  which  have  a  decided  appearance  of  being  trans- 
ported fragments  rather  than  concretions  formed  in 
situ.  This  is  the  only  evidence  of  an  unconformity  be- 
tween the  two  systems  at  this  place. 

If  the  undetermined  shales  under  the  coal  measures  at 
Peru  and  LaSalle  belong  to  the  Devonian  age,  it  would 
seem  that  we  have  at  this  place  another  evidence  of  an 
interval  of  erosion  at  this  horizon.  In  the  well  bored 
by  the  Illinois  Zinc  Company  the  thickness  of  the 
Niagara  limestone  is  considerably  less  than  in  the  wells 
farther  west.  This  may  be  best  explained  as  being  due 
to  erosion  previous  to  the  deposition  of  the  shales  sup- 
posed to  belong  to  the  Devonian  age. 


The  Silurian  System. 

The  Niagara  Limestone.  The  Niagara  limestone  forms 
the  uppermost  member  in  this  system.  Its  thickness  in 
the  west  part  of  the  State  is  onty  known  from  borings, 
and  is  found  to  vary  from  275  feet  to  400  feet,  averag- 
ing 350  feet.  The  upper  part  seen  on  the  Mississippi  and 
on  Rock  river  is  yellowish  and  hard,  but  rendered  some- 
what porous  by  the  removal  of  imbedded  corals  and 
stems  of  crinoids,  the  empty  moulds  of  which  remain. 
It  is  seen  to  have  an  oblique  and  variable  bedding, 
which  persists  across  the  State,  being  well  exhibited  in 
the  exposures  northwest  of  Manhattan  in  Will  county. 
Drill  cores  taken  below  the  coal  measures  from  Mr. 
Weise's  well  in  the  Bureau  valley  were  from  rock  belong- 
ing to  this  horizon.  The  lower  part  of  the  Niagara 
formation  consists  of  a  bluish  white,  compact,  and 
evenly  bedded  limestone  which  contains,  especially  in  the 
upper  part,  bands  of  gray  and  white  chert.  It  was 
identified  in  drillings  from  the  creamery  well  at  Annawan. 


140 

THICKNESS  AND  POSITION  OF  THE  NIAGARA  LIMESTONE. 
(Estimated  from  borings). 

A.  T. 

Rock  Island 364  feet.  519-155 

Moline 349     "  515-166 

Carbon  Cliff 388     "'  500-112. 

Searles' Well 370     "  520-150 

Geneseo. 383     "  480-97 

Annawan  (eroded) (?)300     "  466-(?)!66 

Princeton 335     "  20—315 

Hennepin 350     "  30—320 

LaSalle  (probably  eroded) 234     "  130—364 

Joliet  (eroded) 230     "  540-310 

Chicago  (eroded) 254     "  530-276 

The  Cincinnati  Formation.  The  Cincinnati  formation, 
which  underlies  the  Niagara,  varies  in.  thickness,  as  re- 
ported by  drillers,  from  68  to  250  feet.  The  exposures 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  headwaters  of  the  Illinois  river 
are  too  much  scattered  for  correlation  into  a  continu- 
ous section,  but  in  a  series  of  borings  taken  with  more 
than  ordinary  care,  by  Mr.  W.  Moore,  from  the  artesian 
well  at  the  Illinois  Zinc  Company's  Works  at  LaSalle, 
the  following  succession  was  seen: 

A.  T. 

(1).  16  feet  blue  shale,  occasionally    stained  with 

iron —364  —380 

(2).    5    "    light  blue  shale —380—335 

(3).  25    "    blue  shale —385  —410 

(4).    5    "    gray  crystalline  limestone —410 — 115 

(5).  25    "    hard  brownish  limestone —415  —440 

(6).  10    "    blue  shale —440—459 

(7).  11    "    gray  limestone —459  — 470 

(8).    5    "    bluish  limestone —470—475 

(9).    8    "    brownish  limestone —475—483 

(10).  18    "    dirty  brown  limestone —483  —501 

(11).  12    "    shale  and  limestone —501—513 

(12).  29    "    lighter  limestone  and  shale —513  —542 


141 


Number  4  iii  the  above  section  resembles  a  limestone 
belonging  to  the  Cincinnati,  which  is  seen  around  Goose 
Lake  in  Grundy  county.  It  is  there  crystalline  and  may 
almost  be  called  a  marble. 


THICKNESS  AND  POSITION  OF  THE  CINCINNATI  FORMATION. 

(Estimated  from  borings). 

A.  T. 

Kock  Island,  shale 200  feet.  155  — 45 

Moline,  shale 213     "  166  —47 

Carbon  Cliff,  shale 180     "  112  —68 

Searles'  Well,  shale,  sandy  grit  below..     75+  "  150-(?) 

Geneseo,  shale 95     "  97-2 

Princeton,  shale  with  limestone  near 

middle 175     "  315  —490 

LaSalle,  shale,  with  two  bands  of  lime- 
stone near  middle 138  364  —502 

Morris'    Driving    Park,    white    shale 

(eroded?) 70  "  430-360 

Blodget,  bituminous,  calcareous  shale.  75  "  505430 

Joliet,  shale 68  u  310-242 

Chicago,  shale,  with  limestone  near 

middle  . .                                                .250     "  276-26 


The  Trenton  Limestone.  The  Trenton  limestone,  which 
follows  in  downward  succession,  is  quite  uniform  in  its 
development,  averaging  350  feet  in  thickness  and  vary- 
ing less  than  70  feet  either  way.  In  its  upper  part  it  is 
hard  and  slightly  crystalline  and  white  or  brownish  in 
color,  while  below  it  is  bluish  and  massive,  sometimes 
slightly  brecciated  and  occasionally  containing  fine 
sand.  The  only  exposures  along  the  section  have  already 
been  noticed. 


142 


THICKNESS  AND   POSITION  OF  THE  TRENTON  LIMESTONE. 

(Estimated  from  borings). 

A.  T. 

Kock  Island 440  feet.    —45  —485 

Moline 320     "  —17  —367 

Carbon  Cliff  (not  bored  through) 241+  "  — 68-(?) 

Searlos'  Well,  (exact  limits  unknown,) 

at  least 250 

Geneseo 430     "  2  —428 

Princeton 410     "  —490  —900 

LaSalle 405     "  -502  —907 

Marseilles  (eroded),  a  few  feet  at 410 

(?)Peddicord's  Well  (eroded),  perhaps  20 

feet  at 390 

Seneca  (eroded) 120     "  400-280 

Hoge's  Well  (eroded?) 200     "  480-280 

Morris' Driving  Park  (eroded?) 170     "  360-190 

Blodget 300  -    "  430-130 

Joliet..                                                     .333     "  242  —91 


The  St.  Peter  Swndstone.  Below  the  Trenton  forma- 
tion lies  the  St.  Peter  sandstone,  ranging  from  140  to 
240  feet  in  thickness  and  averaging  200  feet.  It  is 
white,  friable,  pure,  siliceous  sandstone,  remarkably 
uniform  in  its  lithological  character  across  the  whole 
State,  generally  accompanied  by  a  few  feet  of  shale 
above  and  below,  and  in  the  borings  at  Rock  Island, 
Moline  and  Geneseo,  in  the  west  part  of  the  State,  it 
has  been  found  to  contain  a  shaly  stratum  in  its  mid- 
dle part. 


143 

THICKNESS   AND   POSITION   OF   THE   ST.    PETER  SANDSTONE. 

(Estimated  from  borings). 

A.  T. 

Eock  Island 145  to  200  feet.    —465  —610 

Moline 200     "       —367  —567 

Searles' Well  (thickness  unknown)...      (?)      "  —  315-(?) 

Geneseo 220     "       —428—648 

Princeton 160     "     —900  —1060 

LaSalle  (shaly   below  at  San  Bede 
College) (?)175     ;(     —907—1082 

Utica  (exposed  in  bluff  and  eroded)..      40  "  522-482 

Ottawa  (partly  exposed  and  eroded) .     130  "  483-345 

Marseilles (?)200  "  (?H?) 

Peddicord's  Well 275  "  .     350-75 

Seneca (?)220  "  (?)250-30 

Hoge's  Well 268  "  274-6 

Morris' Driving  Park  Well (?)  "  180-(?) 

Minooka (?)  "  (?)82-(?) 

Joliet 211  "  —91  —302 

The  Magnesian  Limestone.  The  Magnesian  limestone  is 
the  lowermost  formation  exposed  in  the  State.  It  is  an 
impure,  somewhat  thin-bedded  limestone,  with  many 
seams  of  siliceous  sand  distributed  through  its  entire 
thickness,  and  sometimes  with  sand  distributed  through 
the  mass  of  the  limestone.  In  the  exposures  between 
Utica  and  LaSalle  it  often  contains  concretions  of  a 
peculiar  texture,  which  show  siliceous  sand  grains  imbed- 
ded in  a  siliceous  matrix,  which  evidently  is  a  result  of 
infiltration.  In  many  of  the  thin  seams  of  clay,  which 
separate  the  limestone  layers,  there  are  marks  of  sun- 
cracks,  and  in  the  mines  of  the  Utica  Cement  Works  there 
are  disclosed  ripple  marks  of  an  unusual  size  measuring 
by  estimate  2  feet  from  crest  to  crest  of  the  waves. 

Westward  from  Joliet  a  bed  of  sand  100  feet  in 
thickness  is  developed  in  its  upper  part,  and  at  Geneseo 
the  upper  half  of  the  formation  has  by  the  drillers  been 
reported  as  sandstone.  Going  from  east  to  west  the 


144 

formation  increases  in  thickness,  and  at  Bock  Island 
it  is  reported  by  Professor  J.  H.  Southwell  as  having  a 
thickness  of  811  feet. 

The  Potsdam  Series.  The  greater  part  of  the  Mag- 
nesian  limestone  and  all  of  the  Potsdam  series,  being 
known  in  the  State  only  from  borings,  the  proper 
boundary  between  the  two  are  of  course  somewhat 
uncertain.  If  we  make  it  at  the  point  where  the  sandy, 
light  limestones  are  succeded  by  shales  and  sandstones, 
with  occasional  less  heavy  deposits  of  limestone,  the 
formation,  as  far  as  explored,  may  be  said  to  consist  of 
two  sandstones  separated  by  an  intervening  shale. 

There  is  a  noticeable  correspondence  in  the  strata 
reported  by  the  drillers  from  the  deepest  wells  along  the 
east  end  of  the  section,  and  a  strong  flow  of  water  has 
been  uniformly  met  with  in  a  sandstone  which  occurs  at 
a  depth  of  from  1700  to  2300  feet.  Of  course  it  is  quite 
possible  that  the  correspondence  in  the  strata  is  acci- 
dental and  that  the  "Potsdam  sandstone"  of  the  drillers 
belongs  to  an  underlying  series  which  may  be  uncon- 
formable  to  the  Potsdam. 

The  Structural  Features  of  the  Section. 

These  are  of  the  simplest  kind  and  may  be  regarded 
as  typical  of  the  structure  found  in  the  upper  Mississippi 
valley.  We  see  two  blocks  of  horizontal  or  only  very 
slightly  inclined  strata  separated  by  a  monoclinal  fold. 
The  downthrow  and  the  trough  limb  is  on  the  west, 
.while  the  upthrow  and  the  arch  limb  is  on  the  east.  The 
total  displacement  of  the  Silurian  strata  amounts  to 
1,575  feet,  while  the  carboniferous  beds  are  only  displaced 
about  625  feet.  The  trend  of  the  axis  of  disturbance  is 
considerably  west  of  north,  the  strike  of  the  outcrops  of 
the  upturned  coal  measures  being  about  N.  30  W.  The 
average  dip  in  the  displacement  at  LaSalle  is  about 


145 

22°  for  the  Silurian  rocks  and  about  8°  for  the  rocks 
of  the  coal  measures.  The  block  of  strata  west  of  the 
monocline  is  nearly  horizontal  in  an  east  to  west  direc- 
tion from  Rock  Island  to  Annawan  and  from  Prince- 
ton to  LaSalle,  but  between  Annawan  and  Princeton 
there  is  a  dip  to  the  east  of  about  25  feet  to  the 
mile,  or  there  is  a  concealed  displacement  of  that  extent 
between  these  two  places.  This  dip  may  be  partly  ac- 
counted for  by  the  dip  to  the  south,  which  is  found 
along  the  whole  section.  The  block  of  strata  on  the 
east  of  the  monocline  has  a  nearly  uniform  dip  to 
the  east  of  about  12  feet  to  the  mile. 

Some    Points    Bearing-    on     the     Geological     History 
of  the  Northern  Part  of  Illinois. 

It  would  be  idle  to  speculate  much  on  the  physical 
geography  of  this  part  of  the  State  at  the  time  of  the 
deposition  of  the  lowest  series  of  rocks  exhibited  in  the 
section. 

From  the  nature  of  the  strata  we  may  suppose  that 
during  the  age  following  the  Potsdam  period  there  was 
a  subsidence,  during  which  the  Magnesiau  limestones 
were  deposited,  following  this  an  elevation  causing  the 
accumulation  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone,  again  a  sub- 
sidence during  the  formation  of  the  Trenton  limestone, 
then  again  a  slight  elevation  during  the  Cincinnati  period, 
followed  by  a  subsidence  during  the  Niagara  period. 
This  was  brought  to  a  close  by  an  elevation,  which 
first  caused  irregularities  in  the  bedding  of  the  calcare- 
ous sediments,  and  finally  raised  the  top  of  the  lowest 
sediments  above  the  surface  of  the  water,  but  probably 
did  not  expose  them  to  any  extensive  erosion. 

When  these  lands  again  subsided  the  limestones  and 
shales  of  the  Devonian  age  began  to  accumulate  on  top 
of  the  perhaps  but  slightly  eroded  Silurian  rocks.  The 
-10 


146 

comparative  length  of  the  duration  of  these  conditions 
cannot  be  estimated,  for  this  was  succeeded  by  an  eleva- 
tion which  not  only  affected  northern  Illinois  but  the 
northern  part  of  all  of  the  Mississippi  valley  and  con- 
tinued for  a  time  long  enough  for  the  removal  of 
several  hundreds  of  feet  of  the  early  rocks  and  for  the 
formation  of  all  the  rocks  belonging  to  the  sub-carbonif- 
erous limestone  in  the  southern  part  of  this  State. 
During  this  period  of  elevation  there  commenced  at 
Split  Bock  a  tilting  of  all  previously  deposited  rocks. 
The  east  side  was  lifted  up  and  the  west  side  was 
depressed.  As  a  consequence  erosion  proceeded  much 
faster  on  the  elevated  side  than  on  the  side  where 
the  beds  were  being  lowered,  or  at  any  rate,  were  raised 
less.  By  the  end  of  this  period  of  elevation  900  feet  of 
rock  were  removed  from  the  summit  of  the  incline  at 
Split  Bock,  which,  as  yet,  remained  intact  west  of  La- 
Salle.  Eastward  from  Split  Bock  the  denudation  was 
also  gradually  less  effective,  presumably  on  account  of 
the  lesser  elevation.  Thus  we  find  all  of  the  Trenton 
limestone  removed  as  far  as  Marseilles  and  all  of  the 
Cincinnati  shales  carried  awa,y  west  of  Morris,  and 
nothing  remaining  of  the  Niagara  limestone  west  of  the 
junction  of  the  DesPlaines  and  the  Kankakee  rivers, 
while  from  Manhattan  to  Indiana  this  formation  suffered 
no  more  erosion  than  it  did  in  the  vicinity  of  Bock 
Island.  Assuming  that  the  land  contours  produced  at 
the  end  of  this  interval  of  elevation  were  as  uniform  as 
those  of  the  present,  the  tilting  was  equal  to  the  differ- 
ence of  erosion,  or  900  feet,  and  the  dip  of  the  inclined 
strata  at  Split  Bock,  which  now  averages  22°,  may  be 
supposed  to  have  been  at  that  time  considerably  less. 

Then  again  followed  a  subsidence  of  the  laud,  with  the 
possible  exception  of  that  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
State.  This  time,  however,  the  subsidence  was  not  as 


147 

deep  as  during  the  previous  ages,  nor  as  extensive  in  a 
northerly  direction,  for  we  find  the  coal  measures  every- 
where- containing  remains  of  plants,  sometimes  grown 
near  the  place  where  they  are  found.  The  land  was 
kept  slowly  oscillating,  mostly  below  the  surface  of  the 
water,  and  seldom  reaching  a  depth  great  enough  for 
the  accumulation  of  limestone.  The  duration  of  the 
epriod  of  formation  of  coal  in  northern- central  Illinois, 
though  certainly  not  as  long  as  the  time  which  was 
taken  for  the  deposition  of  Silurian  strata,  cannot  be 
closely  estimated  on  account  of  the  lack  of  knowledge 
of  the  extent  to  which  the  coal  measures  have  been 
afterwards  eroded.  The  500  feet  of  strata  yet  remain- 
ing were,  no  doubt,  formed  in  a  considerably  shorter 
time  than  an  equal  thickness  of  the  older  beds,  for  the 
reason  that  the  coal  measures  were  formed  nearer  the 
land,  where  sedimentation  is  more  rapid  than  it  is 
farther  out  in  the  open  sea,  where  the  Silurian  and  the 
Devonian  strata  were  mostly  formed. 

No  rocks  of  the  Mesozoic  or  the  Tertiary  ages  have 
been  observed,  and  there  is  little  doubt  that,  since  the 
time  of  the  coal  period,  northern  Illinois  has  been  above 
water  and  subjected  to  continual  erosion.  The  extent  of 
this  erosion  is  partly  concealed  by  the  glacial  deposits. 
Borings  in  the  Bureau  valley  and  at  Hennepin  show 
that  before  the  incursion  of  the  ice  there  was  at  this 
place  a  drainage  channel  cut  nearly  200  feet  below  the 
present  level  of  the  Illinois  river,  and  bounded  by  slopes 
which  rose  to  a  height  of  300  feet  and  over.  The  com- 
paratively greater  depth  of  the  drift  in  the  valleys 
crossing  our  section  west  of  Atkinson  and  west  of  An- 
nawan  and  close  to  Mineral  as  well  as  the  northward 
slope  of  the  surface  of  the  bed-rock  all  along  the  sec- 
tion from  Rock  Island  to  the  Illinois  river,  and  the  deep- 
ly drift-covered  lowlands  to  the  north,  indicate  a  west- 


148 

ward  extension  of  this  drainage  channel.  The  long-con- 
tinued denudation  of  which  these  deep  reliefs  were,  no 
doubt,  a  result,  was  checked  by  the  advance  of  an 
ice-field,  which  extended  several  hundred  miles  to  the 
south.  This  ice-sheet  itself,  to  some  extent,  planed  down 
the  land  over  which  it  crept,  but  in  this  region  the 
quantity  of  boulder  clay  and  sand  which  it  deposited  far 
exceeded  the  material  it  removed.  The  occurrence  of 
forest  beds  and  several  moraines  indicate  different 
stages  of  advancements  and  recessions,  if  not  total  dis- 
appearance of  the  ice,  until  it  finally  left  the  land  in  its 
present  appearance,  minus  the  drainage  channels  of 
creeks  and  rivers,  which  have,  for  the  most  part,  after- 
ward been  carved  into  the  drift. 


Artesian  Water. 

The  universal  dip  from  the  north,  where  the  elevation 
of  the  surface  of  the  land  is  higher,  renders  the  condi- 
tions for  obtaining  artesian  water  generally  favorable 
in  this  part  of  the  State,  and  a  number  of  flowing  deep 
wells  have  been  made.  Theoretically  all  rocks  below  the 
level  of  complete  saturation  are  water-bearing  and  will 
yield  water,  but  practically  we  find  that  water  is  sup- 
plied in  quantities  that  can  be  utilized  only  by  rocks 
which  are  somewhat  porous,  as  sandstones  and  porous 
limestones.  In  northern  Illinois  there  are  a  number  of 
horizons  which  are  porous  enough  to  yield  water.  Many 
of  these  are  only  local  in  their  development,  and  the 
supply  is  in  such  case  limited.  Other  porous  rocks  ex- 
tend over  wide  areas  and  are  readily  supplied  with  great 
quantities  of  water.  In  the  wells,  from  which  the  lower 
part  of  the  section  was  constructed,  the  various  water- 
bearing rocks  which  have  been  encountered  areas  follows: 


149 

(1).  The  drift. 

(2).  The  base  of  coal  measures. 

(3).  The  Niagara  limestone. 

(4).  The  Trenton  limestones. 

(5).  The  St.  Peter  sandstones. 

(6).  The  sands  of  the  Magnesian  series. 

(7).  The  Potsdat^  sandstone. 


The  Drift  and  the  Base  of  the  Coal  Measures. 

The  artesian  water,  which  is  found  in  the  drift,  is  al- 
ways limited  to  particular  localities.  Some  of  the  bor- 
ings north  of  Bureau  Junction  have  yielded  flowing 
water,  which  has  come  from  sandy  layers  in  the  drift. 
At  Bureau  Junction  and  at  Hennepin  a  flow  of  water 
has  been  reported  from  a  depth  which  coincides  with  the 
lower  part  of  the  coal  measures.  The  flow  was  small  and 
of  little  economical  importance.  It  is  a  mineral  water. 


The  Niagara  Limestone. 

The  upper  part  of  the  Niagara  formation  furnishes  a 
strong  flow  of  water  at  Peru  and  LaSalle.  The  Hen- 
nepin well  also  taps  the  Niagara.  This  formation  fur- 
nished a  small  flow  in  Mitchell  &  Lynde's  well,  at  Eock 
Island,  and  gives  the  chief  flow  in  Mr.  Wiese's  well  north 
of  Bureau  Junction.  The  water  is  more  or  less  salty 
to  the  taste,  and  at  Peru  it  is  a  strong  brine.  The 
head  of  this  water,  as  near  as  can  be  made  out,  is  as 
follows : 

HEAD  OF  NIAGARA  WATER. 

(Of  course  this  head  is  local). 

A.  T. 

Kock  Island 560  feet 

Wiese's  well 535      " 

Peru..  ..563      " 


150 

The  Trenton  Limestone. 

A  little  below  the  middle  of  the  Trenton  limestone 
there  has  been  found  water  in  nearly  all  the  wells 
going  through  this  rock.  The  yield  is  generally  not 
very  great,  and  the  pressure,  lower  than  that  of  the  St. 
Peter  water,  with  which  it  otherwise  seems  to  be  con- 
nected. It  contains  a  large  amount  of  sulphur  gas, 
and  has  in  some  places  been  piped  off  on  account  of 
its  disagreeable  smell.  The  height  to  which  it  will  rise 
is  mostly  a  little  below  575  feet  west  of  LaSalle,  and 
not  much  above  515  along  the  east  part  of  the  section. 

The  St.  Peter  Sandstone. 

The  St.  Peter  sandstone  is  tapped  by  more  wells  in 
the  State  than  any  other  formation.  Its  water  is  less 
sulphurous  than  the  Trenton  water,  and  along  the  east 
part  of  the  section  it  contains  more  iron.  The  quantity 
of  water  is  large.  The  head  averages  at  least  580  feet 
in  the  west  part  of  the  section.  Near  the  outcrops  of 
the  formation  it  is  much  lower,  rising  again  to  the 
east,  viz.: 

HEAD  OF  ST.  PETER  WATER. 

A.  T. 

Eock  Island 580  feet. 

Peru 592 

Illinois  Zinc  Company 571 

Ottawa 540 

Hoge's  well. -. 580 

Cryder  Collin's  well 580 

Wilmington 586    " 

The  Magnesian  Sands. 

In  the  east  part  of  LaSalle  county,  in  Grundy  county, 
and  in  the  west  part  of  Will  county  the  sandstones  of 
the  Magnesian  series  are  bored  into  whenever  the  flow 
of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  is  not  found  sufficiently  strong. 


151 

Between  Utica  and  Marseilles  nearly  all  bored  wells  take 
their  supply  from  these  sands  and  at  Ottawa  there  are 
over  100  wells  that  draw  their  supply  from  them.  They 
probably  also  furnish  some  of  the  water  in  the  Prince- 
ton well.  It  is  the  purest  of  all  our  artesian  waters, 
containing  only  a  small  amount  of  soluble  salts.  The 
head  is  generally  some  30  or  40  feet  above  that  of  the 
St.  Peter  water,  being  at  Ottawa  about  573  feet. 

The  Potsdam. 

The  water  which  will  rise  highest,— since  the  rock  in 
which  it  occurs  has  the  highest  outcrop,— is  the  water  of 
the  Potsdam  sandstone.  The  rock  has  a  good  supply 
of  a  somewhat  salty  water.  The  saltiness  increases  with 
the  depth,  and  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  procure  a  good, 
large  flow  without  going  down  so  deep  as  to  make  the 
water  too  salty  for  general  use.  If  the  upper  flows  are 
properly  piped  off,  the  head  is  a  trifle  above  700  feet, 
as  seen  below. 

HEAD  OF  POTSDAM  WATER. 

A.  T. 

G-eneseo  (no  casing) 670  feet. 

Minooka  (no  casing:) 660    " 

Oatlin's  well  (Ottawa) 705    " 


GEOLOGICAL,    SECTION  — ST.     LOUIS     TO 
SHAWNEETOWN. 

BY  PROF.  J.   M.  NICKLES. 

Introductory. 

)HE  field  work  for  this  section  was  carried  on  during 
July  and  August,  1892.  The  limited  time  and 
small  number  of  exposures  of  strata  and  the  consider- 
able intervals  by  which  these  exposures  were  commonly 
separated  made  it  impossible  to  ascertain  the  exact 
position  of  each  particular  outcrop  in  the  vertical  series 
or  determine  the  relations  of  the  various  outcrops  to 
one  another.  This  difficulty  is  increased  by  the  striking 
sameness  in  material  composing  the  deposits  of  the  Coal 
Measures  Series  in  southern  Illinois ;  sandy  shales,  some- 
times shading  off  into  sandstone,  at  other  times  into 
clay  shales,  being  predominant,  and  limestones  few  and 
infrequent.  Fossils  are  rare  or  wanting  at  all  but  a  few 
horizons,  though  in  some  beds  and  in  some  localities 
abundant.  But  from  the  general  likeness  of  the  strata 
and  the  uniformity  in  deposition  and  character  of  ma- 
terial, with  the  preliminary  work  done  years  ago  by  the 
Geological  Survey,  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  A.  H. 
Worthen,  of  which  I  have  freely  availed  myself,  it  has 
been  comparatively  easy  to  decide  to  which  of  the  main 
divisions  of  the  Coal  Measures  to  assign  the  various 
outcrops. 

For  the  surface  contour  I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  J.  W. 
Rolfe,  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  who  kindly  sent  me 
tracings  from  the  topographical  county  maps,  prepared 

155 


156 

under  his  direction  from  the  survey  undertaken  to  pre- 
pare the  topographical  map  of  the  State,  which  formed 
part  of  the  Illinois  exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair. 

The  diagrams  of  the  sections  which  are  given  on  the 
accompanying  plate  are  reproduced,  on  a  smaller  scale, 
from  those  displayed  in  the  geological  department  of  the 
Illinois  exhibit.  Some  of  the  data  contained  in  the  fol- 
lowing pages  are  shown  in  the  diagrams,  but  the  greater 
part"  are  precluded  from  appearing  by  the  necessarily 
small  scale  of  the  diagrams. 

The  line  of  the  sections  extends  in  a  southeast-by-east 
direction  from  St.  Louis,  on  the  Mississippi  river,  to 
Shawneetown,  on  the  Ohio  river.  The  line  passes  diagon- 
ally through  the  center  of  St.  Glair  county,  a  little 
southwest  of  the  center  of  Washington  county,  intersects 
the  northeast  corner  of  Perry  county,  southwest  part  of 
Jefferson  county,  the  northern  part  of  Franklin  county, 
the  southwest  corner  of  Hamilton  county,  northeast 
corner  of  Saline  county,  and  the  center  of  Gallatin 
county. 

All  the  strata  outcropping  on  the  line  or  in  its  imme- 
diate vicinity  belong  to  the  Carboniferous  Series  and  the 
Coal  Measures  Division.  During  the  reconnaissance,  search 
was  made  for  exposures,  and,  whenever  found,  measure- 
ments of  the  thickness  of  the  outcropping  strata  were  made, 
and  specimens  of  the  different  strata  collected.  The  sec- 
tions thus  made  and  other  data  accumulated,  logs  of 
coal  shafts  and  drill  holes,  are  given  in  the  following 
pages,  to  show  the  data  from  which  the  diagram  sec- 
tions were  constructed. 

But  few  exposures  are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
line,  owing  to  the  comparatively  small  variation  in 
altitude  of  the  surface,  and  to  the  entire  region  being 
covered  with  a  sheet  of  Quaternary  deposits,  clay, 
gravel,  or  loess,  to  the  depth  of  from  10  to  150  feet, 


157 

and  also  to  the  general  softness  of  the  strata,  so  that 
even  along  the  streams  but  few  outcrops  are  seen,  and 
these  of  limited  extent.  It  is  as  Mr.  Engelmann  justly 
said,  in  describing  the  geology  of  Washington  county: 
"In  conformity  with  the  predominating  prairie  character 
and  on  account  of  the  softness  of  most  of  the  strata, 
outcrops  of  rocks  are  quite  scarce,  and  rocky  cliffs  are 
only  developed  on  a  small  scale." 

The  section  is  begun  with  the  Belcher  well  at  St.  Louis, 
the  record  of  which  will  be  found  in  the  "Transactions 
of  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science"  (Vol.  I.,  pp.  80-86, 
1857).  East  of  the  Mississippi  river  the  line  of  the 
section  crosses  first  the  flood  plain  of  the  Mississippi, 
known  as  the  American  bottom,  for  a  distance  of  about 
seven  miles,  in  which  there  are  no  exposures.  The  first 
outcrops  are  found  in  the  bluffs  which  rise  to  a  height 
of  from  120  to  200  feet  above  the  plain  at  their  foot; 
at  the  time  of  my  examination  the  bluffs  were  so  over- 
grown with  vegetation  that  the  strata  could  be  seen  in 
but  few  places. 


St.   Clair  County. 

GEOLOGICAL    FORMATIONS. 

(GEOL.    SUR.   ILL.   I.,   298.) 

Quaternary,  marl,  clay,  sand,  gravel,  etc 20-150  feet. 

Lower  coal  measures,  including  the  conglomerate,  about       300    " 
Subcai  boniferous  or  Mississipian  series,   comprising 
the  Chester  and  St.  Louis  subdivisions,  about 300    •' 

SECTION  I. 

Outcrop  in  Mississippi  river  bluff,  seven  miles  northwest 
of  Belleville,  on  the  northwest  quarter  of  section  35,  town- 


158 

ship  2  north,  range  9  west.    Top  of  section  is  about  500 
feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Shale,  blue,  argillaceous,  exposed 8  feet. 

2.  Shale,  yellow,  argillaceous 6    " 

3.  Limestone,  in  part  nodular  with  conchoidal 

fracture 1  foot. 

4.  Shale,  blue,  argillaceous,  like  No.  1 2  feet. 

5.  Limestone,  like  No.  3 3    " 

6.  Shale,  bituminous,  slaty -  3  inches. 

7.  Coal  No.  6,  "Belleville  Coal" 5  feet. 

Total  thickness  seen 25    "       3     " 

SECTION  II. 

Outcrop  in  bluff  at  Strowbinger's  coal  mine,  about  one- 
fourth  mile  southwest  of  preceding  section.  Top  of  sec- 
tion about  490  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Limestone 3  feet. 

2.  Shale,  bituminous,  slaty 3    " 

3.  Coal  No.  6 7-8    " 

4.  Fire-clay,  from  1  foot  6  inches  to 4    " 

6.  Limestone,  exposed 2    " 

Total  thickness  seen 20    " 

SECTION  HI. 

Section  in  Chris.  Lauf's  stone  quarry  on  bank  of  Kich- 
land  creek,  and  coal  shaft  below  quarry  in  Belleville.  Top 
of  section  is  about  510  feet  above  sea  level, 

1.  Clay,  loess,  quarried  for  the  manufacture  of 

brick,  tile,  etc 15-25  feet. 

2.  Limestone,  brownish,  fossiliferous 3    "      6  inches. 

3.  Fire-clay 7    " 

4.  Limestone,  granular,  fossils,  few,  indistinct.        6     " 

5.  Limestone,  fine-grained,  bluish,  bottom  of 

quarry - 6    " 

6.  Limestone,  one  eight  feet  ledge,  several 

two  feet  ledges 21    tt 

7.  Shale,  bituminous,  the  "slate"  of  the  miners.        2    " 

8.  Coal  No.  6,  "Belleville  Coal" 7    " 

Total  thickness...  77  feet    6  inches. 


159 

SECTION  IV. 

Kecord  of  a  well  bored  at  Belleville,  near  the  northwest 

corner  of  section  3,  township  1  north,  range  8  west,  in 
1889,  taken  from  the  Belleville  News-Democrat  of  March 

8, 1889.     Top  of  well  is  about  530  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil  and  clay 26  feet. 

2.  Sand  and  gravel 2    " 

3.  Yellow  clay 34    " 

4.  Limestone 58    " 

5.  Coal  (No.  6) 7    " 

6.  Fireclay 2    " 

7.  Shale  and  sandstone 16J)     " 

8.  Gray  sandstone 14    " 

9.  Black  shale 3    " 

10.  Sandstone,  white 10    " 

11.  Clay  shale 8    * 

12.  Sandstone,  reddish 47    " 

13.  Sandstone,  white 10    a 

14.  Sandstone,  gray 12    " 

15.  Shale ^ 27    a 

16.  Sandstone,  soft 14    " 

17.  Sandstone,  hard 15    " 

18.  Sandstone,  gray 58    " 

19.  Sandstone,  dark 21    " 

20.  Limestone > 25    " 

21.  Sandstone,  brown 19    " 

22.  Limestone 13    " 

23.  Sandstone 16    " 

24.  Limestone,  hard 21    " 

25.  Shale 100    * 

26.  Limestone 93    " 

27.  Shale 86    " 

28.  Sandstone 10    " 

29.  Conglomerate 30    " 

30.  Shale 56     " 

31.  Sandstone  and  shale 70    " 

32.  Shale,  black 20    " 

33.  Sandstone  and  shale ; 25    * 

34.  Chertyrock 20    " 

Total  depth 1141  feet. 


160 

No  20,  in  the  above,  marks  the  uppermost  limestone, 
or  No.  1,  of  Worthen,  of  the  Chester  group.  The  divid- 
ing line  between  the  lower  coal  measures  and  the  con- 
glomerate is  not  easily  drawn ;  perhaps  No.  12  above 
may  be  regarded  as  the  top  of  the  conglomerate;  this 
gives  the  conglomerate  a  thickness  of  204  feet.  Per- 
haps this  is  too  great  a  thickness,  and  it  may  be  better 
to  regard  No.  17  as  the  top;  this  would  make  the  con- 
glomerate 94  feet  thick. 

No.  34  probably  marks  the  summit  of  the  St.  Louis 
group.  If  so,  the  thickness  of  the  Chester  group,  under 
St.  Clair  county,  at  this  point,  is  584  feet.  Prof.  A.  H. 
Worthen  (Geol.  Surv.  111.  I,  305.)  says:  "This  group 
(Chester),  which  is  at  least  600  feet  thick  in  the 
southern  part  of  Randolph  county,  has  already  thinned 
out,  before  reaching  the  southern  part  of  St.  Clair,  to 
an  aggregate  of  less  than  100  feet,  and  includes  only 
the  lower  sandstone  and  a  thin  bed  of  limestone,  which 
probably  represents  also  the  lower  limestone  division  in 
Randolph  County." 

The  section  above  would  indicate  that  the  Chester 
group  does  not  thin  to  the  north  as  rapidly  as  has  been 
supposed.  If  the  interpretation  given  above  is  correct, 
and  it  seems  the  best  explanation  of  the  record,  it  goes 
to  show  tharb  the  study  of  surface  exposures,  few  in 
number,  without  the  knowledge  given  by  the  drill,  is 
misleading;  a,nd  illustrates  how  really  small  is  our 
knowledge  of  the  geology  of  Illinois,  and  enforces  the 
necessity  for  a  new  geological  survey  of  the  State,  or 
if  not  a  new  survey,  then  a  continuous  organization 
which  shall  accumulate  and  utilize  the  facts  developed 
by  the  drill  and  other  exploitation. 


161 

As  correlated  with  the  Chester  group  of  Randolph 
county,  the  beds  in  the  record  above  have  their  equiva- 
lents as  follows: 

No.  20 — Limestone  No.  1. 
No.  21— Sandstone  No.  1. 
No.  22— Limestone  No.  2. 
No.  23— Sandstone  No.  2. 
No.  24— Limestone  No.  3 
No.  25— Lyropora  shale, 
ft  os.  26  and  27— Limestone  No.  4. 

Nos.  28  to  33— Basal  sandstone,  or  Aux  Vases  sandstone,  of  the 
Chester  group. 

SECTION  V. 

Van  Court's  coal  shaft,  at  O'Fallon,  111.  Top  of  shaft 
about  520  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil 1  foot  6  inches. 

2.  Yellow  clay 29  feet. 

3.  Yellow  sandstone 16    " 

4.  Blue  slate,  mixed  with  sandstone . . , 29    " 

5.  Blue  slate,  mixed  with  iron  ore 35    " 

6.  Fire  clay 4    " 

7.  Conglomerate 1  foot  6  inches. 

8.  Ke<l  shale  and  marl 4  feet. 

9.  Gray  limestone 6    "     6        " 

10.  Clay  t-hale 6    "     6 

11.  Sandstone 8    " 

12.  Bluish  shale 4    "     6 

13.  Black-spotted  limestone (5    "     6 

14.  Gray  limestone 1  foot  6 

15.  Shale 46  feet  6 

16.  Coal 7    "     6 

Total  depth 207  feet  6  inches. 

The  coal,  No.  16,  in  the  above  record,  is  undoubtedly 

Coal  No.  6,  or  the  "  Belleville  Coal."    This  would  show 

that  the  shale  above  the  coal,  which  is  almost  wanting 

in  Section  III,  preceding,  and  is  much  thicker  but  inclu- 

-11 


162 

ded  in  No.  4,  in  Section  IV,  thickens  very  much  east- 
wardly.  At  Belleville,  Coal  No.  6  is  about  420  feet  above 
the  sea  level,  and  at  O'Fallon,  about  320  feet  above  the 
sea  level. 

SECTION  VI. 

Shaft  of  the  great  Coal  Pit  at  Summerfield,  111.  Top 
of  shaft  is  about  500  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil  and  clay 35  feet. 

2.  Sandstone 3  "     6   inches. 

3.  Shale 11  " 

4.  Sandstone 12  ' 

5.  Hard  limestone 5  "     6  inches. 

6.  Sandstone 12  " 

7.  Shales 81  " 

8.  Conglomerate .    4  " 

9.  Gray  shale 18  " 

10.  Shale,  blue,  black,  etc 24  " 

11.  Hard  limestone 5  ' 

12.  Fire  clay  and  black  shalo 25  " 

13.  Clay,  shale  and  sandstone 8  ' 

14.  Gray  limestone 8  " 

15.  Gray  shale 19  "4  inches. 

16.  Coal... 4  "8 

Total  depth 276  feet. 

No.  5  (above)  is  the  well  marked  horizon  which  has 
been  called  by  various  names  in  the  geological  reports 
of  the  State  — Shoal  creek  limestone,  Curlew  limestone, 
Carlinville  limestone — and  is  regarded  as  marking  the 
boundary  between  the  Lower  and  Upper  Coal  Measures. 

No.  16  is  coal  No.  6.  At  Summerfield  it  lies  about  230 
feet  above  sea  level;  hence,  in  a  distance  of  about  nine 
miles  from  O'Fallon  to  Summerfield,  the  elevation  of 
Coal  No.  6  has  declined  ninety  feet,  about,  or  a  fall  of  ten 
feet  to  the  mile.  This,  however,  is  probably  not  the  full 
amount  of  the  dip,  as  the  general  dip  of  the  strata  is  not 
directly  to  the  east. 


163 

SECTION  VII. 

Outcrops  along*  Jack's  Run,  one-half  mile  east  of  Free- 
burg,  on  section  29,  township  1  south,  range  7  west. 

1.  Shale,  arenaceous,  exposed 6  feet. 

2.  Sandstone,  soft,  micaceous,  massive  layer 2-3    " 

3.  Sandstone,  thinly  stratified,  in  part  shaly 15    " 

4.  Shale,  argillaceous,  greenish 5    " 

Total  thickness 29  feet. 

These  strata  lie  some  forty  feet  above  the  Belleville 
quarry  rock,  according  to  Worthen's  report  on  St.  Clair 
county,  and  correspond  to  Nos.  7-10  of  Section  VI,  and 
Nos.  10-12  of  Section  Y.  A  well  was  bored  to  the  depth 
of  480  feet  at  Freeburg,  some  years  ago,  but  investiga- 
tion developed  the  fact  that  no  record  of  the  strata 
passed  through  had  been  preserved. 

SECTION  vm. 

Boring  at  Lementon,  on  the  Cairo  Short  Line  (St.  L., 
A.  &  T.  H.  R.  R.),  on  section  8,  township  2  south,  range  7 
west.  (Geol.  Sur.  111.,  VII,  31).  Surface  about  460  feet 
above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil 3  feet. 

2.  Yellow  clay 14    " 

3.  Sand  and  gravel 1  foot. 

4.  Blue  clay 20  feet. 

5.  Carbonaceous  clod 1  foot. 

6.  Clay  shale 24  feet. 

7.  Rock  (not  defined) 1  foot. 

8.  Clay  shale 7  feet. 

9.  Black  shale 9      "       6  inches. 

10.  Coal  No.  5 1  foot  6       " 

11.  Fire  clay  and  shale 34  feet. 

12.  Hard  rock  (limestone  ?) 1  foot  6  inches. 

13.  Black  shale 3  feet  6 

14.  Coal  (No.  8,  Worthen) 0    "  2        * 

15.  Fire  clay  and  shale 9    " 


164 

16.  Brown  shale 4  feet. 

17.  Black  or  blue  shale 9     " 

18.  Hard  blue  shale 1  foot. 

19.  Sandstone 9  feet. 

20.  Brown  shale 1  foot. 

21.  Sandstone 1    " 

22.  Coal  (No.  2,  Worthen) 1    " 

Total  depth 156  feet  2  inches. 

SECTION   IX. 

Boring  from  the  bottom  of  coal  shaft  of  White  Oak 
Coal  Co.,  near  Marissa,  111.  (Geol.  Sur.  111.,  VII,  31). 
Top  of  shaft  approximately  500  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Strata  above  Coal  No.  6 141  feet. 

2.  Coal  No.  6 6    " 

3.  Fire  clay 7    "     11  inches. 

4.  Limestone 2    "     10      " 

5.  Fire  clay 1  foot. 

6.  Limestone 0  feet  11  inches. 

7.  Clay  shale  with  iron  ore  concretions 50    "     30      " 

«.  Black  shale 5    "      6      " 

9.  Clay  shale 33    " 

10.  Blue  shale,  containing  nodules 18    "  3  " 

11.  Limestone 1  foot  3  " 

12.  Black  shale 6  feet. 

13.  Coal 1  foot  3  * 

14.  Fire  clay  and  coal 2  feet  7  " 

15.  Fire  clay 5    "  4  " 

16.  Coal 0    "     10  " 

17.  Fireclay 11    "  6  " 

18.  Variegated  shale 1  foot  6  " 

19.  Sandy  shale 8  feet  9 

20.  Dark  limestone 0    "  3  " 

21.  Micaceous  sandstone 15    *  6  " 

22.  Sandy  shales  with  clay  partings  in  lower 

part 50    *       1      « 

Total  depth 372  feet    1  inch. 

Nos.  13-16  of  the  above  represent  one  of  the  lower 
seams,  perhaps  No.  3.  Coal  No.  5  does  not  appear  to 
be  developed  at  this  point. 


165 

Washington  County. 

The  geological  formations  which  outcrop  at  the  surface, 
with  their  estimated  thickness,  are  given  by  Mr.  Henry 
Englemann  in  the  Geol.  Sur.  111.,  Ill,  148,  as  follows: 
Upper  sandstone  formation 200-250  feet. 

(Worthen  considers  the  thickness  here  given  an  over- 
estimate, and  thinks  100  feet  to  be  a  much  nearer  ap- 
proximation). 

Shoal  Creek  limestone 7  feet. 

Slaty  division 15-50     * 

Lower  sandstone  formation 270     " 

The  Quaternary,  which  covers  the  county  as  with  a 
blanket,  varies  from  ten  to  fifty  feet,  and  at  some  points 
is  still  thicker.  But  few  outcrops  embracing  any  consid- 
erable vertical  thickness,  were  met  with. 

SECTION  x. 

Outcrops  on  Williams  creek,  on  the  south  half  of  sec- 
tion 22,  township  2  south,  range  4  west.  Top  section 
about  470  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Shale,  bluish,  somewhat  marly,  exposed 3  feet. 

2.  Sandstone,  soft,  massive,  micaceous 4  " 

3.  Shale,  argillaceous,  bluish 2  " 

4.  Interval  not  exposed,  probably  shale 7  " 

5.  Shale,  argillaceous 6  " 

6.  Sandstone,  thinly  stratified,  soft,  micaceous 2  ' 

7.  Sandstone,  massive,  micaceous,  exposed 2  " 

Total  thickness 26  feet. 

No.  5,  in  the  above,  presents  a  peculiar  appearance. 
Undoubtedly  a  coal  measure  stratum  and  in  situ,  it 
showed,  irregularly  distributed  on  the  face  of  the  expos- 
ure, two  large,  exceedingly  hard  limestone  boulders  and 
one  sandstone  boulder,  and  a  large  number  of  pebbles, 
the  whole  reminding  one  of  some  deposits  of  the  drift 
formation.  Is  this  debris  of  an  ancient  iceberg  or  glacier 


166 

—a  carboniferous  glacial  period?  Unfortunately,  hut  a 
few  feet  were  exposed,  so  that  nothing  definite  could  be 
ascertained. 

SECTION  XT. 

Outcrop  on  Elkhorn  creek,  on  northeast  quarter  of  sec- 
tion 32,  township  2  south,  range  4  west.  Elevation  above 
sea  level  of  the  top  of  the  section,  about  460  feet. 

1.  Sandstone,  soft  micaceous,  forming  an  overhanging 
bluff,  probably  underlaid  by  shale,  exposed  thick- 
ness . .  .20  feet. 


SECTION  XII. 

Outcrops  on  Elkhorn  creek  and  its  branches,  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Oakdale,  on  sections  14  and  15,  township  3 
south,  range  4  west.  Top  of  section  about  520  feet  above 
sea  level. 

1.  Sandstone 8  feet. 

2.  Shale,  black 0    "       8  inches. 

3.  Shale,  sandy 1  foot. 

4.  Limestone,    impure,    with    caibonaceous 

material  disseminated.. 0  feet    4       * 

5.  Clay,  shale,  greenish  and  grayish 3    " 

6.  Limestone,   impure,   hard,  splintery,  lo- 

cally  termed  "  bastard,"    quarried   for 

foundations I  foot  3  it.ches  to  0  "      8        " 

7.  Clay  shale. 2  " 

8.  Not  exposed,   probably  clay  shale,  about  5  " 

9.  Sandstone,  micaceous 20  " 

10.  Clay  shale 5    " 

11.  Sandstone  and  sandy  shale 25    " 

Total  thickness 70  feet  8  inches. 

Top  of  the  above  section  is  about  seventy  feet  below 
the  top  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures.  Judging  from  the 
depth  beneath  the  surface  of  Coal  No.  6,  at  Coulterville 
and  at  Nashville,  at  Oakdale  Coal  No.  6  will  be  found  at 
a  depth  of  about  340  feet  below  the  surface. 


167 


SECTION  xm. 

Coal  shaft  at  Nashville,  111.     Record  kindly  furnished 
by  Col.  L.  H.  Krughoff.     Top  of  shaft  about  510  feet 

above  sea  level. 

1.  Yellow  clay 15  feet. 

2.  Sand 8    " 

3.  Pale  yellow  clay 7    " 

4.  Blue  clay 8    " 

5.  Blue  shale 4    "      6  inches. 

6.  Limestone,  Shoal  creek 6    "      6        " 

7.  Black  shale 4    " 

8.  Coal  No.  9 2    " 

9.  Clay  shale 6    " 

10.  Sandstone 8    " 

11.  Sandy  shale 47    " 

12.  Limestone 0    "      4  inches. 

13.  Blue  shale 14    " 

14.  Conglomerate  of  clay,  gravel  and  lime- 

stone   2    " 

15.  Black  shale 1  foot  6 

16.  Fire  clay 4  feet. 

17.  Clay  shale 8    " 

18.  Sandy  shale 2.~>    ' 

19.  Soft  sandstone 22    " 

20.  Blue  shale 26    " 

21.  Coal  No.  7 1  foot  2 

22.  Fireclay 1    "      8 

23.  Conglomerate  of  sand  and  limestone 4    "      6        " 

24.  Sandy  shale 63    " 

25.  Blue  and  black  shale 43    " 

26.  Fire  clay 1  foot  8 

27.  Blue  shale 3  feot. 

28.  Fire  clay 4    "      6 

29.  Soft  rock,  mixture  of  sand  and  limestone  5    ' 

30.  Fire  clay 1  foot  6 

31.  Hard  limestone 15  feet  10 

32.  Black  shale 3    "      8        " 

33.  Blue  shale,  with  boulders  and  lime  rock . .  3    " 

34.  Sandy  shale 5    " 

35.  Sandstone 9    " 

36.  Fireclay I  to 

37.  Blue  shale. . .  2  feet 


168 

38.  White  shale 0  feet  6  inches. 

39.  Limestone 4  '  2 

40.  Dark  blue  shale 2  "  6 

41.  Fossiliferous  limestone 0  "    10 

42.  Dark  blue  shale 7  "  6 

43.  Black  limestone 4  "  6 

44.  Dark  gray  limestone 3  '  6 

45.  Black  shale 2  "  8 

46.  CoalNo.6 6  " 

Total  depth 420  feet. 

If  No.  46  is  really  the  No.  6  coal,  which  seems  to  be 
the  general  opinion,  the  general  section  of  the  Coal  Meas- 
ures given  in  Geol.  Sur.  111.,  VI.,  2-4,  does  not  give  suffi- 
cient thickness  of  strata  between  Coal  No.  6  and  the 
Shoal  creek  limestone.  In  1889  a  drill  hole  was  put 
down  at  Nashville  to  the  depth  of  1,000  feet,  or  some- 
what more,  but  if  a  record  was  kept,  about  which  there 
is  some  dispute,  repeated  efforts  have  failed  to  obtain  it. 

SECTION  XIV. 

Outcrop  on  Locust  creek,  about  the  middle  of  section 
24,  township  3  south,  range  3  west.  Top  of  section 
about  410  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Clay  and  gravel  (Quaternary) 20  feet. 

2.  Shale,  soft,  micaceous,  sandy 8    * 

Total  thickness 28  feet. 

SECTION  XV. 

Outcrop  on  Watering  creek,  on  the  northeast  quarter 
of  section  18,  township  3  south,  range  2  west.  Top  of 
section  about  420  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Clay  and  gravel  (Quaternary) 

2.  Limestone 0    "      4-6 

3.  Shale 10    " 

4.  Sandstone  layer,  soft 1  foot. 

5.  Shale,  argillaceous 10  feet. 

€.    Sandstone,  hard 0    "    8-10 

Total  thickness 22  feet    4    inches. 


169 


SECTION  XYI. 

Outcrop  on  Beaucoup  creek,  on  the  northwest  quarter 
of  section  35,  township  2  south,  range  2  west.  Top  of 
section  is  about  470  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil  and  clay  (Quaternary) 

2.  Shale,  argillaceous,  bluish 1  foot. 

3.  Coal  No.  9 0  feet    6  inches. 

4.  Shale,  black,  carbonaceous 3     "      6       " 

5.  Shale,  argillaceous,  partly  nodular 7 

Total  thickness 12  feet. 

A  short  distance  below  where  the  section  was  taken, 
fragments  of  the  Shoal  Creek  Limestone  were  found  in  the 
bed  and  on  the  banks  of  the  creek,  but  no  outcrops  could 
be  found  showing  the  limestone  in  place.  Hence  1  could 
not  determine  how  great  a  distance  intervened  between 
the  Coal  No.  9  and  the  Shoal  Creek  Limestone  at  this 
point. 

SECTION  XVII. 

Outcrops  adjacent  to  Little  Muddy  river,  on  the  west 
half  of  section  27,  township  3  south,  range  1  west.  Top 
of  section  about  510  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Sandy  shale  and  thinly  stratified  sandstone 20  feet. 

2.  Sandstone,  even-bedded,  layers  from  three  to  twelve 

inches  thick,  has  been  largely  quarried 4    ' 

Total  thickness. .  24  feet. 


Perry  County. 

The  line  of  the  section  passes  diagonally  through  the 
northeast  township  of  the  county.  The  few  surface  out- 
crops are  near  the  dividing  line  between  the  Upper  and 
Lower  Coal  Measures.  A  bed  of  sandy  shale,  about  15 
feet  thick,  was  seen  near  Little  Muddy  river,  on  the  north- 
east quarter  of  section  3,  township  4  south,  range  1  west, 
the  same  bed  as  No.  1  in  Section  XVI. 


170 


SECTION  XVIII. 

Outcrop  on  northeast  quarter  section  13,  township  4 
south,  range  1  west.  (Geol.  Sur.  111.,  Ill,  96).  Top  of 
section  is  about  485  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Gray  shale,  with  nodules  of  iron 3  feet. 

2.  Hard,  bluish-gray  limestone  (Shoal  Creek)  5      " 

3.  Shale 4     "     6  inches. 

4.  Coal  No.  9 1  foot. 

5.  Clay  shale 6  feet. 

Total  thickness 19  feet  6  inches. 

Jefferson  County. 

The  line  of  the  section  cuts  diagonally  the  southwest 
corner  of  Jefferson  county.  The  very  few  surface  exposures 
represent  the  lowest  strata  of  the  Upper  Coal  Measures, 
the  Shoal  Creek  Limestone  being  but  a  short  distance 
beneath  the  surface. 

SECTION  XIX. 

Outcrop  on  Little  Muddy  river  and  adjacent  hillside, 
near  the  line  between  sections  30  and  31,  township  4 
south,  range  1  east.  Top  of  section  about  480  feet 
above  sea  level. 

1.  Sandy  shale 10  feet. 

2.  Interval  not  exposed,  probably  shale 10    " 

3.  Sandstone,  soft,  ferruginous,  partly  massive,  partly 

evenly  stratified 8    * 

Total  thickness 28  feet. 

Franklin  County. 

The  surface  of  the  northern  part  of  the  county  tra- 
versed by  the  line  is  rolling,  but  presents  no  great 
variation  in  altitude,  hence  outcrops  are  few,  and 
but  limited  in  vertical  extent.  The  Quaternary  varies 
from  10  to  30  feet  in  thickness.  All  the  outcrops  belong 
to  the  lower  part  of  the  Upper  Coal  Measures. 

On  a  small  branch  in  section  5,  township  5  south, 
range  2  east,  an  exposure  of  three  feet  of  micaceous 


171 

sandstone  was  seen.  No  other  exposures  were  met  on 
the  Big  Muddy  river  or  its  affluents  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  county. 

Two  miles  north  of  Ben  ton,  on  the  west  half  of  section 
6,  township  6  south,  range  3  east,  an  outcrop  of  about 
thirty  feet  of  soft,  brownish,  ferruginous  sandstone,  with 
some  sandy  shale  interstratified,  has  been  quarried  for 
building  purposes. 

About  two  and  one-half  miles  northeast  of  Ben  ton,  in 
the  northeast  quarter  of  section  9,  township  6  south, 
range  3  east,  an  outcrop  of  soft,  ferruginous,  micaceous 
sandstone,  of  about  20  feet,  underlaid  with  two  or  more 
feet  of  clay  shale,  with  concretions,  usually  of  small  size, 
of  kidney  iron  ore,  and  with  the  fragmentary  remains 
of  fossil  plants,  occurs  on  a  small  branch.  A  little  far- 
ther on,  near  the  center  of  section  36,  township  5  south, 
range  3  east,  the  wagon  road  cuts  through  sandstone 
and  sandy  shale,  exposing  about  six  feet. 

In  a  small  run  in  township  7  south,  range  4  east,  on 
section  12,  probably  was  seen  an  exposure  of  clay  shale, 
with  concretions  of  kidney  iron  ore. 

These  were  all  the  outcrops  examined  in  Franklin 
county.  The  only  boring  at  all  near  the  line,  of  which 
I  could  learn,  and  it  too  shallow  to  give  much  informa- 
tion, is  the  following  section. 

SECTION  xx. 

Boring  at  Parrish,  111.,  near  the  line  of  the  St.  Louis 
&  Paducah  R.  K.  Surface  about  450  feet  above  sea  level. 
Data  furnished  by  Mr.  J.  N.  Bryant. 

1.  Soil  and  clay 3  feet. 

2.  Sandstone 11     " 

3.  Carbonaceous  shale 3    " 

4.  Coal  (No.  8?) 1  foot. 

5.  Clay  shale 30  feet. 

6.  Sandstone , 12    " 

Total  thickness. .  ,     60  feet. 


172 

Hamilton  County. 

But  one  small  exposure  was  discovered  in  the  south- 
western corner  of  Hamilton  county,  about  one-half  mile 
east  of  the  county  line,  on  section  6,  township  7  south, 
range  5  east,  where  about  six  feet  of  a  micaceous  sand- 
stone outcropped. 

Saline  County. 

The  geological  formations  outcropping,  are: 
Upper  Coal  Measures. 
Lower  Coal  Measures. 
Chester  Group. 

The  exposures  of  the  Chester  are  in  an  axis  of  uplift 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county,  several  miles 
southwest  of  the  line,  known  as  the  Eagle  mountains. 
The  few  outcrops  discovered  belong  to  the  Upper  Coal 
Measures. 

About  one-half  mile  north  of  Gallatia,  some  25  feet  of 
shale  are  exposed,  with  about  three  feet  of  the  underly- 
ing sandstone. 

SECTION  xxi. 

Boring  at  Ledford,  on  section  29,  township  9  south, 
range  6  east,  about  ten  miles  southwest  of  the  line  of 
the  section.  Surface  about  420  feet  above  sea  level. 
These  strata  belong  to  the  Lower  Coal  Measures. 

1.  Loess 13  feet. 

2.  Hard  sandstone 6 

3.  Gray  shale 2 

4.  Sandstone 7 

5.  Gray  shale 2 

6.  Hard  sandstone 6 

7.  Hard,  dark  shale 2 

8.  Hard  sandstone  3 

9.  Sandstone  and  shale 9 

10.  Soft  sandstone 17 

11.  CoalNo.6 5 

12.  Soft  sandstone 45 

Total  thickness 117  feet. 


173 

Gallatiii  County. 

The  geological  formations  of  this  county  are  Lower 
Coal  Measures  and  Chester  Group.  The  latter  occupies 
the  hilly  or  mountainous  country  in  the  southwestern 
corner  of  the  county.  Along  the  line  only  Coal  Measure 
strata  appear  at  the  surface. 

SECTION  XXII. 

Outcrop  on  east  bank  of  the  North  fork  of  the  Saline 
river,  on  the  northeastern  quarter  of  section  22,  town- 
ship 8  south,  range  8  east.  Top  of  section  390  feet 
above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil  and  clay 

2.  Shale,  arenaceous,  ferruginous 3  feet. 

3.  Shale,  dark  blue,  argillaceous,  contains  nod- 

ules of  kidney  iron  ore 30    ' 

4.  Shale,  arenaceous,  micaceous 12    " 

5.  Limestone,    chert-like,    splintery,    much 

cracked  and  seamed  at  the  surface 3    "     6  inches. 

6.  Shale,  black,  friable,  exposed 4    ' 

Total  thickness. . .  52  feet  6  inches. 


SECTION  XXIII. 

Strata  at  north  end  of  Equality,  at  Peter  Brightness 
coal  mine,  on  section  17,  township  9  south,  range  8  east. 
Data  from  Mr.  Brightner.  This  section  overlies  the  next 
(XXIV)  at  some  interval,  which  I  had  no  means  of  de- 
termining. 

1.  Sandstone 30  feet. 

2.  Fire  clay 1  foot. 

3.  Limestone  "bastard,"  very  hard 4  feet. 

4.  Black  shale 0    *       6  inches. 

5.  Coal  No.  7 4    " 

6.  Fireclay 2    " 

Total  thickness. .  41  feet   6  inches. 


174 

SECTION  XXIV. 

Outcrops  at  Equality,  on  southeast  quarter  of  section 
17,  township  9  south,  range  8  east.  Top  of  section  about 
430  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Sansdtone,  ferruginous,  micaceous 10  feet. 

2.  Argillaceous  shale 15    " 

3.  Coal  (No.  6?) Ifoot    6  inches. 

4.  Shales  and  sandstone 40  feet. 

Total  thickness . .  66  feet    6  inches. 


SECTION  XXV. 

Record  of  the  Shawneetown  Gas  and  Oil  Co.'s  well 
boring,  made  1887-8.  As  a  churn  drill  was  used,  the 
thickness  assigned  the  various  strata  is  only  approxi- 
mately correct.  Surface  about  350  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Clay,  sand  and  gravel 110  feet. 

2.  Hard,  flinty  rock 2    " 

3.  Soft,  black  slate 10    " 

4.  Soft  sandstone 10    " 

5.  Fire  clay 1  foot  6  inches. 

6.  Shale 80  feet. 

7.  Coal  No.  7 7     " 

8.  Shale 78    " 

9.  Coal  No.  5 ft    " 

10.  Clay  shale... 130    " 

11.  Sandstone 15    " 

12.  Shale,    lower    part     producing    a    limited 

amount  of  gas 96    " 

13.  Sandstone 20    " 

14.  Shale 30    " 

15.  White  sandstone,  with  some  oil 50    " 

16.  Shale 10    « 

17.  Coal  No.  1 2    " 

18.  Slate 25    " 

19.  Clay  shale 37    " 

20.  Black  shale 10    " 

21.  Soft  blue  sandstone  (saltwater) 55    M 

22.  Sandy  shale  60    " 


175 

23.  Soft  white  sandstone 20  feet. 

24.  Sandy  shale 15  " 

25.  Clay  shale 25  " 

26.  Sandy  shale 40  " 

27.  Shale 30  " 

28.  Hard  white  sandstone 30  " 

29.  Soft  shale 5  " 

30.  Hard  sandy  shalo  40  " 

31.  Shale . ...  GO  " 

32.  Hard  sandstone  (salt  water) 1!)0  " 

33.  Soft  shale 10  " 

34.  Shale 15  " 

35.  Hard  sandstone  (salt  water) 50  " 

36.  Shale 10  " 

37.  Hard  sandstone  70  " 

38.  Limestone 30  " 

39.  Hard  sandstone 10  " 

40.  Soft  sandstone 20  " 

Total  depth 1513  feet  6  inches. 

Nos.  1-27  may  be  regarded  as  Lower  Coal  Measures 
proper;  Nos.  28-37  as  the  Conglomerate.  The  dividing 
line  is  seldom  well  marked,  and  may  be  drawn  somewhat 
higher  or  somewhat  lower  in  the  series  without  doing 
any  violence.  No.  38  marks  the  highest  limestone  of  the 
Chester  Group.  This  makes  the  thickness  of  the  con- 
glomerate 480  feet  at  this  point  —  very  much  greater 
than  has  been  hitherto  thought.  Prof.  A.  H.  Worthen, 
in  the  Geological  Survey  of  Illinois,  volume  VI,  pp.  2-5, 
where  an  exhaustive  section  of  Coal  Measures  strata  is 
given,  says  that  the  thickness  of  the  coarse  sandstone 
or  conglomerate  forming  the  base  of  the  Coal  Measures, 
usually  range  from  20  to  110  feet.  Possibly  only  Nos. 
35-37  should  be  regarded  as  Conglomerate;  this  gives 
a  thickness  of  130  feet.  In  this  event,  there  is  a  vastly 
greater  accumulation  of  strata  between  the  Conglom- 
erate and  Coal  No.  1  than  is  given  in  Prof.  Worthen's 
section  above  referred  to. 


176 


SECTION  XXVI. 

Outcrop  on  bank  of  Ohio  river,  in  front  of  Shawnee- 
town.  (Compare  Geol.  Sur.  111.,  VI,  198).  Strata  all 
dip  to  the  south,  at  an  angle  varying  from  10°  to  25°. 
Estimates  of  thickness  are  somewhat  doubtful  approxi- 
mations. The  vertical  thickness  of  the  strata  is  given, 
not  the  amount  of  space  occupied  horizontally.  The  sec- 
tion crosses  the  upturned  edges  from  north  to  south. 

1.  Black  shale,  with  concretionary  bands  of  clay  iron- 

stone interstratified 15  feet. 

2.  Hard,  black,  bituminous  shale . .  • 6    * 

3.  Coal 2    " 

4.  Bluish  shale,  with  irregular  beds  of  thin,  fine-grained 

sandstone  interstratified ...  12  ' 

5.  Shale,  gray  or  dove-colored 10  ' 

6.  Arenaceous  shale 6  ' 

7.  Argillaceous  shale ". 30  " 

8.  Sandstone,  hard,  fine-grained 20  ' 

9.  Shale  and  sandstone,  layers  alternating 10  ' 

10.  Shale,  arenaceous,  micaceous 3  ' 

11.  Sandstone,  fine-grained 10  ' 

12.  Shale,  bluish,  arenaceous,  micaceous 4  ' 

13.  Sandstone,  ferruginous 30  ' 

Total  thickness 158  feet. 

14.  Interval  not  exposed. 

15.  Sandstone,  soft,  ferruginous,  horizontal,  exposed,  5  feet. 

The  indications  are  that  there  is  a  fault  between  Nos. 
13  and  15,  but  the  limited  examination  I  could  make, 
and  the  insufficient  exposure,  furnished  me  no  da,ta  for 
establishing  the  surmise. 

These  strata  belong  to  the  lowest  part  of  the  lower 
Coal  Measures,  in  part  to  the  basal  sandstone  known 
as  the  Conglomerate. 


177 


Geological  Section  in  Southern  Illinois  through  Water- 
loo, Sparta,  Murphysboro  and  Ol instead. 


Introductory. 

This  line  essentially  parallels  the  Mississippi  Kiver  at 
a  distance  from  it  of  from  15  to  20  miles.  Beginning 
with  the  Lower  Carboniferous  it  crosses  the  southwestern 
border  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures,  again  issues  upon 
the  Lower  Carboniferous  and  leaves  the  State  after  pass- 
sing  through  the  Tertiary  in  Pulaski  county.  The  line 
changes  direction  at  Sparta  and  Murphysboro,  bending 
each  time  more  towards  the  south. 

Monroe  County. 

Monroe  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  counties  in  the 
State  to  the  geologist  and  paleontologist.  The  outcrop- 
ping strata  over  a  large  part  of  the  county  belong  to 
the  Lower  Carboniferous,  or  Subcarboniferous,  for  which 
term  Mississippian  is  now  being  substituted,  a  formation 
abounding  with  a  wealth  of  fossils  often  exquisitely  pre- 
served. In  the  extreme  northern  part  the  county  is 
crossed  by  an  axis  of  disturbance,  bringing  to  the  sur- 
face some  of  the  lower  formations;  entering  from  Mis- 
souri the  uplift  causes  quite  a  dislocation  near  Salt  Lick 
Point,  and  disappears  southeastwardly. 

The  following  table  of  geological  formations,  having 
surface  outcrops,  is  taken  from  the  Geol.  Sur.  111.  V.,  270. 

Coal  measures 40-  50  feet. 

Chester  group 100-350  " 

Upper  St.  Louis  limestone 140-150  " 

Lower  St.  Louis  or  Warsaw  beds 120-130  " 

Keokuk  limestone .'....  150  " 

Burlington  limestone 75-100 

Kinderhook  group 80-100  " 

Trenton  limestone  (in  part) 120  " 

-12 


178 

No  boring  could  be  found  which  would  give  an  idea 
of  the  underground  geology.  An  artesian  well  was  put 
down  at  Waterloo  some  years  ago,  but  no  record  seems 
to  have  been  kept.  The  time  at  my  disposal  was  too 
limited  to  enable  me  to  make  much  exploration  of  the 
surface  outcrops. 


SECTION  XXVII. 

Outcrops  along  Fountain  Creek  on  sections  27  and  34, 
township  2  south,  range  10  west.  Strata  dip  to  the 
west  at  a  low  angle.  Top  of  section  about  540  feet 
above  sea  level.  All  strata  belong  to  the  St.  Louis 
group. 

1.  Limestone,  in  layers  from  four  inches  to  four 

feet  thick,  with  occasional  shaly  or  marly     , 

partings    between    layers,    fossiliferous, 

some  layers  weathering  cherty 15  feet. 

2.  Limestone,  cherty  fossils  numerous,  mainly 

bryozoa  and  brachiopoda 5     " 

3.  Limestone,  quarried  for  building  purposes ..     12     " 

4.  Marl  layer  with  a  peculiar  assemblage  of 

small  fossils,  mainly  gesteropoda,  pen- 
tremites  and  bryozoa,  varying  in  thick- 
ness from  2  inches  to  10  inches,  averaging  0  "  6  inches. 

5.  Limestone 4     " 

6.  Marly  or  shaly  layer  contains  most  abund- 

antly an  undescribed  species  of  stenopora      0     "     4  inches. 

7.  Limestone,  fossiliferous 5     " 

Total  thickness.  41  feet  10  inches. 


SECTION  XXVIII. 

Outcrop  on  small  branch  flowing  into  Prairie  du  Long 
creek,  on  west  half  of  section  21,  township  3  south, 
range  8  west.  Top  of  section  about  450  feet  above  sea 


179 

level.    All  the  strata  belong  to  the  Chester  group,  but 
the  exact  position  in  the  series  has  not  been  determined.. 

1.  Limestone  layers  with  shaly  partings. 8  feet. 

2.  Limestone  layer 2     " 

3.  Limestone  layers  with  shaly  and  marly  part- 

ings      5 

4.  Limestone  layer 1  foot. 

5.  Shale  and  marl  with  thin  slabs  of  limestone 

intercalated 9  feet. 

6.  Limestone  layer 0     "     8  inches. 

7.  Limestone  layers  with  shale  partings 4  feet  6       " 

8.  Blue  marly  shale 1  foot  3       " 

9.  Limestone  layers 4  feet. 

Total  thickness 35  feet  5  inches. 

All  the  limestones  in  the  above  sections  are  fossiliferous, 
but  the  shales  and  marls  much  more  so.  Brachiopods, 
pentremites  and  fragments  of  crinoids  are  common,  but 
the  bryozoa  are  by  far  the  most  numerously  represented, 
the  genera  Fenestella,  Archimedes  and  Rhombopora 
leading  in  representation.  More  examples  of  the  rare 
Coelocomus  granosus,  Ulrich,  have  been  obtained  from 
this  locality  than  from  any  other  though  it  is  a  widely 
distributed  form. 

My  studies  in  the  Chester  Group  confirm  the  earlier 
observations  of  Prof.  Worthen,  that  the  different  beds 
of  the  Chester  so  much  resemble  each  other  lithologically 
and  in  their  fossil  contents,  that  the  identification  of 
the  various  beds,  either  by  their  fossils  or  lithological 
characters,  is  impossible.  It  may  be  that  long-continued, 
painstaking,  patient  collection  and  study  of  the  fossils 
will  serve  to  discover  some  distinctive  or  particular 
horizons,  so  that  eventually  we  may  be  able  to  say  just 
where  in  the  series  any  given  outcrop  belongs;  but  at 
present,  unless  continuous  outcrops  showing  relative 
superposition  give  the  clue,  we  are  unable  to  place  any 
given  outcrop  in  its  proper  place. 


180 

Randolph  County. 

The  geological  formations  seen  at  the  surface  in  this 
county  are  the  Lower  Coal  Measures,  including  the 
Conglomerate,  the  Chester  Group  and  the  St.  Louis 
Group.  The  line  of  the  section  cuts  the  northern  and 
eastern  parts  of  the  county,  and  all  the  outcropping 
strata  passed  over  belong  to  the  Chester  and  Lower 
Coal  Measures. 

It  is  in  this  county  that  the  Chester  has  its  typical 
development;  for  comparison  with  what  follows,  Prof. 
Worthen's  tabular  presentation  is  given.  (Geol.  Sur. 
111.,  I,  284). 

Chester  Group. 

1.  Gray,  compact,  siliceous  limestone  No.  1 25-30  feet. 

2.  Shale  and  shaly  sandstones,  partially  exposed.. .  80-90    " 

3.  Shaly  limestone  No.  2 15-18    " 

4.  Massive  brown  sandstone 40 

5.  Limestone  No.  3 40-45 

6.  Green  and  blue  argillaceous  shales,  with  plates 

of  limestone 45-70 

7.  Arenaceous  and  argillaceous  limestone  No.  4 20-30 

8.  Massive  and  shaly  sandstone 15-20 

9.  Compact  and  granular  gray  limestone  No.  5 ,  with 

intercalations  of  blue,  green  and  purple  shales, 

about 150    " 

Iti.    Massive  quartzose  brown  sandstone 120    " 

I  have,  in  this  report,  adopted  the  numbering  of  the 
limestone  beds  as  given  above,  though  afterwards,  in  the 
reports  of  the  Geological  Survey,  in  the  chapters  describ- 
ing the  geology  of  Johnson,  Massac,  Pope  and  Hardin 
counties,  the  beds  are  differently  numbered. 

Whether  detailed  study  will  bear  out  this  division  into 
five  different  successive  limestone  beds,  each  with  an  un- 
derlying sandstone  except  No.  3,  I  am  not  prepared  to 
say.  There  may  also  be  some  doubt  whether  these  sand- 
stones are  continuous  over  wide  areas. 


181 

SECTION  XXIX. 

Strata  displayed  in  hillside  northwest  of  court  house 
at  Chester,  111.,  from  top  of  hill  to  river  level  (ten  feet 
of  water  in  the  channel). 

1.  Not  exposed,  elsewhere  shown  to  be  sandstone  in 

lower  part 73  feet. 

2.  Limestone 1  foot. 

3.  Green,  blue  and  purple  shales 12  .feet. 

4.  Limestone,  regularly  bedded 10    " 

5.  Limestone,  irregularly  bedded,  partly  nodular  and 

argillaceous 42    " 

6.  Green,  blue  and  purple  shales,  partly  marly,  highly 

fossiliferous  in  places  (Lyropora  shale) 53    " 

7.  Compact  gray  limestone 27    " 

8.  Not  exposed,  elsewhere  seen  to  be  limestone  mainly. .     46    " 

Total  thickness 264  feet. 

Nos.  4  and  5,  above,  are  the  Limestone  No.  3  of  the 
general  section;  No.  7,  above,  is  the  Limestone  No.  4; 
and  No.  8,  above,  is  probably  Limestone  No.  5,  in  which 
case  there  is  no  sandstone  at  this  place  between  Lime- 
stones Nos.  4  and  5.  To  No.  6  of  the  section  above,  I 
have  given  the  name  of  Lyropora  shale.  It  forms  an 
easily  recognized  horizon,  in  which  the  bryozoan  Lyro- 
pora, to  whose  stony  supports,  with  the  fenestration 
between  lost  or  broken  away,  the  name  "frog  mouths " 
has  been  popularly  applied,  is  very  characteristic.  I  have 
not  yet  succeeded  in  ascertaining  whether  the  Lyropora 
is  restricted  to  this  shale  and  the  underlying  limestone, 
but  at  any  rate  it  is  rare,  or  wanting  in  strata  higher 
in  the  series. 


SECTION  xxx. 

Boring  made  with  diamond-core  drill  at  Red  Bud,  111., 
in  1888.  Data  generously  furnished  by  Mr.  Geo.  Saxe- 
meyer.  Surface  about  450  feet  above  sea  level. 


182 

1.  Soil  and  clay 8  feet. 

2.  Limestone 14    "       6  inches. 

3.  Clay  shale 11    "      1 

4.  Sandstone 2    "      6       " 

5.  Clay  shale 7    " 

6.  Clay  shale  and  sandstone  mixed 6    "     11       " 

7.  Sandy  shale 19     "      6       " 

8.  Limestone 1  foot. 

9.  Sandstone 0  feet  10      " 

10.  Limestone 2    "      3       " 

11.  Clay  shale 2    "      4      " 

12.  Limestone,  with  shale  partings 25    '•      7       " 

13.  Green  and  brown  shale 10    " 

14.  Limestone  and  shale  mixed 2     "      3       " 

15.  Green  and  red  shale 7     " 

16.  Limestone,  fossilif»'rous 3    "       6       " 

17.  Ked  clay  shale 1  foot. 

18.  Sandstone 6     "      9       " 

19.  Clay  shale 13     " 

20.  Sandstone  and  sandy  shale 15    "      3       " 

21.  Clay  shale 15    "      9 

22.  Sandstone  and  sandy  shale 12    " 

23.  Clay  shale 15    " 

24.  Sandy  shale 3    " 

25.  White  sandstone,  coarse,  siliceous 63    "       6       " 

26.  Hard  limestone 198     "      6       " 

27.  Limy  sandstone 18    " 

28.  Limestone 28    " 

29.  Sandy  limestone 12    " 

30.  Limestone 64    " 

Total  depth 580  feet. 

Expressed  in   geological  terms,   the  preceding  section 
reads : 

Nos. 

1.  Quaternary 8  feet. 

2.  Chester  Group— Limestone  No.  4 14    "     6  inches. 

3-7.  "  — Sandstone  and    shale..  47  feet. 

8-17.  "  —Limestone  No.  5 55    "     9      " 

18-25.  "  —Sandstone  (Aux  Vases).  134    '     3      " 

26.     St.  Louis  limestone 198    "     6      " 

27-30.    St.  Louis  (Warsaw  Division) 122    " 

Total  thickness..  .  580  feet. 


183 

SECTION  XXXI. 

Outcrop  of  Chester  Group  strata  on  the  Okaw  or  Kas- 
kaskia  river,  on  the  northwest  quarter  of  section  16, 
township  4  south,  range  7  west.  Top  of  section  about 
380  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Limestone  in  ledges  measuring  9,  8,  15  and 

10  inches 3  feet   6  inches. 

2.  Marly  shale,  with  abundance  of  characteris- 

tic fossils 1  foot. 

3.  Limestone,  exposed 1     "      8      " 

Total  thickness 6  feet    2  inches. 

Natural  Gas  at  Sparta. 

1.     BRIEF  HISTORY. 

A  period  of  depression  had  fallen  upon  Sparta  and 
the  adjacent  country.  Something  must  be  done  to  pull 
out  from  the  slough  of  despondency  into  which  all 
things  had  fallen.  To  Mr.  W.  B.  Taylor  was  due  the 
suggestion  which  led  to  the  formation  of  a  stock 
company,  in  December,  1887,  to  bore  into  the  earth. 
The  drill  was  started  January  28,  1888,  in  the  west  end 
of  the  city  of  Sparta.  Various  delays  and  ill  luck  at- 
tended the  drillers,  but  at  length  on  the  eighth  of  June, 
at  a  depth  from  the  surface  of  845  feet,  most  unex- 
pectedly, gas  with  strong  pressure  and  in  large  volumes 
burst  forth.  The  discovery  was  as  grateful  as  it  was 
unexpected.  For  a  time,  in  the  absence  of  any  means 
of  holding  it  in  or  utilizing  it,  the  gas  was  suffered  to 
flow  out  unchecked,  and  many  millions  of  feet  went  to 
waste.  Meantime  the  large  burning  flame,  twenty  feet 
in  height,  aroused  the  surrounding  country  to  a  wonder- 
ful degree.  But  soon  mains  were  laid,  and  the  citizens 
were  industriously  piping  their  houses  and  putting  gas 
burners  into  their  stoves,  and  proceeded  to  enjoy  nature's 
most  impressive  gift  to  man.  Exploitation  continued 
with  the  degree  of  success  usually  attending  the  drill. 


184 


A  second  well,  one-half  mile  west  of  the  first,  gave  no 
gas.  A  third  well,  one-half  mile  distant,  in  a  south- 
easterly direction,  gave  an  abundant  supply.  And  now 
the  usual  cupidity  came  into  play  with  the  attendant 
wastefulness.  An  adjoining  landowner  put  down  a  well 
as  near  No.  3  as  he  could  get.  Of  course  it  was  success- 
ful, but  as  it  was  draining  the  same  territory  it  simply 
decreased  the  life  of  its  predecessor.  The  following  table 
shows  the  continuation  of  the  exploitation,  and  the 
accompanying  chart  the  location  of  the  wells. 

2.      TABLE  SHOWING  EXPLOITATION. 


Number 
of  Well. 

When  Bored. 

Result. 

Present  Condition 

1 

Jan.-June,    1888 

Strong  flow  of  gas          .... 

Produced  but  lit- 

2 

Aug.-Sept.,  1888 

No  gas  

tle  after   1890; 
abandoned     in 
1893. 

3 
4 

Sept.-Oct.,    1888 
Oct.-Nov.,     1888 

Very  strong  flow  of  gas  
Strong  flow  of  gas 

Quit      suddenlv, 
June,  1894. 
Still  yielding 

5 

Dec.-Jan.,     1889 

Scarcely  any  gas. 

slightly. 
Never  used 

6 

Feb.-Mar.     1889 

Small  flow  of  gas  ;  rock  close 
textured  

Never  used. 

7 

April,             1889 

Scarcelv  any  gas  

Never  used. 

8 

June,             1889 

A    little    gas;     rock    close 
textured 

Never  used 

,     9 

Sept.-0ct.,   1889 

Strong  flow  of  gas          .... 

Has     ceased     to 

10 

Sept.-Dec.,  1890 

Abandoned  before  reaching 
gas  rock  with  loss  of  tools. 

yield. 

11 
12 

Oct.-Nov.,    1891 
November,    1891 

Strong  flow  of  gas  
Strong  flow  of  gas  

Still  producing. 
Ceased  producing 

12a 

Nov.-April,  1892 

Abandoned  at  480  feet  with 
loss  of  tools  

suddenly. 

13 

December,    1891 

Strong  flow  of  gas  

Producing. 

14 

December,    1891 

Strong  flow  of  gas        .   .   . 

Producing 

15 

Jan.-April,    1892 

Medium  flow  of  gas  

Producing. 

16 

April-May,   1892 

Strong  flow  of  gas  

Producing. 

17 

January,        1893 

Strong  flow  of  gas  

Producing. 

18 

Mar.-April,  1893 

No  gas  ;  rock  close  textured. 

19 
20 

May-June,    3893 
Dec.-Jan.,     1894 

A  moderate  flow  of  gas  
Medium  flow  of  gas  . 

Producing  a  little. 
Producing 

21 

April.-May,  1894 

No  gas;  rock  close  textured. 

22 

June-  Aug.,   1894 

185 


Diagram  Showing  Location  of  Wells. 

Sketch  showing  location  of  wells  at  Sparta. 

Productive  gas  wells  -f 
N-  n- producing  wells  • 
Scale :  2  inches  =  1  mile. 


186 

3.      RECORDS  OF  BORINGS. 

Logs  of  the  wells,  showing  the  thickness  of  the  strata 
passed  through  and  kind  of  material,  were  kept  of  wells 
Nos.  1,  2,  3,  5  and  8,  which  will  be  given  hereafter. 
None  are  very  reliable,  though  No.  8  seems  most  worthy 
of  confidence.  No  records  have  been  preserved  of  later 
wells.  In  the  earlier  wells,  the  gas  sand  was  penetrated 
from  four  to  seven  feet,  but  in  the  later  wells,  Nos.  12 
to  20,  the  rock  has  been  penetrated  deeper,  from  ten  to 
forty  feet.  Sometimes  the  flow  has  been  increased  by 
going  deeper,  other  times  not. 

Had  records  of  all  the  wells  been  preserved,  an  interest- 
ing chapter  might  have  been  written  upon  the  topography 
prior  to  the  glacial  period.  The  depth  of  drift  deposits 
varies  from  34  feet,  in  No.  1  and  57  feet  in  No.  2,  to 
99  feet  in  No.  3,  116  feet  in  No.  5,  65  feet  in  No.  7,  70 
feet  in  No.  8,  104  feet  in  No.  11,  109  feet  in  No.  13,  107 
feet  in  No.  14,  120  feet  in  No.  16,  315  feet  in  No.  17, 
94  feet  in  No.  15.  These  figures,  even  if  not  all  accu- 
rate, indicate  a  very  uneven  surface  under  the  drift,  pos- 
sibly the  bed  and  banks  of  an  ancient  water-course. 

4.      ROCK  PRESSURE   AND  FLOW. 

The  confined  pressure  of  the  wells  had  never  been  ac- 
curately determined.  No.  1  exceeded  200  pounds,  but 
how  much  was  never  known.  No.  3  reached  350  pounds 
on  a  steam  gauge,  the  limit  of  the  gauge.  The  later 
wells,  Nos.  12,  13  and  14,  had  an  initial  pressure  of 
from  180  to  200  pounds.  This  accords  with  experience 
in  other  fields,  that  the  pressure  lessens  as  the  field  is 
opened  up. 

But  one  measurement  had  been  made  of  the  open  or 
flow  pressure — on  No.  4,  at  an  early  date,  by  Mr.  D. 
McConathy,  of  Louisville,  Ky.  This  showed  between  four 
and  five  pounds  through  a  two-inch  pipe,  which  would 


187 

represent  a  production  of  something  over  a  million  feet 
per  day.  This  is,  however,  a  maximum  under  the  best 
conditions. 

5.      LIFE  OF  WELLS. 

No.  1  was  greatly  weakened  by  No.  3,  which  has 
probably  produced  a  larger  amount  of  gas  than  any 
other  well.  Nos.  3,  4  and  9,  all  within  a  few  feet  of  each 
other,  supplied  the  town  for  considerably  more  than  two 
years ;  after  which  they  still  continued  to  yield,  but  had 
to  be  helped  by  additional  wells.  No.  3  has  lasted  about 
five  and  a  half  years;  No.  4  is  still  yielding  slightly,  but 
shows  signs  of  exhaustion.  Seven  years  will  represent 
the  extreme  life  of  a  well  in  this  area,  under  the  best 
conditions.  As  the  field  is  drained,  the  later  wells  cannot 
be  expected  to  last  as  long  or  be  nearly  as  productive 
as  the  early  ones.  During  the  winter  of  1890-1,  during 
the  cold  spells,  the  wells  were  allowed  to  flow  freely,  i.  e., 
without  any  back  pressure.  The  next  winter  showed  them 
greatly  weakened. 

6.      PRODUCTION  AND  COST. 

The  following  data,  for  which,  with  many  others,  I  am 
indebted  to  Mr.  D.  P.  Barker,  the  obliging  secretary  of 
the  Sparta  Natural  Gas  and  Oil  Co.,  were  furnished  to 
the  agent  of  the  Census  Bureau.  They  cover  the  year 

1889: 

Total  production  of  gas 80 , 830 , 000  cubic  feet. 

Waste  from  leakage  and  other  causes 4 , 000 , 000  " 

Consumed  for  domestic  fuel  (400  fires). . . .     54,000,000  " 

Consumed  in  steam  establishments  (3) 22 , 830 , 000  " 

Gas  sold  for $3,842.30 

Tons  of  coal  required  for  equivalent  work.  3 , 340 

Value  of  coal  displaced,  at  $1.50  per  ton. .      $5,010.00 

The  Gas  Company  furnished  about  two-thirds  of  the 
gas  consumed,  hence  the  total  production  of  the  field, 
for  the  year,  would  aggregate  in  the  neighborhood  of 


188 

120,000,000  cubic  feet.  As  this  was  the  year  of  maxi- 
mum production,  the  total  output  of  the  field  since  its 
opening  has  fallen  not  far  short  of  500,000,000  cubic 
feet.  This  from  a  territory  less  than  one  mile  square. 

The  amount  of  money  expended  by  the  Gas  Company 
and  private  parties  in  developing  the  gas,  has  amounted, 
in  round  numbers,  to  $60,000,  composed  of  the  follow- 
ing items: 

Drilling,  casing  and  equipping  wells $30,000 

Pipe  lines 15,000 

Labor,  repairs  and  miscellaneous  items 15,000 

In  addition,  the  piping  of  some  200  houses,  paid  for 
by  the  owners,  at  an  average  cost  of  $25,  amounts  to 
$5,000.  To  offset  this  amount  of  $65,000  which  has 
gone  after  the  gas,  there  is  an  income  of  $40,000  from 
the  sale  of  gas.  This  corroborates  experience  in  some 
other  fields,  that  the  gas  involves  an  actual  money  loss. 
However,  the  convenience,  comfort  and  cleanliness  of 
gaseous  fuel,  fully  compensate  for  its  increased  cost. 
When  at  its  best,  the  gas  supplied  some  600  domestic 
fires,  five  steam  establishments,  and  one  brick-burning 
plant. 

7.    WELLS. 

The  wells  have  all  been  put  down  with  a  cable  rig. 
Two  attempts  were  made  with  a  pole  rig,  but  were  fail- 
ures. The  time  required  to  drill  to  gas  rock  has  varied, 
but  after  some  experience  in  handling  the  strata  was 
acquired,  it  was  no  uncommon  thing  to  go  the  845  or 
865  feet  in  two  weeks.  Most  of  the  wells  have  been  cased 
as  follows :  Eight  inch  drive-pipe  to  work,  varying  from 
30  to  116  feet;  next,  five  and  five-eighths  inch  pipe  to 
about  500  feet,  to  shut  out  water  from  the  shales  and 
sandstones  resting  upon  Limestone  No.  2;  lastly,  four 
and  one-quarter  inch  pipe,  with  packer  nearly  to  the  gas 


189 

rock.  In  the  earlier  wells,  the  gas  sands  could  seldom  be 
drilled  deeper  than  three  or  four  feet.  Later,  some  of 
these  wells  were  deepened.  In  the  later  wells,  the  drill 
has  usually  been  sent  down  from  14  to  40  feet  after  the 
gas  was  encountered. 

8.      EXTENT  OF  THE  FIELD. 

The  area  exploited  at  Sparta,  covers  less  than  two 
square  miles.  Although  drilling  in  other  parts  of  south- 
ern Illinois  was  stimulated  by  the  discovery  at  Sparta, 
at  no  other  place  has  gas  been  found  in  commercial 
quantities.  Hence  'not  enough  is  known  to  determine 
the  extent  or  capacity  of  the  field.  That  all  the  wells 
but  one  drilled  without  a  small,  well  defined  area,  have 
proved  failures,  .seems  rather  inexplicable.  The  records 
of  the  borings  are  not  accurate  enough  to  determine,  in 
BO  small  an  area,  what  is  the  structure  of  the  gas  sand 
and  adjoining  strata,  whether  we  have  to  deal  with  a 
quaquaversal  or  dome,  or  with  an  anticline.  The  sand- 
stone, which  serves  as  the  holder  for  the  gas,  varies  in 
porosity,  being  most  porous  in  the  strongest  wells,  and 
quite  dense  in  those  which  have  yielded  little  or  no  gas. 
Further  exploitation  may  prove  differently,  but  it  looks 
as  though  we  had  here  a  small  but  once  bountifully  filled 
pocket,  which  is  now  (August,  1894,)  rapidly  nearing 
exhaustion. 

SECTION  xxxn. 

Borings  at  Sparta,  111.  Surface  from  520  to  545  feet 
above  sea  level. 

I  have  attempted,  in  the  following  table,  to  correlate 
the  record  of  such  of  the  gas  wells  as  were  kept  by  the 
drillers.  The  borings  were  made  with  a  churn  drill,  the 
results  of  which  are  always  inaccurate,  and  are  made 
up  with  less  or  more  of  guess-work—usually  more.  In 


190 

this  case  the  records  are  further  corroded  by  the  fact 
that  the  drillers  were  drillers,  and  not  geologists  or  min- 
eralogists. The  men  had  no  interest  except  to  reach  the 
gas  sand  as  quickly  as  possible,  and  so,  besides,  being 
unable  to  always  discriminate  the  strata,  they  were  un- 
interested and  careless.  The  record  of  well  No.  3  is  espec- 
ially inaccurate.  The  drillers  gave  a  depth  of  886  feet 
to  the  gas  sand,  while  864  feet  of  casing  were  put  into 
the  gas  sand.  Of  the  logs  given,  that  of  No.  8  seems 
the  most  accurate. 

The  drilling  was  stopped  whenever  gas  was  found  in 
quantity.  If  gas  failed  to  come,  the  drilling  was  con- 
tinued, as  in  wells  Nos.  2,  5  and  8,  until  the  water 
became  salty.  Below  salt  water,  the  drillers  stoutly 
maintained,  gas  could  not  be  found;  they  had  all  learned 
their  lesson  in  the  Ohio  and  Indiana  field:  That  the  con- 
ditions in  this  field  might  be  different,  was  to  them  mani- 
festly impossible.  However,  it  is  very  improbable  that 
more  gas  can  be  found  by  going  deeper. 


191 


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In  the  following  table  are  given  some  figures  compiled 
from  the  preceding  logs,  showing  thickness  of  forma- 
tion, etc.: 


Well 
No.  1. 

Well 
No.  8. 

Well 
No.  2. 

Well 
No.  3. 

Well 
No.  5. 

Elevation  of  top  of  well  above 

545 

545 

535 

525 

520 

Depth  of  well  

850 

948 

]025 

891 

981 

Depth  from  surface  to  gas 
sand  

845 

845 

822 

886 

894 

Depth  to  gas  sand  from  top 
of  first  limestone  beneath 
surface  

781 

775 

765 

787 

778 

Thickness  of  strata  between 
the  top  of  the  first  limestone 
and  the  top  of  Coal  No.  6  .  . 

54 

49 

44 

50 

50 

Thickness  of  Coal  Measures 
(including  conglomerate) 
from  top  of  first  limestone 
beneath  suiface 

334 

340 

331 

394 

340 

Thickness  of  Chester  to  base 
of  Limestone  No  4 

332 

307 

287 

191 

266 

Thickness  of  Chester  to  top 
of  gas  sand 

447 

435 

434 

39:5 

438 

Thickness  of  Chester  Lime- 
stone No.  5  to  gas  sand.  .  .  . 

80 

100 

109 

103 

142 

Total  of  Limestone  No.  5 
penetrated  

80 

203 

312 

103 

229 

198 

It  seems  probable  that  well  No.  2  penetrated  into  the 
basal  sandstone  of  the  Chester  Group,  but  from  the  re- 
cord it  is  impossible  to  exactly  mark  the  beginning.  In 
the  record  of  No.  3,  I  am  unable  to  locate  the  base  of 
the  Coal  Measures.  As  I  have  placed  it,  the  thickness  is 
too  great.  To  regard  the  "limestone  11  feet,"  which  I 
have  placed  in  the  Conglomerate  as  Limestone  No.  1  of 
the  Chester,  does  not  give  nearly  enough  thickness. 


SECTION  XXXIII. 

From  a  comparison  of  the  records  of  the  wells  and 
Prof.  Worthen's  sections,  I  have  constructed  the  follow- 
ing ideal  section,  as  it  may  be  termed,  to  show  what  a 
fairly  accurate  record  of  drilling  would  disclose: 

1.  Soil  and  drift,  about 40  feet. 

2.  Sandstone,  at  top  more  or  less  decomposed 30     " 

3.  Limestone 10     " 

4.  Coal(No.7) 2    " 

5.  Fire  clay  and  shale 15    " 

6.  Limestone,  with  shale  pat  tings 22    " 

7.  Shale.... 0-3    " 

8.  Coal  (No.  6) 6    " 

9.  Fire  clay  and  shale 6    " 

10.  Limestone 8    " 

11.  Shale.... 4    " 

12.  Coal  (No.  5) 4    " 

13.  Shale 8    " 

14.  Limestone,  with  shale  partings 16    " 

15.  Shale , 14    " 

36.     Coal  (No.  3?) 2-4    " 

17.  Shale 35    " 

18.  Coal  (No.  2?) 3    " 

19.  Sandstone  and  shale  (Conglomerate) 180    " 

20.  Limestone  (No.  1  of  Chester  Group) 20    " 

21.  Shale 15    " 

22.  Sandstone 40    " 

23.  Shale 17     " 

24.  Limestone  (No.  2  of  Chester  Group) 15    " 


199 

25.  Shale 20  feet. 

26.  Sandstone 40  " 

27.  Shale 18  " 

28.  Limestone  (No.  3  of  Chester  Group) 30  " 

29.  Soft  shale  (Lyropora  shale) 65  " 

30.  Limestone  (No.  4  of  Chester  Group) 30  " 

31.  Sandstone , 30  " 

32.  Shale  and  limestone 30  " 

33.  Shale 15  " 

34.  Sandstone  (gas) 7  " 

35.  Shale , 20  " 

36.  Limestone 14  " 

37.  Shale 40  " 

38.  Sandstone  and  sandy  shale  (Aux  Vases  sandstone).  120  " 

Total  thickness. .  .1046  feet. 


Nos.  2-19  are  Coal  Measures,  No.  19  being  the  basal 
sandstone  (Conglomerate).  Nos.  20-38  represent  the  en- 
tire thickness  of  the  Chester  Group,  which,  in  this  section, 
is  made  636  feet.  Prof.  Worthen's  section,  referred  to 
before,  gives  613  feet. 

Between  Coal  No.  6  and  Coal  No.  5,  Prof.  Worthen 
gives  30  to  40  feet  of  shaly  sandstone.  This  must  have 
been  a  mistake  in  stratigraphical  correlation,  as  none  of 
the  borings  bear  this  out,  and  the  miners  in  the  county 
state  that  the  interval  between  Nos.  6  and  5  is  only 
from  15  to  20  feet.  All  the  mines  of  the  county,  with 
one  or  two  exceptions  in  the  neighborhood  of  Percy, 
work  No.  6,  though  No.  5,  while  not  so  thick,  is  uni- 
versa'ly  considered  a  finer  coal.  Probably  Prof.  Worthen 
identified  a  lower  seam  as  No.  5.  In  his  description  of 
'Randolph  county,  he  considers  that  but  two  seams  ap- 
pear developed  in  this  county.  The  drill  indicates  the 
presence  of  three,  and  perhaps  four,  seams. 


200 

SECTION  XXXIV. 

Log  of  Isabella  Thompson  coal  shaft,  south  of  Eden,, 
on  the  northwest  quarter  of  section  8,  township  5  southr 

range  5  west.    Top  of  shaft  497  feet  above  sea  leveL 

Shaft  put  down  July  to  September,  1888. 

1.  Soil  and  clay 3  feet. 

2.  Yellow  clay 17    " 

3.  Blue  clay 3     " 

4.  Quicksand 4    " 

5.  Silt 2    " 

6.  Gravel 4    " 

7.  Silt 3    "     6  inches. 

8.  Quicksand  and  gravel 6    "     6 

9.  Silt,  very  pure  and  pale 8    ' 

10.  Silt,  coarser,  mouse -colored • 3    " 

11.  Hardpan  or  concrete 4     ' 

12.  Sand,  fine,  gray,  close,  firm 6     " 

13.  Hardpan,  sand  and  clay  mixed -6     "      6  inches. 

14.  Silt 2    "       6      " 

15.  Boulder  clay 6    "      3      " 

16.  Fine  gravel 4 

17.  Boulder  clay 1  foot    9 

18.  Laminated  clay 5  feet. 

19.  Nodular  limestone,  bluish  gray 6     '      10      " 

20.  Clay  shale 0    "     10      " 

21.  Coal  (No  7?) 1  foot    7      " 

22.  Light,  argillaceous  sandrock 1  8      " 

23.  Fire  clay 3  feet    2      " 

24.  Blue  clay  shale 5    "     11      " 

25.  Buff-colored  limestone 2    ' 

26.  Blue-banded  limestone 1  foot  11      " 

27.  Clay  shale 3  feet    6       " 

28.  Clouded  gray  and  buff  limestone 3    "       6      " 

29.  Fire  clay  parting 0    '        4 

30.  Bluish  gray  slate 3    "       1       " 

31.  Black  limestone 2     " 

32.  Buff  and  black  spotted  limestone 1  foot    1      " 

33.  Gray  and  black  lime  bands 1     ' 

34.  Brownish  gray  limestone 3  feet  10      " 

35.  Black  slate 1  foot    8      " 

36.  Coal  No.  6 6  feet    6      " 

Total  depth 140  feet    5  inches.. 


201 

The  section  condensed,  is: 

1.  Soil  and  drift 90  feet. 

2.  Limestone  and  shale 7     '*      8  inches. 

3.  Coal  (No.  7?) 1  foot  7       " 

4.  Fire  clay  and  shale 10  feet  9       " 

5.  Limestone 22    "     3       " 

6.  Black  slate 1  foot  8 

7.  Coal  No.  6 6  feet  6 

Total  thickness 140  feet  5  inches. 

The  slate  above  Coal  No.  6  is  variable,  ranging  in 
thickness  from  0  to  3  feet.  The  coal  varies  from  5  feet 
10  inches  to  6  feet  4  inches,  being  thickest  where  the 
black  shale  above  it  is  thickest. 


SECTION  XXXV. 

Boring  at  Coulterville,  111.  Record  from  Mr.  J.  Q.  A. 
Nisbet,  through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  J.  P.  McClurken. 
Surface  545  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil  and  drift 30  feet. 

2.  Slate 50  " 

3.  Clay  shale  20  " 

4.  Black  slate 40  " 

5.  Clay  shale J 15  " 

6.  Shale 45  " 

7.  Clay  shale 20  " 

8.  Slate 75  " 

9.  Limestone 15  " 

10.  Coal  (No.  6) 7  " 

11.  Clay  shale 30  " 

12.  Slate 25  " 

13.  Black  slate 13  " 

14.  Coal 8  " 

15.  Slate 20  " 

16.  Limestone 7  " 

17.  Black  slate 10  " 

18.  Limestone  . .  6  " 


202 

19.  White  slate 20  feet. 

20.  Limestone 10  " 

21.  Clay  shale 25  " 

22.  Limestone 20  " 

23.  Clay  shale 15  " 

24.  Brown  slate 20  " 

25.  White  sandstone 55  " 

26.  Slate 40  " 

27.  Sandstone 215  " 

28.  Slate 10  " 

29.  Limestone 10  " 

30.  Slate 15  " 

31.  Limestone 20  " 

32.  Slate 40  " 

33.  Bedrock 10  " 

34.  Limestone 40  " 

35.  Ked  rock 30  " 

36.  Limestone 20  " 

37.  Slate 25  " 

38.  Ked  slate 1 25  " 

39.  White  sandstone,  salt  water 17  " 

Total  depth 1117  feet. 

If  .the  record  is  at  all  correct,  No.  14  above  is  probably 
Coal  No.  3.  If  so,  it  shows  unusual  thickness  at  this 
point.  It  can  hardly  be  No.  5,  as  it  is  too  far  below 
No.  6.  As  best  I  can  interpret  the  record,  Nos.  2-28 
are  Lower  Coal  Measures,  Nos.  24-28  being  the  Con- 
glomerate, giving  it  a  thickness  of  340  feet;  Nos.  29- 
39  are  the  Chester  Group,  No.  29  being  the  Chester 
Liinstone  No.  1,  No.  31  the  Limestone  No.  2,  No.  34 
the  Limestone  No.  3,  No.  36  the  Limestone  No.  4,  and 
No.  39  the  horizon  of  the  gas  sand  at  Sparta.  This  in- 
terpretation makes  the  Coal  Measures  and  Conglomerate 
much  thicker  here  than  at  Sparta,  and  the  Chester  Group 
much  thinner,  but  the  total  distance  between  Coal  No.  6 
and  the  gas  sand  horizon  only  about  75  feet  greater 
than  at  Sparta. 


203 


SECTION  XXXVI. 

Boring  on  Rurey  farm,  on  northeast  quarter  of  section 
$,  township  6  south,  range  5  west.  Record  kindly  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  C.  E.  Kingsbury.  Surface  about  450  feet 

above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil  and  drift 23  feet. 

2.  Slate  and  sand 4  " 

3.  Gray  slate,  with  one  foot  of  coal 37  " 

4.  Sandstone 6  " 

5.  Sandstone,  dark 25  " 

6.  Sandstone  and  slate 30  " 

7.  Sandstone 159  ' 

8  Slate 16  " 

9.  Limestone 15  " 

10.  Slate.: 15  " 

11.  Limestone 70  " 

12.  Slate 30  " 

13.  Shale 16  " 

14.  Black  shale 22  " 

15.  Limestone 112  " 

16.  Slate 62  " 

.17.  Limestone 10  " 

18.  Slate 15  " 

19.  Limestone 73  " 

20.  Slate 7  " 

21.  Limestone 28  " 

22.  Slate 10  " 

23.  Slate  and  sandstone 16  " 

24.  Sandstone 6  " 

25.  Sandy  shale 16  " 

26.  Slate 5  " 

27.  Sandstone 22  " 

28.  Limestone  and  shale 10  " 

29.  Shale 62  " 

30.  Sandstone 5  " 

31.  Shale 5  " 

32.  Sandstone 1 50  " 

33.  Limestone 207  " 

Total  depth 1289  feet. 


204 

Expressed  geologically,  the  section  reads: 

Nos.  Feet.       Feet,. 

1.     Quarternary 23 

2-5.    Lower  Coal  Measures  (proper) —          72 

6-8.     Conglomerate —        20i> 

9.    Chester  Group — Limestone  No.  1 15 

10.  "  —Shale 15 

11.  "  —Limestone  No.  2 70 

12-14.  "  —Shale 68 

15.  "             — Limestone  No.  3 112 

16-18.  "             — Lyropora  shale 87 

19.  "             — Limestone  No.  4 73 

20.  "             —Shale 7 

21-31.  "              — Limestone  No.  5   185 

32.  "  — Aux  Vases  Sandstone ]  50 

782 

33.  St.  Louis  Limestone 207 

Total  thickness 1289 

The  horizon  equivalent  to  the  Sparta  gas  sand  is  some- 
where in  No.  29.  The  Chester  Group  is  782  feet  thick, 
or  about  150  feet  more  than  is  indicated  by  the  borings 
at  Sparta. 

SECTION  XXXVII. 

Well  bored  at  Stellville  with  diamond  core  drill.  Record 
given  me  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Kingsbury,  who  has  taken  an  active 
part  in  promoting  and  keeping  records  of  drillings.  Sur- 
face about  450  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil  and  quicksand 60  feet. 

2.  Sandstone 48  ' 

3.  Limestone 0  '       5    inches. 

4.  Sandstone 2  "      7 

5.  Coal 0  "      5 

6.  Clay  shale 8  "      7 

7.  Sandy  shales  and  sandstone   5  '       6        " 

8.  Sandstone,  with  dark  streaks 2  " 

9.  Sandstone  and  sandy  shale 7 

10.  Soft  clay  shale 9     "      2  " 

11.  Striped  sandy  shale 1  foot  6  " 

12.  White  sandstone  and  striped  sandy  shale . .  3  feet    6  '* 

13.  Limestone..,                       0    "     4  " 


205 

14.  Striped  sandy  shale 1  foot. 

15.  Dark  clay  shale 9  feet. 

16.  White  sandstone 1  foot. 

17.  Dark  sandy  shale 4  feet. 

18.  Gray  sandstone 1  foot   3    inches. 

19.  Limestone 0  feet    4 

20.  Sandstone  and  sandy  shale 0    "      6        " 

21.  Dark  shale 8     " 

22.  Sandstone 3    "      6 

23.  Hard  rock 0    "      5 

24.  Striped  sandstone 10     '      6 

25.  Hard  rock , 0    "      6 

26.  White  and  gray  sandstone 11     "      (>        " 

27.  Limestone o    "      1        " 

28.  Sandstone 3    " 

29.  Dark,  coarse  sandstone 0    "      3 

30.  White  sandstone 34    "      2 

31.  Sandstone,  with  dark  nodules 1      ' 

32.  White  sandstone 12     " 

33.  Dark,  coarse  sandstone 1     " 

34.  Conglomerate 0    "      2 

35.  Coarse  sandstone 47     "     10 

Total  depth ;,00  feet. 

The  greater  part  o!  this  accurate  section  is  Conglom- 
erate, with  a  few  overlying  strata  of  the  Lower  Coal 
Measures  proper.  I  am  unable  to  draw  this  line  in  the 
record.  Possibly  No.  7  may  be  considered  the  top  of 
the  Conglomerate.  Even  an  examination  of  the  strata 
themselves  is  not  always  sufficient  to  decide,  as  the  sand- 
stones and  shales  of  the  two  formations  are  very  much 
alike.  In  fact,  we  may  very  much  doubt  the  utility  of 
attempting  to  separate  the  formations  in  the  Illinois  coal 
field,  though  in  the  Appalachian  coal  field  the  dividing 
line  is  easily  drawn. 


206 

Perry  County. 

The  line  of  the  section  passes  diagonally  through  the 
southwestern  corner  of  Perry  county.  No  exposures  were 
seen  near  the  line  of  the  section.  A  very  careful  and 
accurate  boring  made  on  the  line  of  the  Wabash,  Ches- 
ter &  Western  Railroad,  in  July,  1887,  at  Galum  creek, 
about  four  miles  northeast  of  the  line,  is  here  given,  to 
give  some  idea  of  the  character  of  the  strata  comprised 
in  the  lower  Coal  Measures  along  this  portion  of  the 
line.  The  record  has  been  previously  published  in  Geol. 
Sur.  111.,  VIII,  56. 

SECTION  XXXVIII. 

Boring  at  Galum  creek,  on  section  35,  township  5  south, 
range  4  west.  Surface  about  440  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil  and  clay 17  feet  6    inches. 

2.  Black  shale 1  foot  10 

3.  Dark  blue  limestone 8  feet  8        " 

4.  Black  shale 2     "  6 

5.  Coal  No.  6 5     "  10 

6.  Fire  clay .' 1  foot  6 

7.  Limestone 1     "  3 

8.  Soft  white  shale 2  feet  3        " 

9.  Light  gray  limestone 2     " 

10.  Sandy  shales 7     "     10 

11.  Hard  white  limestone 6     "      7        " 

12.  Hard  gray  shale 2 

13.  Hard  blue  limestone .  0 

14.  Coal  No.  5 4 

15.  Fire  clay 11  1 

16.  Limestone  0  9 

17.  Shale 2 

18.  Sandy  shale  and  sandstone 52 


19.    Blue  shale,  with  limestone  nodules  5 


20.  Fossilferous  limestone 1  foot  4 

21.  Black  shal       8  feet  3 

22.  CoalNo.4 3     "  1 

23.  Gray  clay  shale. .. 1  foot  8 

24.  Coal 0  feet  2 

25.  Dark  shale,  with  sulphur  nodules 2     "  4 

26.  Gray  shale  with  pyrites 0     "  9 


207 

27.  Gray  shale 0  feet  10    inches, 

28.  Black  shale,  with  limestone  nodules 6     "  2        " 

29.  Limestone 0     "  1  inch. 

30.  Shale 13     "  10   inches. 

31.  Black  shale 2     "  9 

32.  Coal  No.  3 2     "  2 

33.  Gray  shale 8      "  6        " 

34.  Limestone 0     "  9        " 

35.  Shale  a;  d  sandstone 3     "  9        " 

36.  Shales,  with  bands  of  sandstone  and  lime- 

stone   15     "  7        " 

37.  Shale 9     "  8 

38.  Coal  No.  2 1  foot  6 

39.  Green  clay  shale 0  feet  6        " 

40.  Limestone 0     "  11        " 

41.  CoalNo.2, 2     "  6 

42.  Fire  clay 1  foot  7        " 

43.  Gray  shale 0  feet  8        " 

44.  Sandy  limestone 0     "  8        " 

45.  Gray  shale 0     "  9        " 

46.  Dark  shale 0     "  5        " 

47.  Soft  coal  and  rock  mixed 0     "  9        " 

48.  .Brown    and    gray   shales,  with   limestone 

nodules 7     "  6        " 

49.  Shale 12     "  9 

50.  Sandstone 4     "  6 

51.  Black  shale,  fossilferous 1     "  11        " 

52.  CoalNo.l 3     "  5        " 

53.  Black  shale 0     "  5        " 

54.  Dark  sandy  shales 8     "  7        " 

55.  Gray  shale,  with  limestone  nodules 1  foot  9        " 

56.  Shale 13  feet  5 

57.  Coal 1  foot  7        " 

58.  Dark  shale,  with  limestone  nodules 2  feet  2        " 

59.  Sandy  gray  shales 6     "  9        " 

60.  Shale,  with  streaks  of  coal 5     "  5 

61.  Shale    28     "  9 

62.  White  sandstone,  with  streaks  of  coal 1  foot. 

63.  Coarse  sandstone 14  feet  8        " 

64.  Pebbly  conglomerate 1  foot. 

Total  thickness 344  feet. 

No.  63  marks  the  top  of  the  Conglomerate  Division  of 
the  Lower  Coal  Measures. 


208 

Jackson  County. 

This  is  another  very  interesting  county  from  a  geologi- 
cal standpoint.  The  outcropping  formations  are  given 
in  the  following  table  taken  from  the  Economical  Geology 
of  Illinois,  vol.  1,  p.  505. 

Lower  Coal  Measures,  including  conglomerate 500-GOO  feet. 

Chester  Group 800  " 

St.  Louis  Group  250  " 

Keokuk  Group 150  " 

Burlington  Limestone 100  " 

Hamilton  Group 40-75  " 

Corniferous  limestone 20-30  " 

Onondaga  limestone 60  " 

Oriskany  Gi  oup  (Clear  Creek  limestone) 250  " 

Lower  Helderberg  limestone. 200  " 

Along  the  line  of  the  section  the  outcropping  rocks 
are  Lower  Coal  Measures  exclusively.  The  Chester  Group 
occupies  a  large  area  in  the  western  and  northwestern 
parts  of  the  county,  and  the  lower  formations  a  rather 
email  area  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  county. 


SECTION  xxxix. 

Outcrops  along  the  line  of  the  Mobile  &  Ohio  Railroad 
between  Bryden  and  Ava,  on  sections  28  and  29,  town- 
ship 7  south,  range  3  west.  Top  of  section  about  550 
feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Heavy-bedded  sandstone 35  feet. 

2.  Shale  with  iron  concretions 25  " 

3.  Interval  not  exposed,  estimated  at 10  " 

4.  Shale 3  " 

5.  Shaly  sandstone 4  " 

6.  Sandstone 4  " 

7.  Shale 4  " 

8.  Sandstone  thinly  bedded 4  " 

9.  Sandstone  ledge 2  " 

10.  Shale  . .  4  " 


209 

11.  Sandstone,  heavy  bedded  with  traces  of 

plants 11  feet. 

12.  Shalo 4    " 

13.  Sandstone,  thinly  bedded 3    '' 

14.  Sandstone 5    " 

15.  Coal 8  inches  to  1  foot. 

16.  Shale  with  remains  of  plants 0  feet.      6  inches. 

17.  Sandstone 3    " 

Total  thickness 122  feet      6  inches. 

The  section  is  near  the  top  of  the  Conglomerate  and 
may  embrace  a  few  strata  belonging  to  the  Lower  Coal 
Measure  proper.  I  was  unable  to  determine  the  exact 
horizon. 

SECTION  XL. 

Boring  at  Murphysboro,  1888.  Record  kindly  fur- 
nished me  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Hull.  Surface  about  430  feet 
above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil  and  drift 98  feet. 

2.  Black  shale 27  " 

3.  Coal  No.  2 6  " 

4.  Blue  shale 20  " 

5.  Grav  sandstone  48  " 

6.  Gray  sandy  shale 67  " 

7.  White  sandstone 163  " 

8.  Blue  shale 118  " 

9.  Limestone  (?) 30  " 

10.  Light  blue  shale 20  " 

11.  Dark  shale 25  " 

12.  Limestone 3  " 

13.  Dark  blue  shale  10  " 

14.  Gray  limestone 18  " 

15.  Dark  blue  shale : 13  " 

16.  Limestone 54  " 

17.  Bituminous  shale 2  ( 

18.  Light  blue  shale 20  " 

19.  Gray  sandy  shale 16  " 

20.  Dark  blue  shale f 4  ' 

21.  Dark  sandy  shale 23  " 

-14 


210 

22.  Gray  limestone 5  feet. 

23.  Dark  limestone 10  " 

24.  Dark  blue  shale 25  " 

25.  Limestone 14  " 

26.  Dark  blue  shale 11  " 

27.  Dark  sandy  shale 13  " 

28.  Gray  sandstone 15  " 

29     Dark  limestone 12  " 

30.  Dark  blue  shale 44  " 

31.  Dark  limestone 4  " 

32.  Gray  limestone 30  " 

33.  Dark  limestone 22  •' 

34.  Blue  shale 15  " 

Total  depth 1005  feet. 

No.  9  is  certainly  an  error,  it  should  be  sandstone. 
Expressed  in  geological  terms  the  above  section  reads: 

Nos.  Feet. 

1.     Quaternary ...  98 

2-6.     Lower  Coal  Measures 168 

7-11.     Conglomerate 356 

12-14.     Chester  Group— Limestone  No.  1 31 

15.  —Shale 13 

16.  —Limestone  No.  2 54 

17-21.  —Sandy  shale 65 

22-23.  —Limestone  No.  3 15 

24.  — Lyropora  shale 25 

25.  —Limestone  No.  4 14 

26-28.  —Sandstone  and  shale , 39 

29-34.  —Limestone  No.  5 127 

383 

Total  thickness. .  1005 


SECTION  XLI. 

Boring  made  with  diamond  drill  in  1892,  near  Mur- 
physboro,  on  the  northwest  corner  of  the  southwest 
quarter  of  section  34,  township  8  south,  range  2  west. 
Record  furnished  by  Mr.  J.  D.  Peters,  the  accomplished 
superintendent  of  the  St.  Louis  Iron  &  Steel  Co.  Surface 
elevation  about  445  feet  above  sea  level. 


211 


1.  Clay  and  sand 86  feet. 

2.  Shale 30    "      6  inches. 

3.  Dark  blue  shale,  with  concretions 33    "      5        " 

4.  Coal  No.  2 6    "      4 

5.  Dark  blue  shale 15    " 

6.  Gray  sandstone 20    " 

7.  Blue  sandy  shale,  with  black  partings 3    " 

8.  Gray  sandy  shale,  with  black  partings 13    " 

9.  » Dark  sandy  shale,  with  black  partings 30    " 

10.  Bituminous  shale 9    " 

11.  Gray  sandy  shales,  with  black  partings 7    " 

12.  Brown  sandstone 69    " 

13.  Dark  shales,  with  sand  partings 35    " 

14.  Light  sandstone 5    " 

15.  Dark  shale,  with  sand  partings 21     " 

16.  Light  sandstone 46    " 

17.  Dark  shale,  with  sand  partings 3    " 

18.  Sandstone 6    " 

19.  Light  sandy  shale 5    " 

20.  Light  sandstone   51     " 

21.  Sandstone,  with  traces  of  coal 0    "      1  inch. 

22.  Light  sandstone 34    "     11  inches. 

23.  Dark  sandy  shale 3    " 

24.  Dark  blue  clay  shale 67    "      6      '• 

25.  Sandstone,  with  shale  partings 1  foot   6      " 

26.  Dark  blue  clay  shale 3  feet. 

27.  Sandstone,  with  shale  partings 45    " 

28.  Sandstone 9    " 

29.  Limestone 1  foot. 

30.  Blue  clay  shale,  with  sand  partings 5  feet. 

31.  Limestone 33    " 

32.  Dark  blue  clay  shale 10    " 

33.  Limestone 26    " 

34.  Clay  shale 9    " 

35.  Light  sandy  shale 23    "      6      " 

36.  Soft  coal  and  shale  mixed 1  foot    6      " 

37.  Sandstone 0  feet    6      " 

38.  Soft  coal  and  shale  mixed 1  foot    6      " 

39.  Light  sandy  shale 15  faet. 

40.  Sandstone,  with  streaks  of  coal 42    " 

41.  Limestone 1  foot. 

42.  Dark  clay  shale 5  feet. 

4.3.  Limestone  .  2    " 


212 

44.  Dark  clay  shale 5  feet. 

45.  Limestone 1  foot. 

46.  Dark  clay  shale 3  feet. 

47.  Light  limestone 11     " 

48.  Dark  clay  shale 5    " 

49.  Light  sandy  shale 2    " 

50.  Limestone..     5     " 

51.  Datk  clay  shale.   14    " 

Total  depth 881  feet. 

Expressed  geologically,  the  section  reads: 

Nos.  Feet. 

1.  Quaternary 86 

2-12.  Lower  Coal  Measures 237 

13-28.  Conglomerate '. 336 

29-31.  Chester  Group— Limestone  No.  1 , 39 

32.  —Shale 10 

33.  —Limestone  No.  2 ' 26 

34-40.  — Sandy  shale : 93 

41-45.  —Limestone  No.  3 14 

46-49.  — Lyropora  shale 21 

50-51.  — Limestone  No.  4 19 

222 

Total  thickness..  .  881 


SECTION  XLII. 

Outcrop  on  hillside  east  of  Makanda,  111.,  on  the  west 
half  of  section  27,  township  10  south,  range  1  west. 
Top  of  section  725  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil  and  clay 10  feet. 

2.  Conglomerate— Sandstone 150    " 

3.  "  — Shale  and  thin  ledges  of  sandstone. .      36    " 

4.  Concealed  to  level  of  railroad  track 52    '• 

Total  thickness 248  feet. 

About  a  mile  and  a  half  southeast  of  Makanda  and 
not  far  from  the  county  line,  near  the  top  of  the 
conglomerate  hill,  occurs  a  bit  of  picturesqueness,  which 
locally  had  received  the  name  "Giant  City".  It  consists 


213 

of  a  seri  s  of  chasms  or  clefts  varying  from  a  foot  to 
twelve  feet  wide,  and  in  depth  from  a  few  feet  to  thirty 
or  more,  intersecting  each  other  at  various  levels  and 
varying  angles.  Whether  this  unusual  structure  is  due 
to  erosive  or  other  agencies,  the  limited  examination  I 
could  give  failed  to  disclose. 

At  Moore,  two  miles  south  of  Makanda  on  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad,  the  conglomerate  sandstone  is  quar- 
ried; the  vertical  face  of  the  quarry,  all  white  sandstone 
of  excellent  quality,  measured  87  feet.  Some  of  the 
layers  are  slightly  stained  with  iron. 

Union  County. 

The  line  of  the  section  passes  not  far  from  the  middle 
of  the  county,  cutting  diagonally  the  townships  in  range 
7  west.  The  conglomerate  ridge  crossing  the  northern 
part  of  the  county  gives  it  an  almost  mountainous 
aspect.  Bald  Knob,  the  highest  elevation  in  southern 
Illinois,  is  about  five  miles  west  of  the  line.  The  forma- 
tions outcropping  are  very  much  the  same  as  in  Jackson 
county,  but  do  not  run  quite  so  high  up  in  the  series. 
The  following  formations  w.ere  identified  by  the  geolog- 
ical survey  of  the  state. 

Conglomerate  sandstone 200  feet. 

Chester  Group 800 

St.  Louis  Group 200-250 

Kinderhook 80-100 

Chemung  (black  slate) 40-60 

Hamilton  Group 60 

Cornif  erous 25 

Onondaga 60-90 

Oriskany  (Clear  creek) 200-250 

Lower  Helderberg 250 

No  deep  wells  have  come  to  my  knowledge  which  would 
throw  any  additional  light  upon  the  above.  A  well  566 
feet  deep  was  sunk  at  the  Southern  Illinois  Insane 


214 

Asylum,  but  no  record  was  found.  A  few  samples  pre- 
served showed  the  drill  to  have  passed  almost  entirely 
through  limestone,  probably  all  of  the  St.  Louis  Group, 
stopping  in  the  Warsaw  division.  If  this  interpretation 
is  correct,  though  it  is  little  more  than  guesswork,  the 
St.  Louis  Group  is  thicker  than  indicated  in  the  table 
of  formation  above. 

The  line  of  the  section  crosses  successively  the  Con- 
glomerate, the  Chester  and  the  St.  Louis,  the  other 
formations  being  confined  to  the  western  side  of  the 
county. 

SECTION  XLTII. 

Outcrop  three  and  one-fourth  miles  south  of  Makanda, 
111.,  not  far  from  the  center  of  section  9,  township  11 
south,  range  1  west.  Top  of  section  about  530  feet 
above  sea  level. 

1.  Thin  bedded  flaggy  sandstone  with  fossil  plants 7  feet. 

2.  Shale 5    " 

3.  Heavy  bedded  limestone,  (Chester  No.  1,)  with  charact- 

eristic fossils,  exposed 18    " 

Total  thickness 30  feet. 

This  section  shows  the  conformable  superposition  of 
the  Conglomerate  upon  the  Chester  Group. 

From  the  southwest  quarter  of  section  16,  township 
11  south,  range  1  west,  for  about  two  miles  to  Cobden, 
the  railroad  cuts  through  the  sandstone,  called  No.  2, 
in  the  geology  of  Union  county,  by  Prof.  \Vor then,  lying 
immediately  under  the  limestone  No.  1.  The  thickness 
of  the  sandstone  could  not  be  measured  as  the  exposures 
are  not  continuous.  The  sandstone  which  is  mostly 
micaceous,  lies  in  ledges  from  four  to  six  inches  thick. 

SECTION  XL1V. 

Outcrops  (not  continuous)  north  and  northeast  of 
Anna,  111.,  on  sections  8  and  17,  township  11  south,  range 
1  west.  Top  of  section  about  625  feet  above  sea  level. 


215 

1.  Limestone  in  ledges  from  one  to  twelve 

inches  in  thickness,  with  thin  shale  part- 
ings especially  near  the  bottom ;  charact- 
eristic Chester  fossils  abundant 30  feet 

2.  Shale,  somewhat  marly,  dark  green,  purple, 

and  chocolate  in  color,  with  numerous 
finely  preserved  bryozoa,  also  brachiopods 
usually  crushed  and  pentremites 20  " 

3.  Limestone  heavily  bedded 20     " 

4.  Sandstone  and  sandy  shale,  only  partially 

exposed — 

5.  Interval  not  exposed — 

6.  Limestone 6     " 

7.  Green  shale,  destitute  of  fossils 1      " 

8.  Limestone  with  few  fossils 8      ' 

9.  Sandy  layers,  only  partially  exposed — 

10.  Interval  not  exposed — 

11.  Limestone  becoming  leached — 

12.  Crystalline  limestone 2      "    8  inches. 

13.  Oolitic  limestone 0      "    5        " 

14.  Crystalline  limestone 2      "    8 

15.  Crystalline  limestone,  with  characteristic 

St.  Louis  Group  brachiopods  and  pentre- 
mites   15  " 

16.  Oolitic  limestone 5     " 

Nos.  1-9  belong  .to  the  Chester  Group,  Nos.  11-16  to 
the  St.  Louis  Group.  As  the  outcrops  were  not  con- 
tinuous there  was  no  way  of  determining  the  thickness 
of  the  basal  sandstone  of  the  Chester,  immediately  over- 
lying the  St.  Louis. 


Pulaski  County. 

The  area  of  this  county  is  occupied  almost  entirely  by 
two  formations,  the  St.  Louis  Group  and  the  Tertiary. 
No  records  of  deep  wells  or  borings  were  discovered.  The 
St.  Louis  consists  of  limestones  presenting  the  usual  char- 
acters. The  Tertiary  consists  mainly  of  clay,  micaceous 
sand  derived  from  decomposed  coal  measure  strata,  and 
a  ferruginous,  pebbly,  conglomerate. 


216 


SECTION  XLV. 

Outcrop  in  hillside  east  of  Pulaski,  111.,  near  the  center 
of  section  15,  township  15  south,  range  1  west.  Top  of 
section  about  455  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil,  loam  and  clay 59  feet. 

2.  Pebbly  conglomerate 8     " 

3.  Clay  shale,  bluish  and  drab 30    " 

4.  Sand 1  foot. 

5.  Impure  lignite 0    "      2-4  inches. 

6.  Drab  clay 1     " 

7.  Sand,  very  fine  and  white 12  feet. 

8.  Concealed  to  level  of  railroad  track,  prob- 

ably sand 4    " 

Total  thickness 115  feet        4  inches. 

SECTION  XLVI. 

Outcrops  in  the  vicinity  of  Caledonia,  111.,  on  section 
23,  township  15  south,  range  1  east.  Top  of  section 
about  400  feet  above  sea  level. 

1.  Soil  and  clay  (quaternary)  25-30  feet. 

2.  Pebbly  conglomerate 8-12  " 

3.  Clay  shale 35  " 

4.  Sandy  marl,  greenish  and  brownish 18  " 

5.  Ferruginous  sandstone 2-3  " 

6.  Bluish  marl 3  " 

7.  Purplish  marl  or  variegated  clay 6  " 

8;  Impure  lignite 2  " 

Total  thickness 109  feet. 

The  beds  underlying  No.  8  were  covered  by  the  high 
water  of  the  Ohio  river  which  was  about  32  feet  above 
low  water  mark  on  the  day  when  the  above  section  was 
measured.  In  both  the  preceding  sections  the  different 
deposits  succeeded  each  other  in  the  same  order.  Whether 
this  is  true  of  all  the  tertiary  deposits  in  this  end  of  the 
State,  or  whether  there  is  an  indiscriminate  commingling 
of  the  various  kinds  of  material,  my  field-work  was  too 
limited  to  determine. 


217 

In  sinking  the  piers  of  the  Illinois  Central  bridge  over 
the  Ohio  an  Exogyra  costata  was  found  in  excavating 
showing  that  the  Cretaceous  exists  under  the  bed  of  the 
Ohio;  but  no  outcrop  of  Cretaceous  has  ever  been  re- 
corded in  Illinois. 

In  the  course  of  this  work  one  thought  has  forced  itself 
upon  me  again  and  again.  If  only  the  State  could  be 
induced  to  undertake  a  series  of  borings  and  keep  care- 
ful and  exact  records  of  the  strata  penetrated,  our  knowl- 
edge of  the  geology  of  Illinois  would  gain  a  wonderful 
expansion.  There  can  hardly  be  a  doubt  but  that  such 
an  undertaking  would  be  in  the  highest  degree  beneficial 
even  from  a  utilitarian  and  economic  standpoint,  while 
from  a  scientific  standpoint  the  results  would  be  incal- 
culably valuable. 

ADDENDA. 

In  the  prosecution  of  the  work  the  following  additional 
sections  were  collected,  which  have  not  been  previously 
published. 

SECTION  XLVH. 

Shaft  of  coal  mine  and  boring  of  Centralia  Mining  and 
Manufacturing  Co.,  at  Centralia,  Marion  county.  The 
record  of  the  shaft  is  given  in  Geol.  Sur.  111.  VI,  5;  since 
publication  a  boring  with  a  diamond  core  drill  was  made 
from  the  bottom  of  the  shaft.  For  convenience  of  refer- 
ence and  comparison  with  the  next  section,  the  entire 
section  is  here  given: 

1.  Hard  pan 2  feet  6  inches. 

2.  Yellowclay 9    "  6       " 

3.  Clayshale 11    " 

4.  Blue  slate 47    " 

5.  Shale 0    "  8       " 

6.  Limestone 1  foot  6       " 

7.  Coal 0  feet  8 

8.  Blue  slate 24    "  6 

9.  Clayshale 2    " 


218 


10.  Limestone 5  feet     6  inches. 

11.  Hard  sandstone 5  " 

12.  Coal 0  "        2 

13.  Soft  sandstone 6  " 

14.  Coal 0  "        6       " 

15.  Sandstone 2  "        6 

16.  Coal 0  "        2       " 

17.  Clay  shale 4  " 

18.  Limestone 2  " 

19.  Sandstone 12  "        2       " 

20.  Blue  rock 1  foot     6       " 

21.  Fireclay 2  feet. 

22.  Clay  shale 15  "        6       " 

23.  Blue  slate 29  " 

24.  Limestone  (Shoal  Creek) 11  " 

25.  Shale 5  "        6       " 

26.  Coal 0  "        4 

27.  Clay  shale 4  " 

28.  Sandstone 10  " 

29.  Slate 50  " 

30.  Limestone 1  " 

31.  Shale 2  " 

32.  Clay  shale 3  " 

33.  Sandstone 24  " 

34.  Blue  slate 79  " 

35.  Coal 1  "        2       " 

36.  Coal  shale 3  " 

37.  Conglomerate  of  limestone 8  " 

38.  Light  colored  slate. 10  " 

39.  Sandstone f  6  " 

40.  Dark  colored  slate  43  " 

41.  Black  slate  with  carbonate  of  iron 0  "        6       " 

42.  Coal 0  "        H     " 

43.  Clay  shale  with  sulphite  of  iron 3  " 

44.  Soft  stratified  rock,  a  mixture  of  limestone, 

kidney  ore  and  fire  clay 11  " 

45.  Sandstone  with  sulphite  of  iron 1  foot. 

46.  Deep  black  slate 1  " 

47.  Fireclay 1  "        6       " 

48.  Gray  limestone 2  feet. 

49.  Variegated  shale 8  " 

50.  Coal 2  " 

51.  Marble  limestone 8  '• 

52.  Blue  shale..  2  " 


219 

63.  Gray  limestone 4  feet     6  inches. 

54.  Blackshale 2    "        6 

55.  Gray  limestone 4    " 

56.  Blackshale 12    " 

57.  Blue  limestone 7    " 

58.  Bituminous  shale 2    "        6£     " 

59.  Coal  (bottom  of  shaft  276  feet) 7    " 

60.  Sump,  fire  clay 10    " 

61.  Sand,  shale  and  lime  mixed 3    " 

62.  Lime  shale 1  foot     2       " 

63.  Coal  and  slate 0    "        4 

64.  Clay  shale 62  feet     6 

65.  Black  slate 5    " 

66.  Coal 2     "        2 

67.  Dark  clay  shale 2    "      10       " 

68.  Limestone 1  foot     4       " 

69.  Clay  shale 11  feet     8       " 

70.  Gray  slate 7    " 

71.  Sandy  shale 14    " 

72.  Clay  shale 3    "        3 

73.  Black  slate 0    "        9 

74.  Coal 1  foot     3 

75.  Soft  brown  fire  clay 3  feet     9       " 

76.  Conglomerate  limestone  and  shale 1  foot. 

77.  Sandy  shale 9  feet. 

78.  Dark  clay  shale 4    " 

79.  Black  slate 0    "        8       " 

80.  Coal 0    "        4 

81.  Gray  shale 1  foot. 

82.  Coal 0  foet     1  inch. 

83.  Sandy  shale 5    "      11  inches. 

84.  Dark  shale... 2    " 

85.  Black  slate 1  foot     2       " 

86.  Coal 1     "        3       " 

87.  Gray  shale 1    "        7       " 

88.  Sandy  shale 4  feet. 

89.  Gray  shale  with  limestone  partings 3    "        6       " 

90.  Coal 0    "        6       " 

91.  Gray  sandstone 5    " 

92.  Sandy  shale 2     " 

93.  Clayshalo 3     "        6       " 

94.  Coal 0     "         6 

95.  Fireclay 3    " 

96.  Clay  shale 2     " 


220 

inches. 


97. 

Black  slate  

..       1 

foot 

3 

98. 

Coal  

..       1 

« 

3 

99. 

Brown  clay  shale  

..       4 

feet 

6 

100. 

White  fire  clay  

..       1 

foot. 

101. 

Fire  clay  

..       3 

feet 

6 

102. 

Limestone  

..       1 

foot 

6 

103. 

Clay  shale  

..       2 

feet. 

104. 

Black  slate  

1 

foot 

7 

105. 

Coal  

..       6 

feet 

11 

106. 

Dark  shale  

1 

foot 

6 

107. 

Sandy  shale  

..     14 

feet. 

108. 

Sand&tone  

.  .     16 

« 

109. 

Gray  shale  

..       4 

" 

110. 

Clay  shale  

..     25 

« 

6 

111. 

Conglomerate  of  sand  and  boulders  

..       6 

" 

6 

112. 

Sandy  shale  

..       2 

« 

113. 

Clay  shale  

..     12 

" 

8 

114. 

Coal  

..       0 

« 

4 

115. 

Fire  clay  

0 

« 

2 

116. 

Clay  shale  

..       3 

11 

7 

117. 

Sandstone  

..     18 

« 

3 

Total  depth  ......................  886  feet. 


SECTION 

Log  of  Pittenger  &  Davis'  coal  shaft  at  Centralia,  111, 

1.  Hard  pan 3  feet. 

2.  Ked  clay 10  " 

3.  Red  clay  and  gravel 2  " 

4.  Blue  clay 10  " 

5.  Clay  shale, 5  " 

6.  Coal 0  "      10  inches. 

7.  Fireclay 2  "        6 

8.  Blue  shale 8  " 

9.  Blue  limestone 2  "        6       " 

10.  Blue  shale 6  " 

11.  Limestone 0  "        6 

12.  Fireclay 2  "        6 

13.  Sandy  shale (!  " 

14.  Blue  shale 50  " 

15.  Limestone 0  "        8       " 

16.  Coal..  0  "        8       " 


221 

17.  Fireclay 5  feet. 

18.  Blue  shale 50  " 

19.  Sandy  shale 10  " 

20.  Sandstone 75  " 

21.  Blue  shale 5  " 

22.  Limestone  (Shoal  creek) 10  " 

23.  Black  slate 3  " 

24.  Coal 0  "        6  inches. 

25.  Fireclay 2  "        6 

26.  Clay  shale 6  " 

27.  Blue  shale 53  " 

28.  Conglomerate  limestone 1  "        6       " 

29.  Black  shale 3  feet. 

30.  Limestone 0  "        6       " 

31.  Fireclay 2  "        6 

32.  Fire  clay  and  boulders 4  " 

33.  Sandy  shale 4  " 

34.  Clay  shale 6  " 

35.  Sandy  shale 10  " 

36.  Blue  shale 78  "        6       M 

37.  Coal 1  foot     2       " 

38.  Fireclay 1  "        8 

39.  Conglomerate  rock 2  feet. 

40.  Sandstone 2  " 

41.  Clay  shale 1  foot     6 

42.  Limestone 1  " 

43.  Blue  shale 10  feet. 

44.  Sandstone 36  " 

45.  Blue  shale 4  " 

46.  Sandy  shale. 2  " 

47.  Sandstone,  with  carbonate  of  iron 14  " 

48.  Sandy  shale 5  " 

49.  Dark  colored  shale 37  " 

50    Fireclay 1  "        6       " 

51.  Conglomerate  rock 1  "        6       ** 

52.  Clay  shale 8  " 

53.  Blackshale 0  "        6       " 

54.  Bed  fire  clay 6  " 

55.  Conglomerate  rock 1  "        6       " 

56.  Gray  limestone 5  " 

57.  Shale 3  " 

58.  Variegated  shale 1  "        6 

59.  Fireclay 4  " 

60.  Dark  colored  shale. ..  5  " 


222 

61.  Coal 3  feet     4  feet. 

62.  Fireclay 1  "        3       '• 

63.  Limestone 5  " 

64.  Shale 1  "        6       " 

65.  Gray  limestone 2  "        6       " 

66.  Blue  shale 3  " 

67.  Gray  limestone 1  "        8       " 

68.  Blue  shale 0  "        8 

69.  Coal 0  "        2       " 

70.  Black  rock 12  " 

71.  Dark  blue  rock 3  " 

72.  Black  shale 1  "        8       " 

73.  Coal 6  "        4       " 

74.  Sandstone  not  penetrated — 

Total  depth 637  feet     6  inch. 

SECTION  XLIX. 

Boring  at  Highland,  Madison  county,  111.,  for  the  High- 

land  Prospecting   Co.     Data   kindly   furnished    by    Mr. 
George  Roth. 

1.  Soil  and  drift 66  feet. 

2.  Limestone 4  "        6  inches. 

3.  Black  slate • 3  " 

4.  Fire  clay 7  " 

5.  Clay  shale 16  "        6      " 

6.  Black  shale 6  " 

7.  Brown  limestone 28  " 

8.  Shale 55  " 

9.  Sandstone 73  " 

10.  Blue  clay  shale 10  " 

11.  Fireclay 10  " 

12.  Bedrock 2  " 

13.  Limestone 22  " 

14.  Shale 5  " 

15.  Sandstone 12  " 

16.  Shalo 12  "        6     " 

17.  Sandstone G  " 

18.  Shale 20  " 

19.  Sandstone 39  " 

20.  Shale 20  " 

21.  Sandstone  ..  40  " 


223 

22.  Black  shale 6  feet. 

23.  Sandstone 6    " 

24.  Black  shale 35    " 

25.  Coal 1  foot  10  inches. 

26.  Fire  clay 10  feet. 

27.  Shell  sandstone 5     " 

28.  Coal 1  foot     2      " 

29.  Fireclay 4  feet      6      " 

30.  Black  shale 55     " 

31.  Sandstone  25     " 

32.  Black  shale 25     " 

33.  Shale 75    " 

34.  Limestone 4    " 

35.  Shale 30    " 

36.  Sandstone 29     " 

37.  Shale 27    " 

38.  Brown  limestone 6    " 

39.  Shale 4    " 

40.  Limestone 8     " 

41.  Bedstone... 2     " 

42.  Shale 4    " 

43.  Sandstone 8     " 

44.  Shale 3    " 

45.  Brown  sandstone 20    " 

46.  Bedstone 12    " 

47.  Shale 6    " 

48.  Brown  sandstone 19    " 

49.  Green  sandy  shale 15    " 

50.  Green  sandstone  18    " 

51.  White  sandstone 92    "        6     " 

52.  Limestone 75    " 

Total  depth 1089  feet      0  inches. 


-15 


ARCHAEOLOGY. 


BY  PROF.   WM.   MCADAMS. 


f!HE  Stone  Age  in  the  region  now  occupied  by  the 
State  of  Illinois  began  long  ages  ago.  There  seems 
to  be  some  evidence,  possibly,  of  indigenous  man  who 
inhabited  caves  and  cliff  shelters  about  our  rivers  and 
streams.  At  least  there  seems  to  have  been  a  very  prim- 
itive people  but  little  above  the  wild  beasts  with  which 
they  fought  for  the  possession  of  these  shelters, 


'Cave  Men  fighting  for  their  Homes. 

Their  bones  are  found  buried  together  in  the  debris  of 
ages  ago.  What  the  weapons  of  these  early  people  were, 
we  can  only  conjecture,  may  be  only  a  stone  or  the  por- 
tion of  the  branch  of  a  tree.  Accident,  or  perhaps  the 

227 


228 

dim  promptings  of  some  brighter  savage  mind  may  have 
brought  the  two  together,  and  the  branch  was  fastened 
to  the  stone. 

It  is  singular  that  primitive  man  all  over  the  world 
should  have  used  similar  weapons. 

The  spear  followed  the  stone  axe,  and  in  course  of  time 
came  the  bow  and  arrows.  Of  course  from  the  beginning 
to  the  end  of  the  Stone  Age  there  was  great  improvement 
from  the  very  rude  to  the  more  finished  specimens. 

In  order  that  the  student  may  have  a  comprehensive 
view  of  the  Stone  Age  of  Illinois,  he  must  understand  that 
the  age  was  a  very  long  one,  probably  several  thousand 
years,  and  that  in  all  this  time  smelting  was  unknown 
here,  and  no  metal  was  used  except  a  comparatively  small 
quantity  of  native  copper. 

But  the  objects  manufactured  from  stone  in  the  region 
of  Illinois  were  so  varied,  and  had  such  a  wide  range  of 
application,  that  we  think  there  is  not  another  place  in 
the  world  that  can  show  such  a  variety  of  forms.  From 
the  more  primitive  and  rude  of  our  specimens  to  the 
more  elaborate  productions  of  our  Stone  Age  is  a  long 
way,  and  perhaps  no  people  went  farther,  for  we  are  able 
to  show  from  the  mounds  of  our  State  as  fine,  polished, 
chipped  stone  implements  as  we  have  seen  from  Europe. 

In  preparing  the  Archaeological  Collection  for  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  we  were  allowed  by  the 
Commission  ample  opportunitj7  to  visit  different  parts  of 
the  State  to  observe  and  study  various  private  collec- 
tions. From  some  of  these  collections  we  obtained,  by  pur- 
chase or  otherwise,  some  very  choice  objects.  We  also 
made  an  interesting  series  of  photographs  of  these  col- 
lections. We  also  had  opportunity  to  do  some  exploring 
in  the  mounds.  A  selection  from  these,  as  well  as  from 
those  we  had  collected  for  the  State  in  previous  years, 
made  one  of  the  choicest  and  most  representative  col- 
lections we  have  ever  seen  exhibited. 


229 

In  our  history  and  description  of  the  objects  in  the 
State  exhibit  in  the  beautiful  cases  in  the  Illinois  Building 
at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  we  may  digress 
occasionally  for  the  sake  of  comparison  or  analogy,  as 
well  as  for  suggestions  germane  to  the  subject.  We  shall 
do  this  with  a  confidence  which  more  than  thirty  years' 
work  in  field-investigations  has  given  us. 

Stone  Objects  Used  as  Tools* 

The  Stone  Age  of  Illinois  is  represented  by  a  great 
variety  of  forms  both  in  flint  and  granitic  rocks  that  were 
used  as  tools  and  not  as  weapons.  One  of  the  most 
common  of  the  ancient  tools  is  the  grooved  axe.  Of 
these  there  are  a  great  variety  of  forms,  especially  in  the 
valley  of  the  Illinois  river.  One  of  the  most  common  of 
these  is  shown  in  the  engraving. 


Grooved  Stone  Axe. 


230 

They  were  evidently  designed  to  chop  with,  the  sharp- 
ened edge  as  well  as  to  use  the  poll  or  rounded  end  for 
hammering.  They  are  made  mostly  of  some  varieties  of 
granite  found  among  the  drift  rocks  so  very  plentiful  in 
the  glacial  deposits  of  central  and  northern  Illinois. 
No  doubt  a  stone  was  selected  from  the  drift  gravels  as 
near  as  could  be  found  of  the  right  shape,  and  the  edge 
as  well  as  the  groove  and  pattern  of  the  implement  was 
formed  by  a  continued  and  persistent  picking  with  the 
point  of  another  hard  stone.  Many  times  we  have 
found  these  axes  plainly  showing  the  pick  marks.  Often 
one  is  found  that  shows  that  it  had  been  broken  and  it 
has  been  repaired  or  formed  in  a  new  shape  by  picking. 
Sometimes  one  is  seen  that  had  been  used  until  it  was 
quite  smooth  and  the  edge  quite  blunt  and  fresh  pick- 
marks  on  the  smooth  surface  plainly  show  it  was  under- 
going a  change  in  shape. 

Another  very  common  form  has  one  side  of  the  instru- 
ment made  straight,  and  this  edge  is  often  slightly  hol- 
lowed out  so  as  to  fit  up  against  the  end  of  the  haft. 


Grooved  Stone  Axe. 

Oftentimes  this  form  is  made  with  great  care  and 
nicety,  out  of  the  most  obdurate  greenstone  or  some  of 
the  dioritic  granites.  Some  of  the  finest  grooved  axes 
we  have  seen  are  of  this  form.  One  of  granite  in  the 
State  Collection  is  most  excellently  fashioned  and  weighs 


231 

about  sixteen  pounds.  We  saw  another  splendid 
axe  of  this  form  that  weighed  twenty-three  pounds — 
it  is  sixteen  inches  *  long  and  nine  inches  wide — it 
is  also  of  granite.  Both  specimens  were  found  on  the 
bank  of  the  Illinois  river  near  Peoria.  We  had  in  our 
possession  still  another  fine  axe  of  this  form,  nearly  the 
same  size  of  the  preceding,  but  the  sides  both  above  and 
below  the  groove  were  nicely  hollowed  out  so  as  to  be 
quite  thin.  It  weighs  about  fifteen  pounds,  is  of  granite, 
and  was  found  on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi  in  Madi- 
son county,  near  Alton.  This  is  the  finest  grooved  axe  we 
have  seen. 

In  the  State  Collection  is  an  excellent  grooved  axe  of 
this  form  made  of  hematite.  This  beautiful  specimen, 
which  was  found  in  Calhoun  county,  is  polished  over  its 
entire  surface.  It  weighs  twelve  pounds. 

It  is  not  uncommon  to  find  axes  made  of  iron  ore. 

Another  form  of  grooved  axe,  of  which  we  have  seen 
several  in  the  State,  has  an  extremely  long  bit  like  a 
more  modern,  but  obsolete,  post  axe  for  making  a  mor- 
tise. They  are  rare. 

Still  other  forms  of  grooved  axes  found  in  the  State 
are  flat  on  one  side  like  an  adz,  and  we  have  seen  a  few 
with  the  bit  hollowed  out  like  a  gouge. 


Stone  Gouge. 


Ordinarily,  the  grooved  axes  weigh  five  or  six  pounds, 
but  some  are  very  much  larger  and  some  much  smaller. 


232 

As  before  remarked,  I  am  inclined  to  think  none  of 
them  were  weapons. 

Besides  what  are  termed  axes,  there  are  several  varie- 
ties of  grooved  implements  known  as  hammer  stones. 
In  some  of  them  the  groove  is  lengthwise,  but  in  most 
of  the  specimens  it  is  lateral.  Along  the  Illinois  river 
we  have  found  a  number  of  large  grooved  stones,  oval 
in  shape  and  weighing  fifteen  or  twenty  pounds.  These 
are  generally  called  anchors  and  were  possibly  used  in 
fishing. 


Hafted  Weapon. 

Among  the  grooved  stones  is  another  form,  generally 
nearly  as  large  as  a  goose  egg,  which  was  possibly  an- 
ciently used  as  the  head  of  a  weapon.  They  were  gen- 
erally made  with  much  nicety  and  frequently  of  quartzite. 
Near  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  river  in  Jersey  and 
Calhoun  counties,  where  quartz  geodes  are  numerous,  we 
have  seen  hundreds  of  these  balls,  some  grooved,  others 
not,  that  have  been  worked  out  of  solid  geodes. 


Grooved  Hammer  Stones. 


233 

We  have  seen  a  few  stone  axes  with  the  groove  in  the 
middle,  and  a  bit  or  edge  on  both  ends.  One  of  these 
from  Jersey  county  was  a  most  beautiful  stone  imple- 
ment, and  had  probably  been  a  weapon.  They  are  not 
common,  and  we  have  seen  less  than  a  dozen  in  the 
State.  Besides  the  grooved  implements  there  is  a  large 
variety  of  axes  and  implements  without  grooves. 


Celt,  or  ungrooved  Axe. 

The  ungrooved  axe  is  known  generally  as  a  celt.  The 
celt  is  very  common  in  Illinois.  They  were  probably 
used  by  being  inserted  in  a  club  or  handle.  Some  of 
these  were  doubtless  weapons,  but  many  were  tools  for 
various  purposes.  Most  of  the  celts,  like  the  grooved 
axes,  were  made  from  glacial  pebbles  and  rocks  found  in 
the  beds  of  streams.  They  are  mostly  of  granitic  rocks 
and  rarely  of  quartzite.  Some  of  the  larger  specimens 
are  made  with  great  nicety,  and  very  many  of  the  smaller 
ones  are  nicely  shaped.  Most  of  them  were  probably 
made  by  the  picking  process.  In  fact  we  have  had  a  num- 


234 

her  of  specimens  in  which  the  pick  marks  still  remain  as 
though  purposely  left  as  far  as  the  object  was  to  be  in- 
serted in  the  handle.  In  the  State  Collection  are  some 
fine  specimens  of  Illinois  celts. 

In  the  great  "American  Bottom"  there  is  common  a  pe- 
culiar form  of  very  large  celt,  often  weighing  fifteen 
pounds  or  more,  that  has  a  blunt  edge  as  though  it  had 
been  used  in  the  manner  of  a  pestle.  A  few  of  these 
large  celts  are  found  along  the  Illinois  river.  One  fine 
specimen  shown  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  we 
obtained  near  Peoria.  Two  other  large  specimens  in  the 
State  Collection  were  found  on  the  bank  of  Cahokia 
creek,  in  Madison  county.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  find 
small  celts  made  of  hematite  along  the  Illinois  river. 

In  the  collection  was  one  fine  celt  of  quartzite,  and  we 
have  seen  a  few  others  all  from  the  Illinois  river.  They 
have  been  made  with  great  labor,  and  must  have  been 
highly  prized.  One  of  these  exquisitely  wrought  quartzite 
celts  we  took  from  an  ancient  mound  in  Calhoun  county. 
They  possibly  all  belonged  to  the  ancient  mound-builders. 


Celt. 

There  is  another  form  of  celt  or  battle  axe  that  was 
first  chipped  from  a  choice  piece  of  flint  or  chert,  and 
then  the  chipping  scars  or  marks  all  ground  off,  making 
a  polished  flint  implement  of  exquisite  beauty.  One  of 
these  we  took  from  an  ancient  mound  in  Jersey  county. 


235 

It  was  eleven  inches  long.  Another  we  took  from  a 
mound  in  Madison  county.  All  we  have  seen  were  taken 
from  mounds  in  Illinois. 


Ground  Flint  Battle  Axe. 

Another  rare  form  of  these  battle  axes  as  shown  in 
the  State  Collection  at  the  Fair,  is  made  of  a  variety  ol 
black  diorite  or  horn-blendic  granite,  and  paddle-shaped, 
with  a  long  handle.  We  took  these  from  ancient  mounds 
in  Madison,  Jersey  and  Woodford  counties,  in  Illinois. 
One  of  these  splendid  stone  implements  was  over  a  foot 
in  length,  and  the  others  but  little  shorter.  We  have 
seen  none  of  these,  except  from  Illinois.  These  imple- 
ments belong  to  the  older  mounds,  but  not  from  the 
same  class  of  mounds  to  which  the  grooved  flint  celts 
belong. 

Both  the  grooved  axes  and  celts  of  Illinois  differ 
materially  from  those  found  in  the  Eastern  States, — and 
in  any  large  collection  from  Illinois,  one  can  easily  sepa- 
rate types  that  quite  possibly  belong  to  different  peoples 
that  have  succeeded  each  other  in  course  of  time.  So 
also  do  the  stone  axes  of  Illinois  differ  from  those  of 
Mexico,  as  well  as  from  those  of  the  cliff-dwellers  and 
Pueblos.  It  might  be  remarked,  too,  that  they  differ 
from  the  stone  axes  of  Europe,  especially  from  those  of 
Northern  Europe.  We  have  no  perforated  stone  axes 


236 

like  those  of  Sweden  and  Denmark.  We  have  never  yet 
seen  in  the  Mississippi  valley,  or  in  the  United  States, 
any  of  the  peculiar  type  of  the  stone  axe  of  the  Vikings 
or  Northern  Sea  Bovers. 


Perforated  Ceremonial  Stone  Object. 

While  we  have  no  representative  of  the  European  per- 
forated stone  axe,  we  have  a  numerous  class  of  drilled 
and  perforated  ceremonial  stones  that  can,  however, 
hardly  be  classed  as  weapons.  Whether  our  later  Indians 
used  any  of  these  ceremonial  stones  we  have  little  evi- 
dence. They  nearly  all  belonged,  quite  possibly,  to  the 
older  mound-building  races.  These  beautiful  relics  are, 
for  the  most  part  finely  and  symmetrically  shaped  and 
well  polished.  They  were  too  small  to  have  been  weapons, 
and  were  doubtless  made  with  great  labor  and  almost 
inconceivable  patience,  for  some  sort  of  ceremonial  pur- 
pose. 


Ceremonial  Stone. 


In  the  State  Display  at  the  Fair  were  a  number  of 
these  objects  of  pink  quartzite  that  were  very  gems  of 
the  strange  productions  of  the  stone  age.  While  the 
greater  part  of  the  finer  of  these  objects  are  of  quartzite, 


237 

some  are  made  of  a  striped  or  variegated  slate.  That 
anybody  without  tools  could  simply  grind  and  rub  down 
a  piece  of  such  obdurate  stone  as  quartzite  or  jasper  into 
a  symmeterically  formed  object  of  a  known  design,  is 
remarkable  chiefly  as  showing  their  patience  as  well  as 
skill.  Time,  of  course,  was  without  limit.  That  they 
should  drill  holes  in  these  hard  objects  is  not  so  remark- 


Perforated  Ceremonial  Stone. 

able  as  is  the  working  them  into  shape.  One  might 
take  a  reed  or  hollow  cane,  and  with  sand  and  water  by 
continual  turning,  make  an  impression  on  almost  any 
stone  except  the  diamond. 

The  incentive  to  manufacture  these  objects  is,  of 
course,  unknown  to  us,  but  must  have  been  a  most 
powerful  one.  Possibly  they  were  carried  to  designate 
some  peculiar  position  the  wearer  held  in  the  tribe  or 
nation.  They  may  have  had  a  religious  significance,  for 
it  seems  to  be  well  established  that  some  of  the  mound 
building  races  had  very  much  better  and  more  definitely 
organized  religious  ideas  than  have  our  modern  Indian. 
At  any  rate  these  peculiar  ceremonial  stones  stand  to- 
day as  the  highest  examples  of  stone  carving,  or  rather 
of  stone  working,  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  this 
region,  or  of  the  continent. 

Another  class  of  stone  objects  very  common  in  Illinois, 
and  of  which  there  was  a  splendid  assortment  in  the  State 
Display,  are  the  discoid al  stones  and  the  objects  of  kin- 
dred shape.  They  have  been  made  of  many  varieties  of 


238 

rock,  and  we  have  seen  a  few  of  baked  clay,  bat  they  are 
most  commonly  made  of  the  same  glacial  granites  of 
which  the  axes  are  formed.  Occasionally  one  is  seen  of 
quartzite,  and  we  have  collected  a  few  of  pure  quartz.  In 
these  objects  there  is  a  great  variety  of  forms  and  sizes. 
The  common  form,  however,  is  a  disk  with  depressed  sides. 


Discoids. 


239 

The  most  of  these  discs  have  been  made  with  a  great 
amount  of  labor,  especially  those  from  the  granite  and 
quartzite  rocks.  They  are  more  common  in  Illinois  than 
perhaps  in  any  other  region.  We  have  had  as  many  as 
a  hundred  at  a  time.  There  has  been  much  discussion 
as  to  their  uses,  and  we  may  as  well  admit  that  the 
purpose  for  which  they  were  made  is  unknown  to  us. 
There  is  a  very  large  and  peculiar  variety  found  in  Ten- 
nessee and  other  Southern  States  that  is  thought  to  have 
been  used  to  play  some  kind  of  game;  but  the  great  major- 
ity of  those  found  in  Illinois  are  much  smaller  and  so  dif- 
ferent from  those  from  Tennessee,  that  the  idea  of  their 
being  gaming  stones  has  been  abandoned.  They  have 
been  called  medicine-stones  or  cups  in  which  medicines 
have  been  mixed,  but  still  we  have  many  fine  specimens 
that  have  a  perforation  in  which  the  two  depressions 
are  joined.  Some  of  those  from  Illinois  are  exquisitely 
made  of  granite,  quartz  or  jasper.  We  have  seen  a  num- 
ber that  were  no  larger  in  circumference  than  some  of 
our  small  silver  coins,  and  those  the  size  of  a  silver  dollar 
are  quite  common.  On  several  occasions  we  have  found 
them  in  mounds,  and  generally  in  pairs  of  opposite 
colors.  Several  were  shown  in  the  Illinois  collection  that 
had  in  the  center  of  the  depression,  deeply  carved  on  both 


Discoids. 

sides,  the  figure  of  a  cross,  thus,  (X).  Those  thus  figured 
were  made  of  white  limestone,  and  were  found  buried  in 
the  mound  with  the  remains  of  children. 


240 

It  may  be  well  to  remark  that  we  have  never  found  a 
discoidal  stone  in  any  of  the  more  ancient  mounds,  nor 
in  the  mounds  of  the  Cahokia  type.  They  are  not  un- 
common, however,  in  the  mounds  of  later  date  along 
the  Illinois  river. 

Why  the  ancient  stone- workers  should  not  have  made 
discoids  out  of  hematite,  which  was  so  common,  and 
which  would  have  made  such  fine  ones,  is  a  question 
which  has  occurred  to  us. 

Plummets  and  Pendants. 

There  is  another  class  of  stone  objects  very  common 
in  Illinois,  and  of  which  we  had  a  fine  assortment  in  our 
State  Exhibit,  which  are  called  plummets  or  pendants. 


Like  the  discoids,  there  has  been  much  discussion  as 
to  the  uses  of  these  objects.  They  are  plentiful  in  the 
Illinois  river  valley.  They  are  usually  from  two  to  three 


241 

or  four  inches  in  length,  and  pear-shaped,  some  having 
a  crease  about  the  smaller  end,  or  sometimes  a  perfora- 
tion. They  are  mostly  made  of  hematite,  and  these  are 
generally  the  most  artistic  in  finish;  but  we  have  found 
them  made  of  granite,  quartzite  and  of  limestone.  What 
the  ancient  people  did  with  these  objects  we  cannot  even 
conjecture,  but  of  one  thing  we  are  certain,  they  put 
oftentimes  a  great  amount  of  labor  on  their  manufacture. 
Manjr  of  those  of  hematite  were  elegantly  shaped  and 
highly  polished.  Many  of  these  pendants  had  a  slight 
crease  about  the  smaller  end,  as  if  for  suspension,  but 
nearly  always  the  depression  was  so  slight  that  one  was 
inclined  to  wonder  what  kind  of  a  thread  that  would  go  in 
so  small  a  crease  would  suspend  such  a  heavy  object.  But 
perhaps  they  were  not  suspended.  Other  specimens  have 
a  perforation  at  the  smaller  end.  While  the  majority  of 
these  objects  are  of  hematite,  there  are  many  others 
along  the  Illinois  river  of  various  kinds  of  stone.  We 


Perforated  Pendant. 

have  collected  some  made  of  granite.  One  especially  nice 
one  of  granite,  about  five  inches  long  with  a  perforation 
at  the  smaller  end,  we  found  near  some  ancient  mounds 

of  the  Ohio  type,  on  the  Illinois  river. 
—16 


242 


One  beautiful  specimen  of  these  perforated  plummets, 
made  apparently  of  quartz  crystal,  was  taken  from  a 
mound  of  the  Cahokia  group.  In  this  mound  was  also 
a  perforated  tube  made  from  a  large  quartz  crystal  that 
still  had  some  of  the  six-sided  faces  upon  it  that  quartz 
crystals  have.  But  for  this  we  might  have  committed 
the  very  grave  error  of  pronouncing  the  specimen  to 
have  been  made  of  glass.  We  have  never  found  a  hem- 
atite plummet  in  the  mounds  we  class  as  very  ancient. 
They  are  not  uncommon  in  the  mounds  along  the  Illinois 
river. 

In  a  large  mound  at  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  river  we 
examined  a  number  of  plummet-like  stones  of  limestone, 
with  a  crease  about  the  smaller  end,  that  were  square  at 
the  base  and  pointed  like  a  pyramid.  They  were  made 
of  white  limestone,  had  been  polished  and  were  about  three 
inches  long.  All  our  theories  in  regard  to  the  use  of 
these  plummets  or  pendants  we  have  finally  discarded  as 
unsatisfactory. 

Besides  the  plummet-shaped  objects,  there  were  many 
other  objects  of  stone  with  one  or  more  perforations  for 


suspension  or  attachment  to  the  person  or  dress.  These 
are  often  found,  like  the  axes  and  other  stone  implements, 
in  the  fields  where  the  plow  turns  them  to  the  surface. 
There  is  a  common  type  in  a  sort  of  tablet  shape. 


243 

After  much  discussion  it  is  not  satisfactorily  settled 
among  antiquarians  whether  these  objects  were  tools  to 
use  in  the  manufacture  of  something,  or  whether  they 
were  simply  ornaments.  There  is  in  the  State  Collection 
several  of  these  perforated  objects  made  of  a  sort  of 
striped  slate,  and  quite  attractive  as  aboriginal  objects 
of  stone.  These  objects  are  not  nearly  so  plentifully  found 
in  Illinois  as  in  Indiana  and  Ohio.  Almost  every  collec- 
tion in  Indiana  contains  some  of  these  objects  of  striped 
slate.  We  have  not  found  them  in  any  of  our  ancient 
mounds. 

One  curious  form  of  objects  of  this  class  found  quite 
often  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  but  very  rarely  in  Illinois,  is 
a  sort  of  hollowed-out  stone,  somewhat  like  a  miniature 
boat. 


These  have  near  each  end  a  perforation  as  though  for 
the  purpose  of  attachment.  We  have  seen  but  few  of 
these  in  Illinois  and  all  were  found  along  the  Illinois 
river.  Those  shown  in  the  State  Exhibit  were  found 
along  the  Mississippi  bluff  in  Madison  county. 

Another  form  of  stone  implements  quite  common  to 
Illinois,  and  of  which  some  fine  specimens  were  shown  in 
the  State  Exhibit  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exhibition, 
were  mortars  and  pestles.  The  depression  in  many  of  these 
mortars  is  shallow  and  not  very  large,  and  quite  often 
the  stone,  which  is  usually  an  oblong,  glacial  boulder 
flattened  on  two  sides,  will  contain  a  depression  on 
either  side.  We  have  never  found  in  Illinois  any  mortars 
worked  out  in  the  shape  of  a  bowl,  like  those  from  Cali- 
fornia, about  Los  Angeles  and  elsewhere. 


244 


Pestles  are  common,  but  in  many  instances  so  much 
more  elaborately  made  than  the  stone  mortars  that  it 
is  possible  that  wooden  mortars  were  used,  or  a  natural 
depression  in  ledge  or  ledge  rock  taken  advantage  of. 

Along  the  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi,  in  Madison  county, 
we  have  found  some  fine  pestles  all  made  of  limestone, 
and  generally  a  foot  or  more  in  length  and  three  or 
four  inches  in  diameter. 


Some  of  these  long  pestles  are  made  very  round  and 
true  with  much  care  and  labor.  The  common  pestle,  so 
familiar  as  a  relic  in  Ohio,  with  a  short  hand-hold  and 
a  wide,  flaring  base,  is  very  rare  in  the  State  of  Illinois. 


A  laree  Mound  in  the  American  Uottoin,  Madison  County,  111. 

Under  the  head  of  pestles  or  rubstones  might  possibly 
be  classed  a  form  in  the  shape  of  a  very  short  cone, 
with  a  flat  base.  We  have  found  numbers  of  these  on  the 
Illinois  river.  They  are  usually  made  of  hematite  and  are 
symmetrically  made  and  highly  polished.  They  are  gen- 
erally called  rubstones.  We  have  seen  numbers  of  them 
made  of  other  hard  stones  besides  iron  ore. 


245 

Quite  a  variety  of  relics  of  stone  are  met  with  that  from 
their  remarkably  smooth  appearance  would  suggest  their 
being  used  as  rubbing  stones.  Still  others  have  been 
made  for  purposes  now  not  known. 

Occasionally  one  finds  a  curious  tube  made  of  stone. 
Some  of  these  tubes  are  doubtless  pipes.  One  of  the 
finest  pipes  we  have  seen  in  Illinois,  with  the  figure  of  a 
bird  carved  upon  it,  is  simply  a  tube. 

There  are  other  tube-shaped  objects  not  uncommon 
that  were  used  most  probably  in  some  part  of  observ- 
ances either  of  a  religious  character  or  by  the  medicine 
men.  One  of  the  prettiest  objects,  and  which  we  placed 
in  the  latter  class,  we  obtained  under  the  bluff  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Great  Cahokia  Mound.  It  was  a  tube 
some  four  inches  long  and  flattened  on  one  side.  It  was 
found  in  one  of  the  mounds  near  by.  When  we  first  saw 
it  we  thought  it  to  be  of  glass,  and  of  course  of  modern 
manufacture,  but  on  closer  examination  we  discovered  it 
to  be  made  out  of  quartz  crystal  and  the  original  faces 
of  the  crystal  could  still  be  traced  near  one  end.  The 
hole  bored  through  this  crystal  was  about  three-quart- 
ers of  an  inch  in  diameter.  From  a  mound  on  the  Illi- 
nois river  we  took  another  tube-sha.ped  object  made  of 
gypsum,— the  hole  through  this,  however,  was  tapering 
and  we  always  thought  it  to  be  some  kind  of  pipe. 

Pipes. 

There  is  no  class  of  objects  of  ancient  production  more 
interesting  than  the  aboriginal  pipes. 

It  would  seem  that  all  the  skill  and  ingenuity  in  stone 
carving  among  the  ancient  people  of  Illinois  are  shown 
in  the  manufacture  of  their  pipes.  We  call  them  pipes 
because  we  think  they  smoked  them,  but  I  have  doubts 
if  any  of  these  objects  were  ever  used  as  we  use  a  pipe 
for  the  narcotic  influence  of  tobacco.  We  have  taken 


246 

many  pipes  from  mounds  and  handled  many  scores  of 
others  from  mounds,  but  have  yet  to  see  a  real  mound 
pipe  that  seemed  to  show  any  evidence  of  much  use,  in 
the  way  of  tooth  marks  or  wear  in  the  bowl  such  as  one 
of  our  modern  types  exhibits  after  any  extended  use. 
Those  from  the  mounds  generally  have  a  new  appearance, 
even  to  the  markings  in  the  boring  of  the  cavity  for  the 
bowl.  It  is  possible,  it  is  true,  that  new  pipes  might 
have  been  buried  with  the  body  of  the  departed,  but  in 
the  surface  finds  we  have  failed  to  see  an  ancient  pipe 
with  a  burned  and  worn  bowl.  In  the  very  fine  collec- 
tion of  ancient  pipes  in  the  Illinois  Exhibit  not  one 
showed  much  sign  of  continued  use  in  any  way.  We  are 
inclined  to  think  the  ancient  pipe  was  simply  an  object 
to  perform  religious  ceremony  by  making  smoke  which 
was  connected  with  some  worship,  fire  and  smoke  being 
representative  of  their  divinity.  Pipes,  we  believe,  more 
than  any  other  stone  implements,  are  typical  of  the 
people  who  used  them. 

In  the  State  Exhibit  were  four  good  stone  pipes 
taken  by  us  from  a  large  mound  on  the  Illinois  river. 
In  the  mound  was  a  great  number  of  skeletons,  but  we 
would  have  been  greatly  surprised  if  we  had  found  in 
that  mound  a  single  curved  base  pipe  like  those  of  Ohio. 
Yet  in  the  same  vicinity  on  the  bank  of  the  Illinois,  we 
explored  another  large  mound  and  in  the  basin  of  burned 
clay  we  found  a  pipe  of  the  type  we  expected  to  see, 
almost  exactly  like  those  found  by  Morehead  in  the 
Hopewell  mound. 

There  are  several  types  of  mounds  in  Illinois,  but  there 
are  more  types  of  pipes,  because  there  are  some  types  of 
pipes  that  were  made  and  used  by  people  who  did  not 
make  mounds,  and  others  by  people  who  did  not  follow 
the  custom  of  placing  such  things  in  the  grave. 


247 

The  finest  pipes  in  Illinois  of  ancient  patterns  are  those 
of  the  curved  base.  One  of  these  taken  from  a  mound 
on  the  Illinois  river  represents  a  raccoon  sitting  on  the 
base  of  the  pipe. 


Mound  Pipe. 

A  hole  in  the  animal's  back  represents  the  bowl,  which 
is  connected  with  the  small  hole  through  the  base  to 
form  the  stem.  The  figure  of  the  animal  is  very  spirited, 
the  holes  for  the  eyes  being  filled  with  with  a  globule  of 
of  white  metal,  probably  native  silver.  The  rings  on  the 
raccoon's  tail  were  well  delineated.  The  pipe  was  smooth 
and  polished,  made  of  a  piece  of  red  catlinite  and  between 
three  and  four  inches  long.  Another  and  larger  pipe  of 
the  same  material  and  from  the  same  vicinity  was  made 
to  represent  an  eagle  standing  in  an  attitude  of  pride 
on  the  base  which  formed  the  stem.  Another  beautiful 
pipe  we  took  from  a  mound  had  the  figure  of  a  turtle 
resting  on  the  bowl,  and  in  still  another  the  bowl  of  the 
pipe  was  made  to  represent  a  frog.  Another  fine  pipe 
from  a  mound  on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi  had  carved 
in  bold  relief  on  the  top  of  the  base  the  life-sized  figure 
of  a  lizard.  A  few  we  have  seen  had  for  a  bowl  a  repre- 
sentation of  a  human  head. 


Curved  Base  Pipe  to  be  Used  Without  a  Stem. 

And  it  is  worthy  of  remark  that  in  all  the  delineations 
of  the  human  head  we  have  seen  from  this  class  of  an- 
cient mounds,  there  is  a  head  dress  quite  unlike  any 


248 

costumes  of  our  modern  Indians.    The  mound  builders7 
head  dress  was  arranged  in  folds  of  some  fabric. 


Mound  Pipe. 

The  bowls  in  all  these  beautiful  and  artistic  pipes  are 
very  small,  and  as  before  remarked,  show  no  signs  of 
use.  They  were  doubtless  used,  however,  in  some  sort  of 
ceremony  by  the  owner.  Nor  were  the  ancient  pipes 
made  to  use  with  a  stem,  this  was  formed  by  the  base 
of  the  object  and  the  perforated  end  of  the  base  was 
placed  between  the  lips. 

The  mounds  from  which  these  pipes  were  taken  seem  to 
be  related  to  those  of  Ohio  with  which  the  earthworks 
and  enclosures  are  connected.  A  colony  of  this  ancient 
people  seems  to  have  extended  up  the  Illinois,  possibly 
some  distance  above  Peoria,  as  we  have  seen  one  of  their 
mounds  in  the  bottom  some  miles  above  that  city.  And 
there  were  also  colonies  of  these  people  on  the  Missis- 
sissippi,  but  not  near  the  northern  end  of  the  State;  we 
have  seen  no  signs  of  them  in  either  Iowa  or  Wisconsin. 
The  great  city  and  center  of  population  of  that  age  was 
in  Madison  and  St.  Clair  counties  in  the  "American  Bot- 
tom" on  the  Mississippi  river.  We  shall  speak  of  them 
farther  on  in  our  description  of  their  agricultural  imple- 
ments, for  they  seem  to  have  been  decidedly  a  people 
with  fixed  abodes  and  devoted  to  agriculture. 

The  second  class  of  pipes  is  of  very  great  interest,  more, 
perhaps,  on  account  of  their  elaborate  carving,  however, 
is  very  different  from  the  preceding.  They  are  very  large 
and  probably  on  this  account  have  been  called  "Calumet 
Pipes"  by  the  Smithsonian  savants.  These  large  stone 


249 

pipes  were  smoked  with  a  large  stem  if  one  was  used,, 
and  were  made  to  represent  birds,  mammals,  amphibians 
and  sometimes  the  human  figure. 


Mound  Pipe. 

They  were  probably  pipes  of  ceremony  on  great  or  im- 
portant occasions.  Some  of  the  most  beautiful  pipes  of 
this  class  we  have  ever  seen  were  in  our  exhibit  at  the 
World's  Fair. 

One  was  the  figure  of  a  bird,  possibly  an  eagle  or  a 
hawk,  for  it  had  a  hooked  bill.  It  was  eight  or  nine 
inches  in  height  and  boldly  carved  from  a  piece  of  black 
stone,  probably  a  variety  of  steatite. 

One  peculiarity  of  this  splendid  pipe  was  that  the  bowl 
was  a  straight  tube,  the  perforation  contracting  in  the 
middle,  the  lower  part  being  used  evidently  for  the  in- 
sertion of  a  stem.  With  this  pipe  was  found  another 
somewhat  longer,  but  without  ornament,  and  of  the 
same  material.  The  perforation  in  this  also  was  con- 
tracted to  a  small  aperture  in  the  middle  of  the  tube. 
These  pipes  were  plowed  up  together  in  a  field  in  south- 
ern  Illinois.  We  obtained  a  contracted  tube  pipe  some- 
what like  the  latter,  but  smaller,  in  Calhoun  county,  and 
have  seen  a  few  others  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Peoria,. 
on  the  Illinois  river. 


Mound  Pipes. 

Another  fine  and  very  large  pipe  shown  in  the  State 
Collection  was  also  from  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 
It  also  seemed  an  attempt  to  represent  some  bird.  It 
was  more  than  a  foot  in  length  and  made  of  some  hard 
light  colored  stone. 


250 


Since  we  have  found  none  of  these  peculiar  torms  of 
pipes  in  any  of  our  mounds  we  are  inclined  to  think 
them  comparatively  modern,  and  used  by  the  later  grave- 
making  people  and  not  connected  with  the  mound  build- 
ing nations. 

There  is  another  class  of  pipes  found  in  considerable 
numbers  in  Illinois  that  are  of  exceedingly  great  interest. 
They  have  been  called  ceremonial  pipes  and  are  some- 
times of  large  size  and  show  considerable  skill  in  the 
carving.  Some  splendid  specimens  of  this  type  were 
shown  in  the  State  Collection.  One  of  the  most  interest- 
ing of  these  is  the  representation  of  the  human  figure 
in  a  crouching  attitude  not  very  unlike  the  sphinx  in 
Egypt.  The  face  is  not  a  bad  one  and  it  is  interesting 
to  note  the  attempt  to  portray  a  head  dress,  evidently 
of  some  fabric.  The  figure  holds  in  its  right  hand  a  sort 
of  mace,  or  implement  terminated  by  a  round  knob  or 
ball.  Two  funnel  shaped  holes,  one  extending  down- 


Sphynx  Pipe  from  Mound. 

wards  from  the  back  and  the  other  inwards  from  the 
posterior  parts  meet  at  their  smaller  ends.  The  upper 
hole  is  supposed  to  be  the  bowl  of  the  pipe.  This  is  the 


251 


best  specimen  of  this  type  of  pipe  we  have  seen  in  the 
United  States.  It  is  beautifully  carved  from  a  block  of 
red  catlinite,  and  stands  somewhat  over  eight  inches 
high. 

It  was  found  in  a  small  grave  mound,  if  mound  it  might 
be  called,  for  it  was  more  of  a  rock  covered  grave  than 
a  mound,  on  a  branch  of  the  Piasa  creek  in  Macoupin 
county.  In  the  same  grave  was  a  most  elaborate  piece 
of  pottery,  and  a  very  large  flint  spear  head.  Another 
most  elaborately  carved  and  beautiful  pipe  of  this  type 
we  found  ourselves  in  a  very  small  mound  or  rather  a 
simple  burying  place  but  a  few  inches  below  the  sur- 
rounding surface,  on  top  of  the  bluff  east  of  the  Great 
Cahokia  Mound.  The  object  is  in  the  shape  of  a  huge 
frog,  being  some  eight  inches  or  more  in  height.  The 
position  of  the  animal  is  one  of  rest.  The  legs  and  feet  are 


well  delineated,  the  eyes  projecting  and  full,  and  the 
general  appearance  of  the  object  quite  spirited.  As  in 
the  preceding  pipe,  the  right  hand  holds  a  sort  of  mace 
or  knobbed  instrument  evidently  some  sort  of  symbol 
indicative  of  position  or  other  meaning. 


-55:2 

This  remarkable  pipe  is  also  carved  from  a  piece  of  red 
catlinite  and  buried  with  it  were  some  splendid  pottery 
vessels  and  ornaments  of  shell  and  copper.  Some  of  the 
ornaments  had  first  been  made  of  wood  and  then  covered 
with  copper. 

On  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi  in  an  ancient  burying 
place  covered  with  huge  flat  rocks,  we  found  another 
one  of  those  sphinx  pipes  representing  the  crouching 
form  of  a  man  holding  with  both  hands  on  its  knees 
what  seems  to  be  the  figure  of  a  fish.  From  the  wide 
open  mouth  protrudes  what  seems  to  be  another  fish. 
It  is  also  of  red  catlinite  and  the  carving  very  fine.  It 
is  not  quite  so  large  as  the  frog  pipe  just  described. 
This  singular  pipe  is  the  nearest  approach  to  some  sort 
of  idol  or  divinity  we  have  observed  among  these  so- 
called  pipes, 

In  Calhoun  county,  which  is  remarkable  for  the  number 
and  variety  of  its  relics,  we  have  found  quite  a  number 
of  these  large  frog  pipes.  But  few  of  them  are  made  of 
catlinite.  Some  are  of  limestone  and  we  have  seen  a  few 
of  sandstone.  We  are  inclined  to  think  they  belonged  to 
some  of  the  more  recent  nations  or  tribes  who  have  in- 
habited the  vicinity.  We  do  not  know  of  one  of  these 
pipes  having  been  found  in  one  of  our  typical  mounds 
or  those  related  to  Cahokia  or  the  Ohio  earthworks. 
One  thing  peculiar  in  these  pipes  is  the  manner  in  which 
the  stem  was  fitted  on  them,  if  indeed  they  were  smoked 
with  a  stem.  The  aperture  for  the  stem  is  a  single 
short  funnel-shaped  hole,  usually  the  same  size  as  the 
bowl.  How  a  stem  could  be  made  to  stay  in  its  place 
we  cannot  conceive. 

There  is  another  type  of  pipe  more  common  than  any 
we  have  yet  described.  These  are  mostly  made  of  stone 
and  sometimes  show  excellent  workmanship.  Occasion- 
ally one  is  found  of  baked  clay.  They  are  all  made  to 


253 

be  smoked  with  a  small  stem.  There  is  a  great  variety 
of  shapes;  many  were  simply  a  bowl  like  our  cob  pipes, 
while  others  had  a  projecting  base.  Some  are  made  of 
baked  clay.  Some  are  of  catlinite  and  many  of  lime- 
stone. AVe  have  never  seen  a  pipe  made  of  any  of  the 


granite  rocks  or  any  very  hard  material.  Nor  did  we 
ever  see  a  copper  pipe  nor  any  of  metal,  except  a  modern 
one.  Neither  have  we  found  in  any  of  the  mounds  or 
ancient  graves  an 3^  sign  of  a  wooden  pipe,  nor  a  pipe  of 
bone.  There  are  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  among 
the  graves  of  the  pottery-making  tribes,  many  pipes  of 
pottery,  mostly  of  rude  character,  that  have  the  same 
peculiar  funnel-shaped  cavities  for  both  bowl  and  stem. 
These  are  seldom,  if  ever,  seen  on  the  Illinois  river.  The 
same  question  arises,  how  did  the  smokers  make  the 
stem  stay  in  the  funnel-shaped  aperture? 

Many  of  the  pipes  just  described  are  found  in  graves, 
and  mounds  that  contain  them  are  abundant  along  the 
Illinois  river.  In  one  large  mound  on  the  bluff  several 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  river,  in  Jersey 
county,  we  found  several  of  these  pipes  shown  in  the 
State  Exhibit.  The  mound  was  nearly  a  hundred  feet  in 
length  at  the  base,  and  nearly  forty  broad,  and  nearly 
twelve  feet  high.  The  material  of  which  the  mound  was 
composed  was  the  light  buff  colored,  marly  clay  called 
loess  and  not  hard  to  dig,  although  where  it  is  below 
the  reach  of  the  rains,  it  is  very  dry  and  compact.  It  was 
a  burial  mound  and  had  evidently  been  made  through  a 
succession  of  interments.  We  judged  that  perhaps  a 
hundred  or  more  bodies  had  at  different  times  been  de- 
posited there.  The  greater  number  of  the  remains  were 


254 

about  the  sides  of  the  structure,  as  though  a  body  had 
been  laid  down  without  any  apparent  form  or  special 
position,  and  covered  over  with  several  feet  of  earth. 
There  were  men,  women  and  children,  and  many  of  them 
had  met  violent  deaths,  some  having  been  tomahawked 
and  others  killed  with  arrows.  Quite  a  number  of  them 
had  worn  ornaments  of  sea  shells,  and  fine  strings  of 
these  were  about  the  remains  of  both  men  and  women, 
and  even  some  children.  There  were  a  few  stone  imple- 
ments and  a  number  of  pipes  of  the  type  we  have  just 


Mound  Pipes. 

described  and  of  which  there  is  a  considerable  number  in 
the  State  Collection.  As  this  fine  mound  stood  in  a  cul- 
tivated field  and  the  owner  wished  to  level  off  the  land, 
we  witnessed  its  almost  entire  demolition,  having  first 
photographed  it  from  different  sides  before  its  deface- 
ment. There  was  a  considerable  number  of  relics  which 
we  preserved  carefully,  including  those  of  the  crania, 
which  were  sufficiently  well  preserved,  and  such  as  showed 
wounds  or  other  peculiarities.  We  derived  much  informa- 
tion from  this  mound.  There  were  no  signs  of  copper  or 
any  metal,  not  even  ores ;  no  mica  or  obsidian  or  objects 
from  a  distance,  except  some  small  sea  shells,  to  give  any 
indication  of  commercial  relations  with  other  and  distant 
tribes  or  nations.  Not  a  single  pipe  or  ornament  was 
made  of  catlinite,  and  they  had  a  degenerate  modern  ap- 
pearance, both  in  shape  and  workmanship.  There  was 
nothing  that  might  suggest  a  connection  with  the  peo- 
ple who  made  the  Great  Cahokia  Mound  or  the  earth- 
works of  Ohio.  Still  they  had  a  large  mound  and  per- 
haps held  some  sort  of  ceremonies  there  in  remem- 
brance of  some  still  unforgotten  religion,  either  that 


255 

of  their  fathers  or  of  some  friendly  nation  from  whom 
they  had  learned  to  revere  some  sort  of  divinity.  We 
can  even  imagine  the  sadness,  the  tears  and  despair 
as  this  remnant  of  the  ancient  people  lit  their  pipes 
in  sacred  reverence  around  this  mound  in  their  death 
wail.  That  they  had  enemies  that  had  slain  their 
wives  and  children  around  their  firesides  was  plain 
enough  from  the  gruesome  evidence  of  the  cruel  holes 
the  merciless  weapons  left  in  the  skulls  of  the  women  and 
children.  And  the  remains  of  some  of  the  men  showed 
plainly  how  they  had  fallen.  One  stalwart  young  man 
had  a  flint  arrow  head  entirely  through  the  center  of  his 
backbone  and  the  weapon  remained  there  still.  The  ver- 
tebral cord  had  been  cut  asunder.  Another  skeleton  of 
a  middle  aged  man  had  in  the  region  of  the  vital  organs 
no  less  than  six  arrow  heads. 

We  were  much  interested  in  these  arrow  points  of  the 
enemy,  for  they  were  different  in  shape  from  those  com- 
monly found  in  the  vicinity. 


Mound  Pipe. 

The  pipes  and  other  objects  found  in  this  mound  tell 
a  good  story.  The  once  powerful  mound-building  races 
of  the  valley  had  become,  by  pestilence  or  otherwise,  but 
a  remnant,  may  be  nearly  or  entirely  extinct  and  those 
later  mound  builders  were  merely  remnants  of  their  allies 
or  subjugated  tribes  that  had  learned  to  follow  the  cus- 
toms and  religion  of  a  more  advanced  people.  This  weak 
remnant  of  the  mound  builders  had  probably  escaped 
the  dire  calamity  by  plague  or  other  scourge  that  had 
swept  from  the  face  of  the  earth  that  wonderful  people 
who  had  built  up  the  Cahokia,  the  grandest  monument 
the  world  has  seen. 


256 

The  burial  mound  on  the  Illinois  river  just  described 
we  believe  to  be  modern  and  among  the  later  erections 
of  the  mound  building  races.  But  while  we  thus  qualify 
the  time  of  its  erection,  it  is  in  fact  old  enough,  for  the 
evidence  of  the  trees  in  the  forest  which  covered  the 
ground  and  the  decayed  stump  which  f-till  stood  on  the 
apex  of  the  mound  itself,  bore  evidence  that  it  was  not 
new,  and  had  been  built  long  before  the  caravels  of  Co- 
lumbus had  sought  the  shores  of  the  New  World. 

Many  of  the  later  aboriginal  pipes,  either  of  stone  or 
clay,  approach  in  general  character  the  pipes  now  com- 
mon among  civilized  races,  being  furnished  mostly  with 
necks  to  which  to  attach  the  stern.  There  are  very  many 
modifications  in  the  style  of  the  more  modern  pipe,  but 
there  is  almost  always  discoverable  the  type  form. 


There  is  another  form  of  pipe  found  in  Illinois,  mostly 
along  the  Illinois  river.  This  pipe  seems  to  have  been 
made  to  be  used  by  more  than  one  person  at  the  same 
time.  There  is  a  large,  round  bowl  with  four,  five  or  six 
places  to  insert  stems. 

One  very  pretty  pipe  of  this  kind  we  obtained  in  Cal- 
houn  county  and  another  one  from  Woodford  county, 
above  Peoria.  These  were  both  of  burned  clay.  But  we 
have  a  very  nice  one  of  sandstone  from  Randolph  county. 

One  other  form  of  pipe,  which  is  rare,  however,  and 
we  are  done  with  this  most  interesting  class  of  relics. 
This  is  a  pipe  in  the  form  of  a  stone  axe. 

One  very  nice  one  of  these  we  have  seen  in  Dr.  Zeller's 
collection  at  Spring  Bay,  near  Peoria.  Four  or  five  of 
the  Doctor's  best  relics  were  obtained  for  our  State  Ex- 


257 

hibit.  Another  very  nice  axe-shaped  pipe  we  saw  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  Harry  Mann,  at  Chester,  in  Randolph 
county. 

The  other  we  have  in  our  own  collection.  It  was  found 
in  Jersey  county.  The  Chester  specimen  is  made  of 
argillaceous  stone,  perhaps  a  slate.  Our  own  specimen 
seems  to  be  of  a  species  of  rather  hard  steatite.  These 
specimens  do  not  look  modern,  but  they  may  be.  It 
would  be  interesting  to  know  whether,  if  they  are 
ancient,  they  had  suggested  the  iron  pipe  tomahawks, 
the  handle  of  which  was  the  stem  to  a  pipe  in  the 
poll  of  the  weapon,  or  whether  these  stone  axe  pipes 
had  been  suggested  by  the  French  iron  tomahawk. 
These  stone  axe-shaped  pipes  are  small,  being  not  more 
than  three  inches  long. 

Sculptures  or  Idols. 

Although  many  of  the  articles  described  by  us  may  be 
called  sculptures  in  view  of  the  manner  of  their  produc- 
tion, in  this  paper  we  will  confine  the  sculptures  to 
those  objects  representing  the  human  form  that  seemed 
to  be  intended  for  other  uses  than  those  of  a  pipe. 

It  seems  that  the  mound  builders  and  aborigines  had 
but  just  begun  to  make  images  or  representations  of  the 
human  form  that  might  be  called  "idols."  Very  few 
have  been  found  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  A  few  of  these 
objects  now  in  the  Smithsonian  collection,  have  been 
found  in  Tennessee. 

They  are  mostly  a  foot  or  more  in  height  and  have 
a  sitting  posture  very  much  like  the  stone  idols  from 
India.  As  might  be  expected,  these  early  images  are 
rather  rude  attempts  at  sculpture.  One  of  the  best  speci- 
mens of  these  ancient  images  we  have  seen  in  the  United 
States  was  found  in  a  mound  in  southern  Illinois  and 
was  a  prominent  object  in  the  State  Collection  at  the 
World's  Fair. 
—17 


258 

It  is  something  over  a  foot  in  height  and  extremely 
heavy,  weighing  nearly  fifty  pounds.  It  has  been  carved 
from  a  massive  piece  of  fluorspar.  The  face,  though 
rather  rude,  is  not  a  bad  one.  There  is  apparently  no 
attempt,  as  in  some  of  the  pipes,  to  delineate  any  head- 
covering  or  dress  of  any  kind.  There  is  an  incised  line 
from  the  neck  down  the  sides  inclosing  the  back  in  a 
sort  of  scroll.  The  whole  figure  is  smooth  and  well 
finished.  The  right  hand  rests  on  the  upright  knee. 

We  have  seen  idols  or  images,  very  similar  to  this  and 
carved  from  calcite  or  a  similar  stone,  from  India.  Con- 
sidering the  scarcity  of  these  objects  among  our  relics 
of  the  stone  age,  this  is  an  extremely  interesting  speci- 
men. We  have  seen  a  few  others,  somewhat  similar,  from 
Tennessee  and  that  region.  They  were  made  of  limestone 
or  sandstone.  We  somehow  have  the  impression  that 
these  objects  were  the  work  of  some  medicine  man  among 
some  of  the  southern  tribes  of  later  date  and  are  com- 
paratively modern. 

Objects  of  Copper. 

During  the  stone  age,  copper  was  introduced  among 
the  aborigines  and  many  objects,  especially  of  an  orna- 
mental nature,  were  made  of  it.  It  is  probable  that  the 
age  of  stone  was  far  advanced,  possibly  at  the  very 
height  of  the  advancement  of  that  era  before  much  use 
was  made  of  copper. 

The  copper  used  was  a  native  metal  and  not  in  the 
form  of  ore  but  soft  and  malleable,  yet  still  they  treated 
it  as  a  stone  and  knew  nothing  of  smelting. 

Copper  implements  such  as  axes  or  celts,  for  the  cop- 
per axe  is  never  grooved,  chisels,  knives,  and  the  points 
of  arrows  and  spears,  together  with  ornaments  of 
various  kinds,  are  found  in  Illinois.  A  few  of  these  ob- 
jects are  found  on  the  surface  where  they  evidently  have 


259 

been  lost.     The  great  majority  of  the   copper   objects, 
however,  are  taken  from  mounds,  where  they  have  either, 
been  buried  with  the  dead  or  in  some  ceremony. 

While  we  have  found  copper  objects  buried  with  human 
remains  in  mounds,  the  greatest  number  of  these  ob- 
jects we  have  known  were  not  especially  buried  with  a 
dead  body  but  seem  to  have  been  offered  or  placed  in  a 
great  fire  built  upon  a  rude  altar  of  clay. 

Copper  objects  of  elaborate  and  beautiful  workman- 
ship were  quite  possibly  common  among  the  ancient 
mound  builders  who  at  one  time  flourished  in  Illinois- 
and  Ohio.  Among  the  later  mounds  so  common  along 
the  Illinois  river  it  is  rare  to  find  it,  although  many 
other  ornaments  are  common.  Copper  objects  have  been 
quite  frequently  found  among  the  mounds  of  Wisconsin 
and  Minnesota,  but  they  are,  many  of  them,  different  in 
form  and  lack  the  finished  workmanship  of  the  copper 
ornaments  from  Illinois  and  Ohio. 

Among  weapons  of  copper  the  copper  axe  or  celt  was 
common.  It  was  usually  the  shape  of  the  stone  celt  but 
much  thinner.  It  was  doubtless  inserted  in  the  war  club. 


Copper  Axe. 

One  of  the  finest  copper  axes  we  have  seen  was  shown 
in  the  State  Exhibit.  It  had  exidently  been  hammered 
out  of  a  piece  no  longer  than  was  represented  in  the 


260 

weapon.  It  could  very  plainly  be  seen  how  the  edges 
had  been  turned  over  and  beaten  down  to  get  the  de- 
sired shape  and  neat  square  edges  along  the  sides.  The 
bit  or  cutting  edge  was  neatly  flared  out  at  the  corners. 
This  elegant  specimen  was  nearly  a  foot  in  length,  and 
was  taken  from  a  mound  in  Calhoun  county.  Although 
we  have  seen  several  large  specimens  in  Illinois,  the  most 
of  them  are  small,  usually  not  more  than  three  or  four 
inches  long.  In  a  large  mound  in  Calhoun  county  we 
found  lying  close  together  several  very  small  ones  not 
more  than  two  inches  long.  We  thought  it  possible  that 
several  small  ones  were  sometimes  fastened  in  the  same 
weapon.  We  have  never  seen  a  grooved  copper  axe  nor 
one  with  a  hole  in  it  in  which  to  put  the  haft.  Some 
copper  tools  from  Wisconsin  have  a  part  of  the  side 
turned  over,  to  assist  in  fastening  the  handle,  evidently. 

A  few  knife-shaped  objects  of  copper  have  been  found 
in  the  State.  One  very  good  specimen  of  this  kind  in 
the  collection  of  Judge  James  Shaw  of  Mount  Carroll 
was  found  along  the  Illinois  river. 

Copper  needles  or  long  slim  tools  are  not  uncommon. 
Some  of  them  are  round,  similar  to  pieces  of  wire.  One 
of  these  from  a  mound  in  the  American  Bottom  in 
Madison  county  is  eighteen  inches  long.  Many  of  these 
tools  are  flat  and  pointed.  A  flue  specimen  of  this  kind, 
more  than  a  foot  in  length,  is  with  the  preceding  one  in 
the  State  Collection.  This  specimen  shows  very  plainly 
how  it  has  been  made  of  two  pieces  by  being  hammered 
together  in  the  middle.  It  is  from  a  mound  in  Pike 
county.  In  one  mound  we  found  over  a  score  of  these 
tools  oxidized  together  in  a  mass.  Occasionally  a  spear- 
head of  copper  is  found,  some  good  specimens  of  these 
being  in  the  State  Collection  from  the  Illinois  river  as 
well  as  some  smaller  points,  probably  for  arrow  heads.  I 
have,  however,  found  no  specimen  like  these  in  the  mounds. 


261 

Copper  was  used  by  the  mound  builders  more  for 
ornaments  than  for  weapons  and  tools.  They  made 
quite  a  variety  of  ornaments,  but  certain  forms  seem  to 
have  obtained  and  were  followed  as  strictly  as  our  own 
more  permanent  fashions. 

A  common  fashion  seems  to  have  been  to  wear  orna- 
ments in  the  ears.  These  were  nearly  all  made  after  a 
similar  pattern,  a  sort  of  large  button  very  much  like 
our  sleeve  buttons.  Two  disks  were  joined  together  with 
a  shaft  or  shank,  mostly  hollow. 


Copper  Ear  Buttons. 

These  hollow  shanks  were  most  deftly  and  neatly 
fastened  to  the  disks  by  having  the  edges  turned  over 
and  beaten  together.  Of  course,  when  worn  they  were 
doubtless  very  smooth  and  bright.  In  Madison  county 
in  some  of  the  mounds  of  the  Cahokia  group  we  have 
found  some  of  these  disks  made  of  bone  and  covered 
with  a  thin  sheet  of  copper.  In  the  State  Exhibit  were 
some  fine  specimens  of  these  bone  ear  buttons  covered 
with  copper.  We  have  found  some  beautifully  neat  ones 
made  of  both  bone  and  horn,  elk  and  deer  antlers,  I 
judged,  and  the  outer  and  larger  disk  covered  with  cop- 
per. 

In  the  ashes  on  the  altars  in  the  Hopewell  mound  in 
Ohio,  Morehead  found  many  hundreds  of  these  ear  but- 
tons, made  most  elaborately,  the  outer  disk  in  some  in- 
stances with  ornamental  figures  in  relief.  In  a  few  in- 
stances some  of  these  elegant  ornaments  had  the  outer 
copper  disk  covered  wth  native  silver. 


262 

The  outer  disks  of  these  buttons  are  generally  an  inch 
and  a  half  in  diameter,  although  I  have  found  them  two 
inches  or  more.  Many  of  those  found  by  Morehead  and 
on  exhibition  in  the  Anthropological  Building  were 
corroded  and  oxidized,  and  some  half  melted  in  the  mass 
in  the  ashes,  but  very  many  were  entire  and  one  could 
examine  their  workmanship  and  the  manner  of  their 
manufacture. 

The  enormous  number  of  these  ear  ornaments  found 
in  the  Hopewell  mound  shows  very  plainly  that  orna- 
ments of  this  kind  must  have  been  highly  prized  and 
quite  commonly  worn.  We  also  learn  that  however 
highly  prized  they  were,  some  wonderful  occasion  arose 
in  which  they  were  taken  from  the  person  and  cast  into 
the  fire  at  the  erection  of  that  great  mound. 

We  would  not,  in  fact,  know  that  the  ancient  mound 
builders  had  any  material  wealth  or  had  any  sort  of 
tastes  above  the  Indian,  had  made  any  material  ad- 
vancement above  a  mere  savage,  or  had  any  knowledge 
of  the  country  or  anything  like  commercial  relationship. 
But  here  were  cast  into  these  religious  fires  on  the  base 
of  this  great  mound  hundreds  and  thousands  and  tens 
of  thousands  of  beautiful  pearls,  some  of  which  as  we 
saw  them  lying  in  ruins  in  the  ashes,  or  in  piles  in  the 
cases,  were  of  a  beauty,  except  for  those  cruel  flames,  to 
have  been  the  envy  of  Egypt's  beautiful  queen  when  she 
sought  with  love's  prodigality  to  give  Marc  Antony  the 
most  costly  drink  ever  mortal  had,  by  having  her 
choicest  pearl  crushed  to  powder  and  mixed  with  his 
draught  of  wine.  The  pearls  that  were  cast  into  the  fire 
on  that  memorable  day  in  the  history  of  that  people 
who  made  the  Ohio  mound,  would,  if  unscathed  by  the 
flame  and  the  burial  of  centuries,  have  been  the  envy  of 
the  richest  king  or  queen  in  the  world.  With  the  pearls 
were  the  richest  obsidian  relics  the  stone  age  has  pro- 


263 


dnced  in  such  profusion  and  of  such  size  and  beauty, 
yet  obsidian  was  not  to  be  obtained  nearer  than  the 
Rocky  Mountains  or  Mexico. 

There  was  copper  from  Lake  Superior,  mica  from  North 
Carolina,  fossil  shark  teeth  from  South  Carolina,  shells 
from  the  distant  ocean,  all  things  from  distant  parts  of 
the  continent,  and  very  difficult  to  obtain  either  by  travel 
or  commercial  intercourse, — a  most  remarkable  collection 
for  any  people  of  the  Stone  Age  to  have,  and  still  more 
remarkable  for  them  to  cast  such  things  into  a  seething 
flame.  What  Indian  village,  that  white  man  ever  knew, 
contained  such  a  collection  of  things  as  were  here  cast 
into  the  flames? 

That  an  ancient  people  lived  in  Illinois  who  had  some 
connection  with  the  copper  mines  of  Lake  Superior,  and 
may  have  worked  them,  is  quite  probable,  else  they  had 
some  commercial  relations  with  a  people  who  did  get 
copper  there. 

Besides  the  copper  ornaments  for  the  ears,  there  were 
many  others.  A  not  uncommon  ornament  seems  to  have 
been  a  sort  of  breast-plate,  or  thin  piece  of  copper,  gen- 


erally square,  with  holes  pierced  for  fastening,  and  what 
is  most  singular,  it  was  seldom,  in  Illinois,  a  smooth, 
plate,  like  some  of  these  from  Ohio,  but  was  corrugated 


264 

very  much  like  a  piece  of  zinc  from  a  modern  washboard. 
We  have  found  a  few  smooth  ones,  but  the  corrugated 
ones  seem  to  have  been  fashionable. 

We  have  found  these  thin  plates,  in  a  few  instances, 
five  to  seven  inches  square. 

Then  there  were  both  wristlets  and  ankle  rings  of  cop- 
per, and  some  rings  that  were  possibly  for  the  nose. 

Head  ornaments  were  numerous,  and  we  have  found 
several  crescent-shaped  objects,  quite  evidently  to  go 
over  the  head  as  a  bright  ornament. 

Some  excellent  specimens  of  these  crescent-shaped  orna- 
ments for  the  head,  were  in  our  State  Exhibit. 

These  latter  ornaments  of  copper,  we  may  as  well  state, 
we  have  not  found  in  the  same  mounds  with  ear-rings 
or  the  copper  spools.  These  may  be  of  later  date. 

In  a  rnound  of  more  advanced  type,  in  the  American 
Bottom,  in  Madison  county,  we  have  found  some  re- 
markable copper  ornaments  in  the  shape  of  turtles. 

The  objects  were  between  two  and  three  inches  across. 
Both  the  carapace  and  plastron  of  the  turtle  were  rep- 
resented in  a  very  faithful  way,  showing  all  the  sutures 
as  they  occur.  The  sutures  were  made  by  pressing  up  a 
ridge  from  underneath,  the  plastron  was  fastened  to  the 
carapace  a  good  deal  after  the  manner  that  tinners  do 
the  same  thing  now,  the  edges  of  the  pieces  were  put 
together  and  turned  over.  Whether  the  head  and  legs 
of  the  animal  had  been  attached  we  had  no  means  of 
telling. 

There  were  a  number  of  these  copper  turtles  in  connec- 
tion with  other  copper  objects  as  needles,  copper  axes  and 
some  remarkable  objects  of  chipped  and  ground  flint. 
There  was  a  flint  or  rather  a  sort  of  white,  translucent 
chert  celt  that  was  a  gem  in  its  way,  being  first  chipped 
out  and  then  ground  off.  The  whole  deposit  on  this 
altar,  for  it  seems  not  to  have  been  with  a  human  body 


265 

unless  it  was  burned,  was  a  most  remarkable  one.  There 
were  hundreds  of  sea  shells,  some  of  them  very  large 
specimens  of  Pyrula  and  Cassus.  Some  of  the  shells  were 
entire  and  others  had  been  cut  out  so  as  to  form  a  sort 
of  vessel. 

Some  of  the  copper  objects  had  been  made  first  of 
wood  and  then  covered  with  a  thin  sheet  of  copper, 
made  to  fit  even  the  slightest  depression  or  crevice.  The 
copper  had  preserved  the  wood.  The  salts  of  copper  are 
a  great  preservative  and  we  have  found  many  interest- 
ing specimens  of  their  fabrics,  some  of  which  had  a  warp 
and  woof  like  some  of  our  more  modern  woven  goods 
in  a  rude  way.  We  have  found  this  fabric  of  different 
grades  of  vegetable  fibers  and  of  hair  and  fur,  but  not  of 
wool. 

A  not  uncommon  copper  ornament  was  a  long  bead 
or  thin  cylinder  of  rnetal,  made  by  bending  a  thin  sheet 
of  copper  over  a  round  rod  until  the  edges  met.  These 
long  cylinders  were  worn  on  a  plaited  string  of  hide  or 
twisted  string  of  some  vegetable  fiber.  We  have  several 
times  found  these  cords  or  strings  preserved  in  the  cop- 
per tube. 


Copper  beads  made  by  bending  over  a  short  piece  of 
copper  until  the  edges  met  were  not  uncommon  and 
sometimes  a  mound  builder  beau  or  belle  wore  a  mass 
of  these  arranged  over  his  person  in  strings.  Although 
we  find  only  the  beads,  it  would  be  unfair  to  suppose 
they  wore  nothing  else. 

In  my  vicinity  public  improvements  make  constant 
inroad  into  the  old  structures  of  the  mound  builders. 
One  large  mound  lay  where  an  extra  switch  of  the 
Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad  was  wanted.  The  presi- 
dent of  the  road  owns  the  land  and  frequently  spends 


266 

some  of  his  leisure  time  there.  While  they  were  demol- 
ishing the  mound  where  they  wanted  the  switch  he  was 
present  with  a  party  of  lady  and  gentlemen  friends.  They 
were  much  interested  in  what  might  be  found,  and  when 
a  skeleton  was  laid  bare  and  we  had  found  there  was 
nothing  with  it  but  a  very  fine  and  peculiar  pipe,  the 
president  of  the  road  startled  me  with  a  little  extempore 
speech  which  drew  the  attention  of  everybody  near : 

"Professor,  do  you  suppose  this  old  mound  builder 
went  around  with  no  dress  upon  him  but  this  pipe?" 

His  wife  got  his  eye  presently  in  the  silence  and  I  think 
it  spoiled  all  his  ethnological  investigations  for  the  fu- 
ture. 

The  copper  objects  of  the  mound  builder  are  of  exceed- 
ingly great  interest  to  the  ethnologist.  The  Mississippi 
valley  had  no  Bronze  Age  like  that  of  Europe.  Our  ad- 
vanced race  of  mound  builders,  although  the  most  elab- 
orate workers  of  copper,  did  it  by  hammering,  although 
in  some  instances  there  would  seem  to  be  evidence  that 
dies  or  instruments  for  stamping  had  been  used.  How 
they  could  beat  out  the  copper  in  such  thin  sheets  as 
they  sometimes  used  without  the  metal  becoming  so 
hardened  as  to  make  it  difficult  is  unexplained.  We 
have  seen  no  evidence  that  the  cutting  edges  of  their 
axes  were  hardened,  however.  One  can  without  difficulty 
make  an  impression  on  the  edges  of  their  cutting  imple- 
ments with  a  steel  knife  blade. 

We  have  thought  that  the  patina  or  coating  of  oxidi- 
zation with  which  the  copper  objects  are  covered  might 
be  made  the  subject  of  some  data  as  to  their  age. 

At  the  World's  Fair  in  Chicago,  we  had  good  oppor- 
tunity to  study  this  matter.  Some  of  our  mound  copper 
has  a  coating  of  patina  equal  if  not  greater  than  copper 


207 

objects  from  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum,  and  similar  to 
other  Roman  coppers  of  that  and  perhaps  some  older 
dates,  but  some  of  the  copper  objects  of  Assyria,  espe- 
cially from  about  the  ruins  of  ancient  date,  showed 
a  thicker  patina.  Without  going  into  a  discussion  of 
this  interesting  subject,  we  would  say  that  the  evidence 
in  this  way,  and  we  think  it  most  decidedly  worthy  of 
consideration,  would  seem  to  date  some  of  our  copper- 
working  mound  builders  back  between  two  and  three 
thousand  years,  to  say  the  least. 

In  the  exhibit  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  in 
the  gallery  of  the  Manufactures  Building,  was  a  most 
interesting  series  of  objects  brought  home  from  ancient 
Assyria  and  that  region,  by  an  expedition  sent  there  by 
the  University.  The  party  did  considerable  excavating 
about  some  of  the  more  ancient  ruins,  and  obtained 
quite  a  number  of  pieces  of  pottery,  clay  tablets  and 
stones,  all  of  which  had  inscriptions  on  them  in  cuneiform 
writing.  These  can  now  be  read,  in  fact  the  interpreta- 
tion of  these  inscriptions  in  English  was  placed  beside 
the  inscriptions.  The  date  ascribed  to  some  of  these 
objects  was  in  a  number  of  instances  as  old  as  thirty- 
eight  hundred  (3,800)  years  before  Christ.  Among  these 
relics  were  some  objects  of  copper  that  looked  so  much 
like  copper  objects  we  have  taken  from  mounds  in  Illi- 
nois, that  we  were  surprised. 

We  have  in  our  own  collection  some  of  these  ancient 
copper  objects  from  the  region  of  ancient  Nineveh,  that 
are  quite  possibly  between  five  and  six  thousand  years 
old. 

We  are  inclined  to  believe  we  have  copper  objects  from 
the  mounds  of  Illinois  that  are  quite  if  not  more  than 
half  of  this  age. 


268 


Implements  of  Bone. 

Besides  implements  of  stone  and  copper,  the  "aborigines 
had  many  objects,  principally  tools,  made  of  bone.  These 
were  commonly  in  the  shape  of  a  sort  of  needle,  awls 
and  other  pointed  implements.  We  have  found  very  few 
bone  objects  that  would  seem  to  have  been  weapons. 


The  bone  cavern  at  Grafton,  with  mound  on  top  of  bluff,  and  an  old  pictografic  circle 
over  the  cave  entrance. 

The  bones  of  birds  were  very  often  used  and  those  of 
small  animals. 

We  have  found  in  cave   dwellings  and    cave   shelters 
more  of  these  remains  than  in  mounds.    In  some  of  the 


269 

dry  open  cavernous  places,  both  along  the  Mississippi 
and  the  Illinois  rivers,  bone  implements  and  the  remains 
of  animals  are  very  numerous,  especially  in  the  dry  ashes 
and  accumulated  earth,  which  many  of  the  caves  contain. 


Bone  Fish  Hook. 

The  bones  of  deer,  as  well  as  those  of  elk,  with  por- 
tions of  the  horns  of  those  animals,  are  common,  but 
we  have,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  found  no  bones  of  the 
buffalo.  This  is  all  the  more  remarkable  since  the  larger 
and  more  solid  bones,  as  well  as  the  horns  of  these  ani- 
mals, would,  apparently  have  been  fine  material  for  im- 
plements of  various  kinds.  We  think  it  remains  to  be  ex- 
plained why,  in  all  our  researches  in  our  ancient  mounds, 
we  have  met  with  no  remains  or  other  evidence  to  show 
the  presence  of  the  buffalo. 


A  Sun-Worshiper's  Mound. 

The  teeth  of  many  animals  were  used  as  ornaments. 
They  generally  were  perforated,  to  be  worn  on  a  cord  or 
a  string  as  a  necklace.  The  claws  of  bear,  as  well  as  the 
talons  of  rapacious  birds,  were  used  in  the  same  way. 
The  bones,  and  even  the  scales  of  some  fish,  were  often 
utilized  in  the  manufacture  of  implements  or  ornaments. 


270 

Shells  from  the  Sea. 

Sea  shells,  from  their  natural  beauty,  have  at  all  times 
been  very  attractive  to  primitive  nations. 

Indications  are  not  wanting  that  most  of  the  primi- 
tive people  of  North  America  looked  upon  the  shells 
from  the  sea  with  superstitious  reverence.  Excepting  the 
native  pearls,  the  sea  shells  were  the  prettiest  ornaments 
the  old  mound  builders  wore.  Although  there  were 
beautiful  shells  in  our  rivers  and  streams,  these  were 
seldom  used  in  the  manufacture  of  ornaments.  Immense 
numbers  of  beads  were  made  with  great  labor  and  much 
skill,  but  they  were  made  almost  without  exception  from 


Mound  Shell. 

heavy  sea  shells.  The  form  given  these  beads  was  vari- 
ous. The  most  common  shape  was  that  of  a  neat  disk 
or  button  with  a  perforation  through  the  center  for 
placing  them  on  a  string.  We  have  found  some  beauti- 
ful ones  in  the  Cahokia  mounds  made  pear-shaped,  others 
were  round,  still  others  were  in  the  form  of  cylinders,  an 
inch  or  more  in  length.  Something  of  this  form  was  the 
wampum  of  which  the  belts  of  ceremony  were  made  by 
the  eastern  Indians  and  of  which  it  is  said,  some  are 
still  preserved  by  the  Six  Nations.  We  have  found  some 
pretty  strings  of  beads  which  were  made  of  curved  pieces 
of  shell  and  fixed  to  go  upon  a  string  by  having  the 
perforation  enter  at  one  end  and  come  out  at  the  side 


271 

In  many  instances  whole  shells  were  used  by  having  a 
perforation  so  they  could  be  strung.  The  Marginella 
was  often  used  in  this  way  and  must  have  made  a  neat 
ornament.  But  the  prettiest  shells  thus  forming  a  neck- 
lace were  the  Natica,  and  immense  numbers  of  these  must 
have  been  brought  from  the  coast,  for  we  have  seen 
hundreds  in  one  string  from  mounds  along  the  Illinois 
river.  Sometimes  small  specimens  of  Strombus  and  Oliva 
were  pierced  and  formed  bracelets  for  the  body  or  neck. 
Once  we  found  a  very  pretty  necklace  of  quite  young 
Pyrulas  and  these  instead  of  being  pierced,  had  a  crease 
about  the  extension  of  the  lip  so  they  could  be  sus- 
pended. Some  beautiful  specimens  of  this  kind  were 
shown  in  the  State  Collection,  in  fact  our  display  of 
mound  beads  was  unrivaled.  One  extremely  pretty  string 
of  beads  was  made  of  fresh  water  pearls.  This  was  taken 
from  a  mound  in  Calhoun  county. 

In  the  State  Display  were  some  splendid  specimens  of 
very  large  sea  shells  from  the  mounds. 


Shell  Vessel. 

The  large  shells  were  generally  Pyrula  or  Cassus.  A 
Pyrula  with  reversed  whorls  seems  to  have  been  the 
favorite  form.  One  of  these  from  a  mound  in  Madison 
county  is  sixteen  inches  in  length.  The  largest 
Cassus  we  have  ever  seen  we  found  in  a  mound  in  Jersey 
county,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  river.  The  mound 


272 


was  a  conical  one  in  shape  and  about  twelve  feet  in 
height.  It  was  situated  on  a  not  very  high  bluff,  the 
upper  part  of  which  was  of  clay.  We  made  a  very  large 
excavation  in  the  center  of  this  mound  and  at  the  base  of 
it  found  a  huge  sea  shell  of  the  Cassus.  It  was  nearly 
eleven  inches  in  diameter.  The  shell  was  filled  with 
ashes  in  which  still  were  some  remains  of  human  bones. 
The  inside  whorls  had  been  removed  from  the  shell  and 
it  formed  a  very  neat  and  pretty  vessel.  The  curl  of 
the  lip  at  the  extremity  made  a  sort  of  hook  so  it  could 
be  hung  on  the  limb  of  a  tree.  The  shell  containing  the 
ashes  was  the  only  relic  of  any  kind  the  mound  seemed 
to  contain. 

In  another  mound  in  Calhoun  county,  we  found  a  huge 
Cassus  with  the  columella  and  whorls  removed  and  so 
large  as  to  contain  a  human  skull,  which  sat  within  it, 
and  of  which  the  following  cut  is  a  true  representation. 


Mound  Skull 


Most  of  these  large  sea  shells  seem  to  have  been  used 
in  sacred  observances  and  were  often  placed  in  the  mound 
with  ashes  of  the  dead  or  with  the  body. 

Many  ornaments  and  objects  were  perhaps  insignia  of 
rank  or  of  religious  significance.  A  not  uncommon  form 
of  these  was  a  sort  of  gorget  in  the  shape  of  a  disk  to 


273 


be  suspended  from  the  neck  or  fastened  on  the  breast. 
These  gorgets  are  sometimes  elaborately  engraved  with 
characters  or  figures  of  exceeding  interest  since  the  his- 
tory of  these  people  is  so  utterly  unknown  to  us.  Fre- 
quently they  bear  the  figure  of  a  most  ancient  cross, 
strangely  similar  to  forms  figured  by  ancient  people  of 
other  and  foreign  lands. 


Shell  Beads. 

In  the  State  Exhibit  were  several  very  fine  specimens 
of  these  engraved  gorgets  from  Illinois  mounds. 

One  had  elaborately  engraved  upon  it  the  figure  of  a 
spider  with  a  cross  upon  its  back.  We  have  seen  several 
of  these.  One  very  fine  specimen  had  the  figure  of  a 
oross  engraved  without  the  figure  of  the  spider  being  en- 
graved upon  it. 


Gorgets  from  Mounds. 

Still  another  fine  specimen  had  the  figure  of  a  person 
holding  a  bird  similar  to  a  turkey  by  the  neck,  with  his 
left  hand,  while  in  his  upraised  right  hand  was  a  hafted 
stone  axe  very  well  shown. 

-18 


274 

The  figure  of  the  person  was  on  one  knee  and  from 
his  waist  hung  a  very  peculiarly  ornamented  apron.  It 
may  be  as  well  to  remark  here  that  in  the  State  Display 
was  a  beautiful  gorget  made  of  a  piece  of  slate  covered 
on  one  side  with  copper  and  on  the  copper  in  relief  was 
a  six  pointed  star. 


Shell  Gorget  from  Mound  in  Illinois. 

Where  the  aborigines  got  so  many  of  these  sea  shells, 
as  well  as  mica,  obsidian  and  copper,  can  only  be  ac- 
counted for  by  either  supposing  they  traveled  to  distant 
parts  of  the  country  or  had  some  sort  of  traffic  or  com- 
mercial relations  with  people  who  lived  about  Lake 
Superior  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  or  Mexico,  and  the 
region  about  the  sea  coast. 

We  think  we  have  not  studied  these  questions  with 
sufficient  thoroughness  to  answer  them  yet. 

Farther  exploration  in  some  of  our  larger  mounds  is 
needed,  for  more  history  and  evidence.  We  would  rather 
see  some  great  find  like  Morehead's,  made  in  the  Hope- 
well  mound,  than  read  the  theories  of  a  dozen  persons, 
especially  if  those  persons  have  not  made  researches  and 
studied  the  question  in  the  field,  and  in  the  mounds 
themselves. 


275 

Pottery  and  the  Manufactures  from  Clay. 

Illinois,  being  situated  in  a  sort  of  geographical  center, 
especially  about  the  mouths  of  the  Missouri  and  Illinois 
rivers,  was,  in  the  long  ages  past,  often  invaded  or  visi- 
ted by  tribes  and  peoples  from  every  direction,  for  there 
were  many  tribes  over  such  a  wide  extent  of  country* 
In  this  region  there  are  hundreds  of  mounds  made  by 
different  tribes  of  mound  builders,  who  had  different 
customs,  and  agreed  only  in  the  custom  of  mound  mak- 
ing, making  them  in  different  ways,  for  different  pur- 
poses, and  placing  different  objects  in  them.  Many  of 
the  tribes,  however,  who  have  lived  here  or  sojourned 
for  a  time,  were  not  mound  builders  at  all.  But  still 
there  are  evidences  of  their  occupation,  and  many  objects 
which  they  they  have  left.  This  fact  proves  to  be  a  great 
difficulty  in  the  study  of  our  antiquities,  and  gives  gen- 
erally to  the  beginner  or  casual  observer  many  errone- 
ous ideas. 

Over  the  State  of  Illinois  are  the  remains  of  pottery 
which  some  people  have  left  there.  And  we  know,  from 
Catlin's  observations  among  the  modern  Indjans,  that 
there  were  some  tribes  whom  he  saw— such  as  the  As- 
sinaboins — that  did  not  make  or  use  pottery  at  all. 
Most  of  the  whole  or  nearly  entire  pieces  we  obtain,  are 
generally  from  mounds  or  graves,  and,  quite  possibly, 
not  many  tribes  had  the  custom  of  putting  pottery  in 
mounds  or  graves ;  so  that  our  study  of  the  work  of  our 
primitive  people  in  clay  is  very  narrow,  and  almost 
wholly  confined  to  a  few  tribes,  who  placed  it  in  the 
graves  or  in  mounds  with  the  dead.  Our  great  mound 
builders— like  those  of  Cahokia  and  the  mounds  on  the 
Illinois,  where  we  find  the  beautiful  pipes  and  elaborate 
copper  objects — seldom,  if  ever,  put  any  of  their  speci- 
mens of  pottery  in  their  mounds;  and  we  only  judge 
that  many  of  these  people  had  pottery  by  seeing  the 


276 


sherds  about  where  they  lived.  There  are  thousands  and 
thousands  of  peculiar  sherds  in  this  region  that  we  re- 
cognize at  once  by  peculiar  marks  on  the  outer  face,  and 
of  these  which  we  have  seen,  never  yet  a  whole  vessel. 
All  this  must  be  borne  in  mind  when  we  treat  of  our 
ancient  pottery. 


Figures  on  the  Exterior  of  a  Burial  Vase. 


In  the  Illinois  Exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair,  there  were 
a  hundred  pieces  of  this  ancient  pottery  nearly  all  en- 
tire. Many  people  will  no  doubfc  be  surprised  when  I  tell 
them  that  very  few  pieces  of  this  fine  collection  of  pot- 


Figures  on  the  exterior  of  a  Burial  Vase  along  the  Mississippi. 

tery  came  from  mounds,  but  from  ancient  burial  places 
and  graves.  About  the  southern  part  of  the  State  and 
in  the  American  Bottom,  and  also  a  little  way  up  the 
Illinois  river,  there  lived  a  tribe  of  aborigines  that  were 


277 

great  potterj^  makers.  They  selected  some  peculiar  clay, 
and  after  mixing  it  with  pounded  shells  and  other  in- 
gredients, so  kneaded  the  matter  into  a  tough,  plastic 
mass  that  after  a  vessel  was  made  of  it,  it  required  but 
little  burning  or  baking  to  make  it  fairly  serviceable. 
But  we  are  indebted,  for  our  possession  of  these  things 
to-day,  to  a  peculiar  custom  this  tribe  or  people  had 
(for  there  were  several  tribes  of  them),  of  placing  in  the 
graves  of  their  dead  articles  of  pottery  containing  water, 
and  perhaps  other  liquids,  together  with  food,  quite  evi- 
dently in  accordance  with  some  religious  belief  that  the 
spirits  of  the  departed  needed  nourishment  in  this  or  an- 
other world.  Primitive  people  in  Europe,  including  our 
own  forefathers,  and,  in  fact,  all  over  the  world,  have 
had  a  custom  something  like  this.  In  southeast  Mis- 


Burial  Vases. 

souri,  Arkansas,  and  in  some  of  the  other  southern 
states,  some  tribes  with  this  peculiar  burial  custom 
made  mounds,  and  often  put  pottery  in  them ;  but  there 
were  other  tribes  in  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Missouri  and 
southern  Illinois,  that  buried  their  dead  with  the  pottery 
vessels  in  shallow  graves,  and  often  made  large  cemeteries, 
with  the  graves  quite  close  together.  There  are  a  few  of  the 
pottery  mounds  in  southern  Illinois,  but  their  cemeteries 
are  common,  especially  about  the  rich  bottom  lands  of 
the  Mississippi.  These  pottery-burying  tribes  perhaps 
never  had  extensive  settlements  far  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Illinois  river. 


278 

When  a  member  of  these  pottery-making  people  died 
there  were  prepared  the  vases  and  vessels  to  put  in  his 
grave.  Sometimes  several,  often  only  one  or  two,  prob- 
ably depending  upon  the  prominence  of  the  deceased,  or 
the  grief  of  the  family.  Some  of  the  most  beautiful  vnses 
we  have  found,  had  been  buried  with  children,  probably 
prepared  by  some  fond  mother's  hand. 


Burial  Vases. 

The  vessels  intended  for  water,  quite  evidently  had  in 
many  instances  long,  narrow  necks,  generally  contracted 
above  a  wide,  round  base,  while  those  for  food,  which  are 
most  numerous,  are  in  many  instances  more  shallow 
dishes.  There  are,  however,  a  very  great  variety  of 
forms,  in  fact  excepting  the  long  neck  water  bottles  in 
which  form  there  is  more  of  a  general  sameness,  there 
are  hardly  any  two  just  alike. 

Some  made  to  represent  animals  and  birds  are 
not  uncommon,  and  we  have  found  fishes  and  reptiles 
with  the  carapaces  of  turtles  and  values  of  shells.  Quite 
a  common  way  of  representing  fowls  and  birds  was  to 
form  a  dish  or  bowl  and  place  the  head,  fastened  at  the 
neck,  on  the  edge  of  the  bowl.  There  is  always  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  bowl  a  projection  supposedly  repre. 
senting  the  tail  of  the  fowl. 


279 

We  have  seen  a  number  of  these  burial  vases  with 
human  heads  as,  an  ornament  on  the  rim,  and  sometimes 
the  entire  human  form  is  attempted,  but  these  generally 
present  an  appearance  more  grotesque  than  otherwise. 


Burial  Vases. 

These  singular  vessels  are  generally  neatly  made,  and 
some  are  even  elegant  in  design  and  finish.  Some  of  the 
better  made  ones  are  covered  on  the  outside  with  red 
or  colored  clay,  which  has  been  rubbed  very  smooth  and 
polished.  We  have  never  seen  a  glazed  one,  nor  have 
we  found  among  the  burial  vases  one  that  seemed  to 
have  been  designed  and  used  for  a  cooking  vessel.  The 
majority  of  them  were  doubtless  made  on  purpose  to  put 
in  the  grave. 

We  were  working  at  our  investigation,  one  beautiful 
day  in  the  early  spring,  in  a  field  at  the  base  of  the 
great  Cahokia  mound,  when  our  probe  struck  something 
\vhich  proved  to  be  one  of  these  burial  vases.  Further 
investigation  revealed  the  fact  that  we  had  found  one 
of  the  pottery-makers'  old  cemeteries;  at  least  from  the 
presence  of  a  few  human  remains  we  judged  that  it  had 
once  been  a  burial  place,  but  with  the  exception  of  one 
very  peculiarly  shaped  human  skull,  the  bones  had 
almost  completely  decayed  long  before. 

The  next  day,  beneath  the  grateful  shade  of  the  great 
temple  mound  which  lowered  a  hundred  feet  above  us, 
we  took  from  that  ancient  tomb,  which  was  not  two 
rods  square,  over  one  hundred  perfect  vessels.  It  was  a 
magnificent  collection  representing  men,  birds,  beasts 


280 


and  fishes.  On  a  small  scale  it  was  a  most  interesting  and 
artistic  reproduction  in  clay  of  the  animated  nature  of 
the  region.  Some  of  these  vessels  were  in  the  State  Ex- 
hibit at  the  World's  Fair.  A  pottery-making  and  pottery- 
burying  tribe  of  people  had  placed  these  singular  ob- 
jects in  the  earth  there,  but  what  connection  they  had 
with  the  great  mounds  that  towered  all  about  us,  we 
could  not  tell. 


Burial  Vases. 


Near  by  on  .the  ground  I  had  noticed  the  remains  of 
a  broken  hoe  of  steel,  and  near  this  were  the  remains  of 
a  basket  and  a  plow  handle.  I  knew  these  things  had 
no  connection  whatever  with  the  mounds  nor  the  pottery. 
These  had  been  tools  that  belonged  to  the  man  who 
owned  the  farm  and  raised  potatoes  for  the  market.  On 
the  top  of  one  of  the  large  mounds  in  the  same  field,  we 
one  day  picked  up  a  little  crucifix  of  pewter.  The  little 
ring  just  above  the  Savior's  head,  by  which  it  was  sus- 
pended, was  broken.  One  glance  at  the  object  and  its 
presence  there  was  accounted  for.  It  had  probably  been 


281 

made  in  France,  and  a  long  time  ago  it  had  probably 
been  brought  here  by  some  Jesuit  priest,  and  the  pious 
Frenchman  or  modern  Indian,  to  whom  it  had  been 
given  or  sold,  had  lost  it  here  on  the  mound.  But  it 
had  no  connection  with  the  mound's  history  in  any  way. 
There  was  nothing  at  all  hard  about  any  problem  pre- 
sented here  by  the  presence  of  the  crucifix  in  the  field. 

But  with  the  pretty  burial  vases  we  have  just  been  ex- 
huming it  is  very  different. 

All  over  the  fields  about  the  great  mounds  on  the 
Cahokia,  and  on  the  sides  of  the  structures  themselves, 
are  found,  almost  without  numbers,  pieces  of  pottery. 
And  we  are  interested  to  note  that  a  majority  of  these 
sherds  are  not  of  the  same  kind  we  have  just  dug  up  in 
the  field.  They  were  not  like  our  burial  vases.  Could 


Burial  Vase  from  Cahokia. 

they  be  pieces  of  cooking  vessels,  or  is  it  remains  of 
pottery  of  another  people?  Another  interesting  fact  we 
noted  in  this  connection  was,  that  in  making  an  excava- 
tion in  one  fine  mound  of  the  Cahokia  group  and  in  the 
same  field  in  which  is  the  Great  Mound,  we  found  pot- 
sherds like  those  in  the  field  from  the  very  top  to  the- 


282 

bottom  of  the  structure,  showing  that  when  the  mound 
was  being  made,  in  gathering  up  the  material  from  the 
surface  pieces  of  pottery  were  there  then. 

That  there  are  fragments  of  pottery  in  the  earth  com- 
posing a  mound  does  not  conclusively  prove  that  the 
people  who  made  the  mound  also  made  the  pottery. 
Yet  many  very  harmful  and  seriously  erroneous  theories 
in  archaeological  matters  have  been  formed  on  no  greater 
evidence.  Iron  has  been  found,  glass  has  been  found  and 
a  crucifix,  and  the  Indians  learned  to  make  pottery  from 
the  French.  Things  like  this  have  been  written  about 
and  spoken  of  by  people  occupying  positions  in  which 
they  ought  to  be  better  posted. 

It  puts  us  in  mind  of  a  conversation  between  two 
colored  men : 

"What  time  is  it?"  asks  Snow7  meeting  Sambo. 

"How  do  you   know  1  got  a  watch?"   questions  Sam. 

"I  see  de  chain  hanging  down,"  retorts  Snow^. 

"Look  a  heah,  niggah,  if  I  had  a  halter  round  my  neck 
would  you  think  I  had  a  horse  inside  of  me? "  says 
Sambo. 

We  have  found  some  very  fine  pieces  of  pottery  on  the 
Illinois  river,  near  its  mouth,  but  it  grows  very  rare  as 
you  ascend  the  stream. 

The  pottery  used  by  the  primitive  people  of  Illinois  for 
domestic  arid  culinary  purposes  we  know  but  little  of, 
although  oftentimes  good  sized  pieces  are  found  about 
the  sites  of  ancient  towns  and  the  kitchen  middens  where 
some  ancient  family  has  lived.  It  is  very  rare  to  see  one 
of  these  entire.  From  the  fragments  it  would  seem  that 
frequently  vessels  of  good  size  were  made  by  covering 
the  inside  of  woven  baskets,  the  whole  being  placed  in  a 
hot  fire  until  the  basket  was  burned  and  the  pottery 
well  hardened.  From  the  many  ancient  village  sites  in 
sheltered  places  in  the  vicinity  of  good  springs  of  water 


283 

and  the  great  quantity  of  pieces  of  earthen  vessels  cov- 
ered up  by  the  debris  accumulated  for  ages,  it  is  quite 
evident  that  many  of  our  primitive  tribes  and  peoples 
used  at  times  earthen  vessels  for  cooking  food.  Some 
quite  possibly  were  set  on  stones  in  some  way,  but  almost 
all  these  old  vessels  of  every  kind  had  round,  instead  of 
flat  bottoms  like  our  modern  vessels.  We  have  found 
remains  of  culinary  vessels,  too,  that  showed  how  they 
were,  evidently,  fixed  for  suspension  by  havimz  projections 
either  on  the  outside  or  inside  of  the  rim.  Sometimes, 
too,  there  were  ears  or  holes  in  the  edge  of  the  rim. 


Burial  Vase  from  Cahokia. 


Quite  possibly  many  of  our  primitive  people  made  or 
used  salt.  About  the  salt  springs  in  the  southern  part 
of  Illinois,  and  at  the  salines  near  St.  Genevieve,  Missouri, 
the  remains  of  the  earthen  vessels,  used  in  salt  making  are 
exceedingly  numerous.  While  exploring  the  region  about 
the  salt  springs  of  St.  Genevieve  county,  Mo.,  we  found 
two  of  the  earthen  salt  pans  so  common  in  fragments, 
about  the  Illinois  salines.  The  two  large  pans  had  been 
used  presumably  by  some  aboriginal  mother  as  a  coffin 
for  her  dead  child.  The  body  of  the  child  had  been  placed 


284 

in  one  and  the  other  turned  over  it.  The  whole  had  then 
been  buried  on  the  top  of  a  hill.  These  well  made  ves- 
sels were  in  the  shape  of  shallow  pans,  some  three  feet 
across  and  not  more  than  seven  or  eight  inches  in  depth. 
They  were  on  the  bottom  about  an  inch  and  a  half  in 
thickness  and  made  of  clay  and  pounded  shells.  These 
are  the  only  entire  specimens  of  the  vessels  for  salt  mak- 
ing we  have  seen.  About  these  ancient  salt  works  are 
excellent  opportunities  to  see  how  the  larger  pieces  of 
pottery  were  manufactured  in  various  ways. 


Ancient  Pottery  from  Illinois. 

The  most  recent  specimens  of  aboriginal  pottery  we 
have  observed  are  found  in  what  are  termed  stone  graves. 
Some  not  very  ancient  tribes  seemed  to  have  had  a  cus- 
tom of  burying  their  dead  in  shallow  graves,  on  the 
bluffs  as  well  as  in  the  lowlands.  These  graves  were 
made  by  setting  upright  thin  flat  stones  forming  a  box 
like  enclosure  in  which  the  body  was  laid  and  covered 
over  with  one  or  several  large  flat  stones.  The  whole 
covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  earth.  At  the  head  of  each 
one  of  these  graves  was  usually  placed  a  piece  of  pottery, 
more  or  less  rude  in  character.  Some  of  these  we  have 
found  have  never  been  burned,  but  were,  apparently, 
simply  sun-dried.  These  stone  graves  have  been  fre- 
quently found  along  the  Illinois  River,  but  were  more 
numerous  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  and  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  State.  They  were  evidently  the  fag- 
end  of  the  pottery-making  and  pottery-burying  tribes. 


285 

In  all  the  cemeteries  and  burial  places  of  pottery  tribes 
but  little  is  found  of  them  except  their  work  in  clay.  Oc- 
casionally there  is  a  pipe,  mostly  the  same  material  as 
the  burial  vases.  We  know  little  of  their  stone  imple- 
ments, except  that  they  did  not  approach  the  finished 
work  in  this  line  of  the  mound  builders.  It  is  doubtful 
if  they  had  any  copper,  or  any  commercial  relations  of 
much  extent,  and  they  were  never  powerful  tribes  or 
very  numerous,  except  it  may  have  been  in  the  southern 
States. 

As  before  remarked,  the  Stone  Age  of  Illinois  shows  a 
great  multiplicity  of  forms  in  the  relics  found  in  the  soil, 
more  so,  perhaps,  than  any  other  region,  mainly  on  ac- 
count of  its  geographical  position,  for  there  comes  into 
the  State  such  a  multitude  of  rivers  and  water  ways 
from  every  direction,  and  these  water  ways  were  mostly 


Ancient  Pottery  from  Illinois. 

the  paths  the  ancient  people  followed.  In  the  south  we 
have  the  Ohio,  with  its  southern  branches  of  the  Ten- 
nessee and  the  Cumberland,  and  then  up  the  great  Mis- 
sissippi, the  Missouri  and  the  Illinois,  together  with 
many  smaller  streams.  Tribes  have  been  either  driven 
from  their  homes  from  every  direction  into  Illinois,  and 
quite  possibly  lived  here  for  a  time,  or  until  driven  away 
again  or  become  extinct.  That  we  have  the  remains  of 
one  extinct  tribe  we  know  from  modern  history,  for  our 
own  Illini  or  Illinois  tribe  was  annihilated  by  the  Iro- 
quois  or  Six  Nations  from  New  York  regions.  This  was 
witnessed  by  white  men. 


280 


But  what  became  of  the  most  advanced  of  all  our 
primitive  inhabitants,  the  mound  builders,  that  great 
nation  which  built  the  great  pyramids  on  the  Cahokia 
and  the  people  who  made  the  enormous  earth  works  of 
Ohio  ? 


Burial  Vases  from  Mounds  in  Illinois. 

The  mounds  on  the  Cahokia  creek  are  the  work  of  a 
great  nation,  for  here  in  the  midst  of  a  level  plain  rises 
a  pyramid  over  a  hundred  feet  in  height  and  covering 
sixteen  acres  of  ground.  And  this  mighty  pyramid— for 
it  is  pyramidal  in  shape — is  surrounded  by  nearly  a 
hundred  others  of  great  size,  and  made  only  with  a  pro- 
digious amount  of  labor. 


287 

These  are  the  greatest  ruins  on  the  continent. 

Is  it  not  very  singular  that  a  nation  of  such  vast  num- 
bers and  organizations,  both  civil  and  religious,  with  the 
sustenance  necessary  for  the  accomplishment  of  such  an 
undertaking,  should  disappear  without  a  trace  of  his- 
tory, without  even  a  legend  or  story  concerning  them 
among  the  red  Indians  we  know  so  well,  and  who  seem, 
probably,  to  be  their  successors? 

A  great  plague  or  epidemic,  that  swept  every  soul  of 
them  into  the  grave,  might  account  for  some  such  total 
annihilation.  But  we  only  surmise  this,  and  do  not  know 
actually,  and  perhaps  never  will,  unless  we  find  some 
sort  of  evidence  in  their  graves. 

Flint  Implements. 

There  is  one  other  class  of  relics  of  the  Stone  Age  in 
Illinois  of  which  our  State  had  one  of  the  finest  and  best 
exhibits  at  the  World's  Fair  in  Chicago.  This  was  the 
flint  objects.  We  have  purposely  left  our  description 
and  history  of  these  for  the  last,  for  they  represent  the 
Stone  Age  not  only  from  its  beginning  until  the  end,  but 
they  embrace  such  a  variety  of  forms,  made  and  used 
by  such  different  peoples,  that  there  is  presented  some- 
thing from  all  grades  and  classes  of  the  various  tribes 
and  nations  that  have  lived  in  this  region  from  the 
beginning  of  the  Stone  Age  to  the  end. 

The  chipping  or  making  of  a  flint  point  of  the  more 
primitive  and  ruder  kinds  was  a  simple  affair,  and  the 
merest  beginner  could  chip  off  something  that  might 
answer  for  a  rough  point.  This  was  the  beginning,  but 
that  the  manufacture  of  the  finer  flints  became  in  a 
manner,  in  the  later  periods,  what  we  might  term  an  art, 
no  one  can  well  dispute  who  looked  at  the  Illinois  Col- 
lection of  hundreds  of  the  most  beautiful  objects  of  this 
kind  ever  exhibited. 


288 


The  grades  of  flints  vary  from  very  low  to  very  high 
and  perhaps  there  is  no  place  in  the  United  States  where 
there  a  collection  of  these  relics  could  be  made  in  such 
variety  and  beauty  as  in  Illinois. 


In  the  Illinois  Collection  there  were  probably  twenty 
thousand  from  which  those  exhibited  were  selected. 
Among  such  a  number  of  varieties  and  forms  it  could  be 
expected  that  only  some  of  the  more  decided  of  the 
various  types  could  be  described. 


289 

Collectors  are  generally  quite  ready  to  class  chipped 
stone  objects  of  certain  forms  found  so  plentifully  in 
Illinois,  as  arrow  and  spear  heads.  If  the  object  is 
notched  or  fixed  for  haftingit  has  been  an  arrow  point; 
if  it  seems  to  be  a  little  too  large  for  an  arrow  point- 
it  is  called  a  spear  point.  The  fact  is  that  quite  prob- 
ably the  great  majority  of  these  objects  were  neither 
arrow  nor  spear  heads. 

In  our  explorations  among  the  mounds  for  some  thirty 
years  we  have  seen  the  remains  of  very  many  of  the 
aborigines  who  had  been  killed  or  wounded  by  arrows. 
These  arrow  heads  are  frequently  found  still  sticking 
in  the  bones.  In  almost  every  instance  these  points  are 
very  small.  We  once  found  a  skeleton  that  had  six 


arrow  points  still  in  the  frame.  They  were  in  the  State 
Exhibit.  Not  one  of  these  was  more  than  an  inch  in 
length.  In  the  Smithsonian  collection  at  Washington 
are  a  large  number  of  arrows  obtained  from  various 
Indian  tribes  and  pointed  with  stone;  none  of  these 
—19 


290 


points  are  over  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length.  In  fact  it 
seems  to  be  well  enough  shown  that  the  aboriginal  arrow 
point  was  comparatively  small. 

In  one  skeleton  from  a  mound  on  the  Illinois  river, 
one  of  the  vertebra  of  the  back-bone  had  been  pierced  by 
an  arrow  head  which  still  remained  in  the  bone.  It  was  a 
small,  sharp  flint  not  quite  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  It 
was  without  notch  or  tang. 

It  is  quite  probable  that  many  of  the  larger  objects 
we  call  arrow  heads  were  tools  of  some  kind  and  notched 
or  otherwise  shaped  to  be  fastened  to  a  handle. 


Flint  Tools. 

Some  of  the  Indian  tribes  still  use  these  tools.  We 
have  seen  hundreds  of  these  among  the  Utes,  Cheyennes 
and  Arapahoes.  At  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  gold 
at  Pike's  Peak  we  saw  many  of  our  Indian  tribes  in  that 
region.  Firearms  had  not  yet  been  introduced  among 
these  Indians,  and  many  of  their  weapons  as  well  as 
most  of  their  tools  were  of  the  primitive  order.  Their 


291 


knives  were  mostly  made  of  flint  and  very  much  re- 
sembled the  larger  so  called  arrow  heads  so  common  in 
Illinois. 

These  flints  were  fastened  to  a  short  handle,  either 
with  a  thong  or  sinews,  or  by  being  fitted  and  fastened 
with  pitch  or  gum  or  even  glue.  We  have  ourselves  seen 
Indians  cut  leather  easily  enough  with  these  hafted  flint 
knives. 

There  are  some  forms  of  these  tools  that  are  followed 
quite  persistently  and  some  of  them  are  made  with  great 
skill.  It  is  easy  to  imagine  that  among  the  aborigines, 
as  with  other  people,  there  were  some  persons  who  had 
a  genius  for  making  objects  and  working  the  flint  muck 
more  skillfully  than  was  common. 


Flint  Drills. 


Quite  a  common  form,  of  which  we  had  some  very  fine 
examples  in  the  State  Exhibit,  are  called  drills,  and  their 
form  does  suggest  some  such  sort  of  use.  They  are  gen- 
erally long  slender  points  with  a  heavier  base  for  fasten- 
ing to  some  handle  for  the  tool.  Some  of  these  pretty 


292 

flint  drills  are  marvels  of  skillful  work  in  chipping,  and 
are  found  especially  about  the  water  courses.  We  have 
collected  them  in  JoDaviess  and  Carroll  counties  in  the 
extreme  north,  as  well  as  in  Alexander  county,  in  the 
southern  end  of  the  State.  In  Calhoun  and  Jersey  coun- 
ties they  are  more  plentiful,  however.  One  of  the  most 
beautiful  ones  we  have  seen  came  from  Union  county;  it 
was  nearly  six  inches  long.  Some  of  the  most  delicate 
ones  we  have  observed  we  took  from  a  mound  in  St. 
Charles  county,  Missouri.  They  were  very  small  and 
marvels  of  minute  delicate  chipping  and  pointed  at  both 
ends. 

It  is  quite  probable  that  in  the  manufacture  of  these 
more  delicate  tools  much  depended  on  the  artist's  selec- 
tion of  his  material,  and  not  only  this,  but  it  must  be 
in  condition;  that  is,  must  not  be  too  dry  or  weather 
toughened. 


Beveled  Edge  Flint. 

Much  might  be  written  about  the  material  of  which 
the  arrow  points  and  tools  were  made.  We  call  it  flint, 
which  name  has  obtained  and  possibly  will  have  to  be  kept, 
but  it  is  really  not  flint.  We  have  no  flint  in  this  country 
like  the  flint  of  Europe,  and  of  which  our  old  gun  flints 
were  made.  Flint  is  a  silicious  formation  in  chalk  beds, 


293 


which  we  do  not  have.  Our  arrow  points  and  flint  ob- 
jects are  made  of  nothing  more  than  a  kind  of  cherty 
limestone.  Some  of  this  chert,  which  is  the  proper  name, 
is  more  or  less  silicious  and  of  different  colors,  but  still 
it  is  limestone,  and  most  of  our  flint  points  will  burn 
into  lime,  unlike  the  flint  of  Europe.  Chert,  which  is 
our  flint,  abounds  wherever  the  sub-carboniferous  rocks 
are  found. 

The  aborigines,  without  doubt,  however,  had  certain 
localities  where  they  obtained  a  certain  quality  that 
suited  their  purposes. 

Sometimes  in  the  mounds  we  have  found  masses  of 
this  material  evidently  stored  away  for  future  use. 

Some  small  tools,  sometimes  called  bunts  or  scrapers, 
are  common. 


Scraper. 


Some  of  these,  after  being  hafted,  might  have  been  used 
in  scraping  skins,  or  in  smoothing  the  surface  of  other 
objects. 


Some  cutting  implements  were,  quite  probably,  simple 
flakes  fresh  from  off  some  special  chert  core.  These  sharp- 
edged  flakes  were  quite  common.  We  have  found  many 
of  them  in  the  mounds. 


294 


Among  the  common  implements  are  some  very  pretty 


leaf-shaped  tools  that  were  used  for  certain  purposes; 
perhaps  some  of  these  were  used  for  cutting  or  scrap- 
ing something  not  so  very  Imrd.  We  collected  some 
of  these  leaf-shaped  objects  for  the  State  Exhibit  that 
were  simply  exquisite  in  shape  and  general  finish.  Some 
of  them  are  three  or  four  inches  in  length. 


10 


295 

Spear  heads,  like  the  arrow  points,  present  a  great 
variety  of  forms  and  are  only  distinguished  from  them 
by  their  much  greater  size. 


Great  skill  is  often  shown  in  the  making  of  these  spear 
heads,  and  like  those  of  the  drill,  the  material  was  evi- 
dently selected  with  care.  The  principal  qualities  were 
doubtless  that  of  toughness  combined  with  qualities  for 
successful  chipping.  Although  somewhat  brittle  they  are 
not  so  easily  broken  as  one  would  suppose.  We  have 
picked  them  up,  sometimes  five  or  six  inches  in  length, 
on  the  surface  of  plowed  fields  where  they  must  at  times 
have  met  with  rough  usage  in  the  cultivation  of  the  land, 
they  were  still  entire  to  the  extreme  fine  point. 

A  spear  was  always  a  formidable  weapon  and  was 
doubtless  a  favorite  one  with  our  aborigines. 


Especially  was  it  a  favorite  arm  with  the  Indians  on 
horse  back  before  they  had  fire  arms  and  we  have  seen 
them  slay  many  a  buffalo  with  spears  pointed  with  a 
rude  but  sharp  piece  of  iron  or  steel  obtained  from  the 
whites.  Flint  spear  heads  are  most  numerous  about  the 
rivers  and  streams  of  Illinois  where  they  were  doubtless 


296 

used  in  fishing.  While  it  is  somewhat  rare  to  find  flint 
implements  in  a  mound  we  have  on  a  few  occasions  found 
some  rare  and  beautiful  objects  of  this  kind. 

In  a  mound  in  Calhoun  county  we  found  one  very  fine 
point,  possibly  a  spear  head,  that  was  some  ten  inches 
in  length.  While  spear  heads  and  objects  of  this  kind 
were  made  of  our  common  white  or  colored  chert  there 
is  occasionally  one  of  harder  material.  In  the  State 
Exhibit  were  two  or  three  very  fine  objects  of  this  kind 
made  of  chalcedony  or  quarzite.  I  obtained  them  in 
Carroll  county  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  There 
was  also  another  very  fine  spear  head  of  translucent 
quarzite  from  Union  county  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State. 

Spears  and  ceremonial  objects  of  obsidian  like  those 
found  by  Morehead  in  the  Hopewell  mound  in  Ohio,  are 
also  very  rare  in  Illinois,  and  are  only  found  in  mounds. 
Among  the  surface  finds  we  have  seen  but  two  or  three 
small  specimens.  Spears  of  copper  were  seldom  used  by 
the  primitive  people  of  Illinois  and  are  very  rare.  There 
were  two  fine  ones,  however,  in  the  State  Exhibit,  both 
found  in  Illinois. 

We  have  seen  a  few  flint  implements  shaped  somewhat 
like  a  dagger  and  possibly  intended,  as  is  thought  by 
some,  to  be  used  as  a  weapon  by  being  held  in  the  hand. 


Flint  Tool. 

One  very  fine  specimen  somewhat  of  this  form  in 
the  State  Exhibit,  I  obtained  from  Calhoun  county;  it  is 
six  or  seven  inches  long.  We  also  have  one  from  Jersey 
county.  I  doubt  if  they  were  weapons  or  flint  daggers. 
All  of  this  form  we  have  seen  are  small  and  I  shall  be 
inclined  to  place  them  in  the  list  of  tools. 


297 

There  is  another  very  interesting  form  of  flint  objects 
generally  classed  as  arrow  points;  some  of  these  are 
notched  in  a  peculiar  manner  and  all  of  them  seern  to 
be  worn  smooth  about  the  neck  of  the  notch  as  if  they 
might  have  had  a  string  about  them  and  the  string 
had  worn  the  notch  smooth  by  suspension  or  otherwise. 
There  were  quite  a  number  of  these  in  the  State  Exhibit. 

There  is  still  another  form,  called  by  some,  knives, 
which  we  can  hardly  accept,  however.  Some  of  these 
flint  objects  are  made  with  great  skill  in  the  chipping. 
They  are  pointed  at  both  ends  and  sometimes,  although 
not  in  every  instance,  the  edges  are  beveled. 


Flints  in  a  War  Club. 

Many  of  the  tools  have  their  edges  thus  beveled  off  in 
a  very  skillful  manner.  It  is  the  general  impression 
among  collectors  that  these  objects  are  arrow  points 
made  with  the  beveled  edges  so  that  they  would  twist 
or  whirl  in  passing  through  the  air. 

They  were  probably  tools  of  some  kind.  We  have 
seen  among  the  Ute  Indians  tools  somewhat  similar  with 
short  handles. 


298 

There  are  a  great  many  other  forms  of  flint  imple- 
ments found  in  Illinois,  the  description  of  which,  if  ac- 
companied with  illustrations,  would  be  of  much  interest. 

There  is  one  class  of  flint  implements  in  which  Illinois 
is  particularly  rich  and  in  which  there  are  some  forms 
that  might  be  said  to  be  peculiar  to  the  State.  These 
are  agricultural  implements.  Whether  Illinois  had  in- 
digenous men,  we  only  think  possible,  but  have  not  the 
evidence  to  make  it  conclusive.  Paleolithic  objects  may 
be  numerous  in  our  present  age,  but  in  the  age  beyond, 
the  glacial,  there  seems  to  be  no  sign  of  man  whatever. 
But  it  seems  to  be  established  that  in  our  State  there 
were  very  early  inhabitants  and  as  the  evidence  from 
our  caverns  and  cave  shelters  seem  to  show  they  were  the 
veriest  savages,  possibly  cannibals.  After  or  among 
these  somewhat  vague  people  comes  somehow  an  im- 
proved state  of  affairs  with  the  inhabitants.  Somebody 
brings  or  finds  a  very  primitive  kind  of  religion  and 
ceremonials  are  instituted,  mounds  are  built.  Finally 
these  mound  builders  became  a  great  nation  with  an 
established  religion  and  an  organized  government.  They 
lived  in  large  communities  on  the  rich  bottom  lands, 
and  their  numbers  and  manner  of  life  made  it  necessary 
that  sustenance  should  be  provided  in  other  ways  than 
that  of  savages  or  in  the  manner  of  our  Indians.  They 
became  tillers  of  the  soil  and  had  cornfields  and  were 
not  dependent  on  the  chase  or  hunting.  These  people1 
became  so  numerous  and  strong  and  so  well  organized 
that  they  were  able  to  erect  enormous  temples  or  places 
on  which  to  have  their  ceremonies  or  religious  obser- 
vances. That  there  were  other  nations  or  tribes  of  people 
in  the  land  is  quite  evident  from  the  fact  that  in 
some  places  these  mound  builders  had  defensive  works, 
as  is  shown  in  Ohio.  In  Illinois,  where  their  largest 
temple  and  town  was  situated,  this  did  not  seem  neces- 


299 

sary.  The  "Great  American  Bottom,"  as  it  is  called, 
an  extraordinarily  fertile  tract  of  low  land  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, seventy-five  miles  long  and  five  to  ten  miles 
wide,  was  their  central  dwelling  place,  with  colonies 
about  them  for  a  hundred  miles  or  more;  some  of  the 
fine  bottoms  on  the  Illinois  were  occupied  by  their  col- 
onies, and  here  are  found  their  great  religious  mounds, 
and  the  rich  bottoms  on  the  Illinois,  like  the  American 
Bottom  are  probably  to  this  day  destitute  of  forests 
where  these  people  cultivated  corn,  vegetables  and  other 
edibles. 

From  some  of  these  mounds  have  been  taken  the  most 
advanced  work  of  the  stone  age  we  have  seen,  and  the 
only  chipped  and  ground  implements  we  have  met  with. 

Their  agricultural  tools  were  of  stone  and  made  with 
a  degree  of  skill  that  is  unrivaled  in  the  chipping  of  flint 
tools.  Some  of  the  flint  hoes  when  fastened  on  to  a 
handle  in  a  firm  manner  were  in  fact  no  mean  implement 
with  which  to  dig  about  the  corn  and  growing  crops. 


A  Hafted  Spade. 


The  large  flat,  slightly  ovoid,  instruments,  always  wider 
at  one  end  and  known  as  spades,  were  tools  with  which  to 
dig  the  soil.  Some  of  these  have  seen  so  much  use, 


300 

probably  in  a  sandy  soil,  as  to  have  a  very  nicely  pol- 
ished surface  about  the  larger  end,  the  smaller  end  having 
doubtless  been  fastened  to  a  handle.  One  splendid  speci- 
men in  the  State  Collection  was  seventeen  inches  in  length. 
We  obtained  it  in  Randolph  county;  another  fine  speci- 
men from  Madison  county  was  sixteen  inches  long;  sev- 
eral others  from  Madison  and  St.  Clair  were  but  little 
smaller. 


Flint  Spade  17  Inches  Long. 

One  fine  specimen  from  Union  county  was  polished  over 
its  entire  surface,  showing  that  both  ends  had  been  used 
in  digging. 

There  were  two  varieties  of  the  large  spades  that  seems 
to  have  been  followed  persistently.  From  certain  evi- 
dence it  would  seem  to  be  quite  probable  that  certain 


301 

persons  or  families  were  more  skillful  and  followed  the 
business  of  making  especial  forms  of  stone  implements. 

Across  the  Mississippi  river  from  Chester,  Illinois,  there 
are  a  number  of  mounds  in  Perry  county,  Missouri.  A 
farmer  here  plowing  over  one  of  these  mounds  in  his  field, 
felt  his  plow  strike  something,  and  upon  looking  to  see 
what  it  was,  found  buried  there  sixty-three  flint  spades. 
None  were  less  than  a  foot  in  length,  all  precisely  of  the 
same  form,  and  not  one  of  them  showed  any  signs  of 
being  used.  They  were  possibly  new  when  buried  there. 
We  were  able  to  secure  most  of  this  find,  every  one  of 
which  was  perfect  and  a  gem  of  its  kind.  We  think  one 
person  had  made  all  these  objects.  In  the  northern  part 
of  the  American  bottom,  in  the  vicinity  of  Alton,  the 
common  form  of  the  large  spade  found  has  a  broader 
edge  and  straighter  sides,  showing  the  handiwork  of 
another  family  of  artists  which  followed  a  peculiar  out- 
line in  their  chipping. 

Agricultural  implements  of  a  smaller  kind  are  very 
common  in  the  Illinois  river  valley,  but  not  exactly  of 
the  form  of  the  larger  one.  Occasionally  a  specimen  of 
our  more  southern  and  larger  forms  is  found  as  far  up 
the  river  as  Peoria  but  they  are  comparatively  rare  there. 


Notched  Hoe. 


The  notched   hoes    or  spades  with  notches  for  fasten- 
ing  to    a   handle  are  very  much    desired  by  collectors. 


302 


They  are  not  so  common  as  the  spade  and  probably 
were  much  more  difficult  to  make,  They  are  peculiar  to 
this  region  or  at  least  very  rare  elsewhere. 

Like  the  spades,  there  are  two  distinct  forms  of  the 
type — one  with  straight  sides  and  a  broader  edge,  the 
other  more  circular  in  outline,  Occasionally  these  notched 
hoes  are  found  very  much  worn,  showing  that  they  had 
doubtless  been  used  for  many  years,  for  the  attrition  of 
the  soil  must  have  affected  their  flinty  surfaces  but  very 
slowly.  And  then  one  is  occasionally  found  so  bung- 
lingly  and  rudely  made,  that  it  is  very  plain  that  an 
attempt  had  been  made  to  evade  an  infringement  of  the 
other  fellow's  patent. 


A  Cahokia  Mound  50  feet  high. 

When  we  speak  of  the  use  of  these  implements  in  the 
cultivation  of  corn,  how  do  we  know  they  had  corn? 
We  have  found  it  in  their  mounds  on  more  than  one  occa- 
sion, sometimes  in  a  charred  condition  and  otherwise. 


303 

In  excavating  to  the  bottom  of  one  of  the  Cahokia 
mounds,  we  found,  besides  the  grains  of  corn  and  some 
cobs,  bundles  of  cornstalks  bound  together  with  cords 
or  strings.  We  have  some  charred  specimens  of  this 
corn,  as  well  as  pieces  of  the  cords  and  strings,  as  was 
shown  in  the  exhibit. 

Cora  Cob  from  Mound. 

The  corn  we  have  found  in  the  mounds  was  a  rather 
small  ear  with  eight  rows.  The  rows  were  in  pairs  and 
between  each  pair  of  rows  of  grains  was  an  interstice 
or  furrow.  The  grains  must  have  been  of  good  size,  for 
even  the  charred  grain  we  have  found  were  of  fair  size. 

At  the  bottom  of  an  excavation  in  one  of  the  Cahokia 
mounds  not  only  were  the  remains  of  corn  but  seed  of 
melons  like  pumpkins  and  squashes.  Some  of  these  seeds 
too  were  of  large  size.  In  the  bottom  of  this  mound  we 
found  a  number  of  strings  and  cords  that  seemed  to  have 
been  made  of  some  kind  of  vegetable  fiber. 

We  have  found,  in  several  instances,  some  of  their 
fabrics,  too,  preserved  by  being  in  contact  with  copper. 
In  some  of  the  cloth,  both  of  hair  and  vegetable  fiber, 
could  be  seen  the  warp  and  woof.  All  the  fabric  we  have 
seen,  however,  was  coarse  in  texture,  more  like  our  bags 
or  sacking  material. 

That  these  old  mound  people  who  once  lived  on  the 
rich  lands  of  Illinois  had  made  a  very  material  advance- 
ment from  the  state  of  semi-savage  or  barbarian  life  of 
our  modern  Indians  there  can  be  but  little  question. 

We  have  but  to  point  to  the  huge  mounds  in  Madi- 
son and  St.  Glair  counties  of  which  our  modern  Indians 
know  absolutely  nothing  and  which  no  modern  Indian 
that  we  have  any  knowledge  of  had  a  capacity  to  make, 
or  ability  to  erect  through  insufficient  organization, 
want  of  numbers,  manner  of  life  and  disinclination  to 


304 

engage  in  physical  labor.  We  are  aware  that  an  effort 
has  been  made  to  show  that  all  our  mound  builders 
were  simply  the  ancestors  of  our  present  red  men.  We 
do  not  think  it  has  been  shown,  but  space  prevents  us 
from  going  into  this  discussion. 

That  our  red  Indians  are  indigenous  to  the  country  is 
probably  true.  But  that  another  race  or  races  lived 
here  and  were  much  farther  advanced  than  the  Indians 
and  finally  suddenly  and  totally  disappeared  we  believe 
also  is  true. 

That  this  advanced  race  of  mound  builders  had  cus- 
toms, religious  or  otherwise,  which  they  learned  in  some 
way  from  other  countries  we  believe  also. 

We  believe  that  when  the  mounds  of  Illinois  are  fully 
explored  we  shall  have  sufficient  proofs  and  have  a  his- 
tory of  great  interest. 


GLACIAL    GEOLOGY. 


BY  OSSIAN  GUTHRIE. 


NTIL  a  very  recent  date,  the  glacial  geology  of 
Illinois  seems  to  have  been  almost  entirely  over- 
looked, or,  if  not  overlooked,  misunderstood.  Recent 
researches,  however,  have  developed  the  fact  that  the 
prairies  of  Illinois  not  only  owe  their  existence  to  glacial 
action,  but  afford  one  of  the  richest  fields  on  the  globe 
for  the  study  of  glacial  phenomena. 

Four  great  glacial  streams  invaded  the  area  now  in- 
cluded within  the  boundaries  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 
Two  of  these  came  directly  south  from  the  Lake  Super- 
ior region,  bringing  native  copper  and  rocks  or  boulders 
of  every  variety  found  on  the  northern  peninsula  of 
Michigan  and  in  eastern  Wisconsin.  These  streams  en- 
tered the  domain  of  the  State  from  the  north,  and  scat- 
tered their  promiscuous  cargoes  along  and  west  of  the 
Illinois  valley.  The  pathways  of  these  streams,  or  glacial 
rivers,  are  easily  identified.  One  scattered  red  porphyry 
in  great  profusion,  but  scattered  a  comparatively  small 
quantity  of  copper.  The  other  distributed  copper  in 
considerable  quantities,  or  more  profusely  than  any  other 
stream,  but  no  red  porphyry,  and  both  are  distinguish- 
able from  the  two  Lake  Huron  streams,  which  invaded 
the  State  from  the  east,  by  the  absence  of  three  distinct 
varieties  of  conglomerate  which  are  found  together  and 
in  profusion  along  the  pathways  of  these  streams. 

One  of  the  streams  above  referred  to,  left  Lake  Huron 
at  Saginaw  Bay,  passed  diagonally  across  the  State  of 
Michigan,  entered  the  Kankakee  valley  near  South  Bend, 
—20  305 


306 

and  followed  thence  along  that  valley  to  the  Illinois, 
which  valley  ifc  followed  to  the  Mississippi  river,  scatter- 
ing the  red  jasper  or  Huron  conglomerate  and  two  other 
distinct  conglomerates,  all  of  Canadian  origin,  all  along 
its  tortuous  pathway.  The  other  stream  passed  south 
through  Lake  Huron,  out  of  the  west  end  of  Lake 
Erie,  and  thence  along  the  Wabash  valley.  This  line 
seems  to  have  been  the  one  of  least  resistance,  and 
consequently,  the  pathway  of  the  larger  glacial  stream, 
for,  in  addition  to  supplying  the  Wabash  valley  proper, 
it  sent  out  a  broad  sheet,  or  series  of  inferior  streams, 
in  a  southwesterly  direction,  to  the  valley  of  the  Illi- 
nois. This  statement  seems  to  be  amply  supported  by 
the  fact  that  the  three  Canadian  conglomerates  are 
scattered  in  profusion  all  along  this  line'  on  the  islands 
in  Lake  Huron,  and  thence  along  the  line  to  Lake  Erie, 
along  the  Wabash,  and  thence  diagonally  across  Illinois 
to  the  Illinois  river  valley.  All  doubt  upon  this  subject, 
if  any  there  was,  seems  to  be  removed  by  the  Guthrie 
Collection  in  the  Illinois  State  Building  at  the  World's 
Fair  relating  to  the  glacial  geology  of  the  State.  This 
collection  contained  about  1,000  specimens,  almost  every 
one  of  which  was  either  glacial-marked,  or  was  a  frag- 
ment from  a  glacial  transported  boulder.  Every  speci- 
men or  variety  in  this  collection  is  to  be  found  in  the 
drift  of  Illinois.  The  glacial  streams  which  invaded  the 
area  embraced  within  our  State  lines,  had  swept  over 
an  estimated  area  of  over  700,000  square  miles,  and 
gathered  together  probably  a  greater  variety  of  rocks 
and  other  material  than  any  other  glacial  body  had 
ever  delivered  upon  an  equal  area. 

The  glacial  collection  of  Mr.  Guthrie,  and  the  geologi- 
cal and  relief  maps  of  Illinois,  especially  prepared  for  the 
World's  Fair,  and  made  from  the  most  reliable  data  ob- 
tainable, seemed  to  be  in  perfect  accord.  These  features 


307 

of  the  Illinois  Exhibit,  which,  as  before  stated,  had  hereto- 
fore either  been  neglected  or  misunderstood,  were  visited 
by  many  eminent  scientists,  whose  admiration  of  the 
exhibit  was  universal. 

Recent  exposure  of  glacial  grooves  on  the  floor  of  the 
DesPlaines  valley  at  Lamont,  by  the  Drainage  District 
Trustees  of  Chicago,  and  the  cutting  through  of  the  rock 
barrier  at  Momence,  have  furnished  the  most  conclusive 
proof  of  the  correctness  of  the  conclusions  above  ex- 
pressed. 


FORESTRY. 


BY  MARTIN  CONRAD,   SUPERINTENDENT. 


jOTWiTHSTANDING  the  fact  that  Illinois  has  al- 
M&L  ways  been  known  as  the  Prairie  State,  early  data 
prove  conclusively  that,  although  unevenly  distributed, 
fully  one-fourth  of  its  area  was  covered  with  forests  when 
the  white  men  first  entered  the  territory. 

There  was  probably  no  county  entirely  without  tim- 
ber, but  the  real  forests  were  confined  to  the  southern 
portion  of  the  State,  the  broad  bottom  lands  of  the 
Mississippi  and  Illinois,  together  with  nearly  one-half  of 
the  delta  formed  by  these  rivers. 

Many  counties  throughout  this  section  presented  an 
unbroken  forest,  chiefly  of  deciduous  trees,  rich  in  vari- 
ety, and  of  a  quality  unsurpassed  on  this  continent. 
The  growth  on  the  margins  of  the  smaller  streams,  areas 
between  forks  of  creeks,  or  wherever  protected  from  fire, 
including  the  "oak  openings"  peculiar  to  the  broad  roll- 
ing prairies,  consisted  almost  entirely  of  burr,  black  and 
red  oaks,  which  had  expended  their  force  in  growing 
lateral  branches  to  such  an  extent  that,  viewed  from  a 
distance  the  park-like  groves,  devoid  of  all  undergrowth, 
recalled  the  scenes  where  grew: 

"The  Baldwins  and  the  Jonathans, 
The  Gillyflower  and  the  Wine," 

at  the  old  homestead,  where  "oak  openings"  and 
prairies  were  alike  unknown.  There  were  also  "oak 
openings"  of  quite  opposite  development,  since  the  wood 
consisted  of  large  burly  roots,  or  "grubs",  which  had 
been  expanding  their  gnarled  deformities  for  many  years, 

311 


312 

evidently  by  sending  up  shoots  every  spring,  only  to  be 
as  regularly  razed  in  the  autumn,  by  the  annual  holo- 
caust that  destroyed  everything  of  an  arboraceous  na- 
ture, with  the  exception  of  these  under-ground  "grubs" 
and  mature  trees  whose  heavy  barks  proved  an  efficient 
shield  against  the  recurrent  seas  of  flame.  Despite  the 
scientific  theory  that  fire  was  a  prime  factor  in  the  for- 
mation of  our  prairies,  the  groves  that  dotted  the  land- 
scape, and  the  presence  of  these  trunkless  living  roots 
in  the  ground,  go  far  to  prove  the  contrary,  since  the 
former  had  attained  mature  growth,  while  the  latter 
evidently  sustained  saplings  of  no  mean  proportions 
before  the  fire  era. 

The  settlement  of  the  State,  through  which  the  forests 
yielded  to  the  axe,  brought  with  it  by  way  of  compen- 
sation the  gradual  cessation  of  these  fires,  and  thus  gave 
the  "grub  patches"  that  survived  the  plow  of  the  hus- 
bandman, an  opportunity  to  spring  up  and  expand  in- 
to beautiful  groves,  while  the  openings  that  appeared 
to  Col.  George  Kogers  Clark,  "like  islands  in  the  sea," 
are  being  gradually  supplanted  by  vigorous  young  for- 
ests, until  the  erstwhile  characteristics  so  peculiar  to 
arborescent  growth  on  our  prairies  have  nearly  all  dis- 
appeared. 

Taking  this  spontaneous  extension  of  the  natural 
growth  of  the  prairies  into  consideration,  together  with 
the  fact  that  many  forest  trees  have  been  planted  where 
formerly  were  only  grass  and  weeds,  it  has  been  stated 
with  considerable  plausibility  that  the  forest  area  has  not 
been  impaired;  but  this  unfortunately  is  not  borne  out 
by  the  facts,  as  it  is  safe  to  say  that  there  has  been  no 
increase  since  1880,  when  it  was  estimated  that  there 
were  twenty-three  counties  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
State  with  seven  per  cent  woodland;  twenty-one  counties 
in  the  district  extending  from  the  Illinois  river,  below 
Ottawa,  to  the  Mississippi  with  fifteen  per  cent;  seventeen 


313 

counties  east  of  this  with  six  per  cent;  in  the  district 
south  of  this,  comprising  seventeen  counties,  twenty- 
four  per  cent;  thirteen  counties  in  the  Kaskaskia  dis- 
trict foot  up  twenty-one  per  cent;  and  the  remaining 
eleven  counties  averaging  twenty-seven  per  cent — making 
a  decrease,  as  will  be  seen,  of  about  ten  per  cent,  from 
the  original  wooded  area. 

This  loss  is  almost  entirely  due  to  marketing  the  mer- 
chantable timber  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  where 
the  production  of  lumber  and  cooperage  stock  has  been 
an  important  industry  for  many  3^ears.  Owing  to  the  ex- 
haustion of  the  best  grades  of  mature  hard  woods,  the 
business  is  rapidly  diminishing,  and  as  the  present  supply 
is  chiefly  on  lands  not  available  for  cultivation,  the  re- 
maining area  is  not  liable  to  furthur  encroachments,  and 
hence  it  follows  that  the  problem  of  to-day  is  no  longer 
a  question  of  off-setting  the  destruction  of  forests  at  one 
end  of  the  State,  by  cultivation  in  the  other,  but  rather, 
that  henceforth  there  will  be  a  more  uniform  develop- 
ment, which  is  destined  not  only  to  restore  the  original 
area,  but  also  to  equalize  the  supply,  so  that  every  local- 
ity in  the  entire  State  shall  be  blessed  with  woodland 
shade  and  shelter. 

The  State  of  Illinois  is  three  hundred  and  eighty-five 
miles  in  length,  ranging  from  the  latitude  of  Boston  to 
that  of  Richmond,  Va.,  and  while  the  climate  may  not 
vary  in  an  equivalent  degree,  the  prolific  soil  produces 
an  indigenous  sylva  ranging  from  the  black  cypress  of 
the  semi-tropic  South  to  the  tamarack  of  the  far  North; 
making  a  variety  more  than  twice  as  great  as  that  of 
all  Europe. 

A  proper  exhibit  of  this  great  forest  wealth  was  not 
decided  upon  until  the  middle  of  August  preceding  the 
opening  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  and  it  is 
needless  to  say  that  thereupon  every  effort  was  put  forth 


314 


to  make  a  creditable  showing  within  the  limited  remain- 
ing time. 

In  pursuance  of  this  decision,  a  Superintendent  was 
appointed  and  was  afforded  every  facility  to  make  the 
exhibit  worthy  of  its  surroundings  in  the  magnificent 
Illinois  Building,  and  through  the  valuable  assistance  of 
Commissioner  Washburn  and  other  members  of  the  Board, 
the  formal  opening  of  the  great  Exposition  found  an  artist- 
ically arranged  exhibit  of  indigenous  woods  on  appropri- 
ate rustic  shelving,  each  specimen  thoroughly  finished, 
duly  labeled,  and  the  whole  catalogued,  as  follows: 

Indigenous. 


Genera. 

Species. 

Common  Name. 

Anon 
Anac 

Betu 
Bign 
Capr 
Conil 

Corn 
Cupu 

Eben 
Ham 

acere  ... 

Asii 
Rhi 
Bet 

Cat 
Vib 
Jun 
Cup 

Ny* 

« 

Cor 
Fag 

Ost 
Gas 
Qu 

Dio 
Liq 

nina  triloba  

Papaw  

ardiaceea  .... 
lacesB  .     
Dniacece  .    ... 

is  
ula  rubra  

Sumac  

Red  Birch  

alpa  speciosa  

Catalpa  (Western) 

foliacece  .... 
'ersB  . 

iirnum  prunifolium  
iperus  Virginiana  
ressus  fastigiata. 

Black  Haw  

Red  Cedar  

Cypress  . 

acejs  

>sa  aquatica  

Tupelo  

capitata  

Yellow  Gum  

uniflora      

White  Sweet  Gum 

svlvatica  

Black  Gum  

nus  florida  
us  ferruginea  

Dogwood  
Beech   

iferee  .       .   . 

rya  Virginica  

Hornbeam  

tanea  vesca  

Chestnut  

rcus  obtusiloba 

Post  Oak  

alba  

White  Oak  

aquatica  

Water  Oak    



falcata. 

Spanish  Oak  

tinctoria  

Black  Oak  

rubra 

Red  Oak  

prinoides.. 

Chinquapin  Oak  .  . 

macrocarpa  

Burr  Oak  

Michauxii        

Basket  Oak     

nigra 

Black-  Jack  Oak  . 

lyrata  

Overcup  Oak  

coccinea  

Scarlet  Oak 

Phellos  .  . 

Willow  Oak 

bicolor 

Swamp  Oak. 

aceaa  

spyros  Virginiana 

Persimmon..     ..         

imelaceee  .... 

uidambar  Styraciflua  .  .  . 

Sweet  Gum,  Red  

315 

Indigenous — Concluded. 


Genera. 


Species. 


Common  Name. 


Juglandaceee. 


Lauracece 

LeguminoseeB 


MagnoliacesB 
OleacesB.. . 


PlatanaceeB 
Kosacese... 


Rutace® 


Sapotacere 
Salieacece  , 


Sapindace® 


SimambacesB 
Tiliacess  .... 
Urticacero  . . 


Juglans  nigra 

' '        cinerea 

Gary  a  olivaeformis 

' '     alba 

' '     sulcata 

tomentosa 

' '     porcina 

Sassafras  officinale 

Cercis  Canadensis 

Bobinia  pseudacncia 

Gleditschia  triacanthos. . . . 
Gymnocladus  Canadensis . . 
Liriodendron  tulipif era. . . . 

Magnolia  acuminata 

Fraxinus  sambucifolia 

' '          Americana 

Forestiera  acuminata 

Platanus  occidentalis 

Primus  serotina 

Cratesgus  coccinea 

Prunus  Americana 

Pyrus  angustifolia 

Amelanchier  Canadensis. . . 

Ptelia  trifoliata 

Xanthoxylum  Americanum 

Bumelia  lycioides 

Populus  alba 

Populus  monilifera 

Populus  grandidentata. . . . 

Salix  nigra 

Acer  nigrum 

Acer  dasycarpum 

Negundo  aceroides 

Acer  saccharinum , 

Acer  rubrum 

-ZEsculus  glabra 

Simaruba  glauca 

Tilia  Americana , 

Ulmus  Americana 

' '      racemosa 

' '      fulva 

1 '      alata 

Morus  rubra 

Celtis  reticulate. . 


Black  Walnut , 

Butternut , 

Pecan 

White  Hickory,  Shellbark., 

Big  Shellbark 

Black  Hickory , 

Pignut  Hickory 

Sassafras 

KedBud 

Black  Locust 

Honey  Locust 

Kentucky  Coffee-tree 

Tulip-tree,  Yellow  Poplar. . 

Cucumber-tree 

Black  Ash 

White  Ash 

Privet 

Sycamore 

Wild  Black  Cherry , 

Bed  Haw 

Wild  Plum 

Crab  Apple 

June  Berry 

Water  Ash 

Prickly  Ash 

Ironwood 

Silver  Poplar,  S.  Maple.. . . 

Cottonwood 

Poplar,  White 

Black  Willow 

Black  Sugar  Maple 

Soft  Maple,  White 

Box  Elder 

White  Sugar  Maple 

Soft  Maple,  Red 

Buckeye 

Paradise  Tree 

Lind— Basswood 

White  Elm 

Hickory  Elm 

Slippery  Elm 

Cork  Elm,  Wahoo  Elm 

Bed  Mulberry 

Hackberry 


Elder,  Hazel,  Spicewood,  Wild  Grape,  etc.,  etc. 


316 

Owing  to  the  limited  time  in  which  the  collection  had 
to  be  made,  several  kinds  were  unavoidably  omitted, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  White  Pine  (Lake  Co.), 
Yellow  Pine  (Union  Co.),  Birch,  Wahoo,  and  other  varie- 
ties, which  were  well  represented,  however,  in  the  exten- 
sive display  of  cultivated  wood,  arranged  and  finished  in 
the  same  uniform  manner  and  catalogued  as  follows 
under  the  head  of: 


Cultivated  Timber. 


Species. 

Name. 

Years. 

Height, 
feet. 

Diam- 
eter, 
inches 

ANONACE2E. 

Asimina  triloba  .. 

BETULACE-aE. 

Betula  alba    .  •           .         . 

White  Birch 

18 

50 

9 

BIGNONIACE^E. 

Western  Catalpa  

10 

22 

54 

OAPRIFOLIACE2E. 

Viburnum  prunifolium 

Black  Haw     

CONIFERS. 

Larix  Europea 

34 

52 

16 

Pinus  svlvestris  

Scotch  Pine  

27 

45 

11 

Pinus  Austriaca 

22 

35 

12 

Juniperus  Virginiana. 

Bed  Cedar  

46 

28 

7i 

Larix  Americana  .  .     . 

36 

50 

12 

Abies  balsamea 

Balsam  Fir 

25 

38 

10 

Tsuga  Canadensis.. 

22 

33 

74 

Picea  pungens 

White  Spruce  

19 

36 

8 

Pinus  Banksiana 

19 

38 

6 

Pinus  resinosa  

Norway  Pine  

20 

36 

104 

Abies  excelsa 

Norway  Spruce       

25 

40 

9* 

Thuja  occidental]  s 

Arbor-  vitee         

26 

34 

9 

Pinus  strobus  .  . 

White  Pine.. 

32 

50 

18 

817 


Cultivated  Timber — Continued. 


Species. 

Name. 

Years. 

Height, 
feet. 

Diam- 
eter, 
inches 

CUPULIFEK^J. 

Ostrva  Virginica 

Hop  Tree...            .....  . 

19 

35 

3A 

Burr  or  Over-cup  Oak.  . 

50 

41 

11 

alba  

White  Oak          

58 

51 

10* 

f  alcata  . 

Red  Oak 

54 

66 

10A 

nigra        

Black  Oak  

54 

62 

11 

palustris 

Pin  Oak.. 

54 

80 

13 

lyrata  

Over-cup  Oak  

61 

65 

11 

p.  discolor.        .... 

Swamp  White  Oak  

42 

60 

m 

prinus  palustris 

Chestnut  Oak  

43 

40 

« 

Fagus  ferruginea      .    .  . 

Beech  

33 

40 

9 

Castanea  vesca        

American  Chestnut  .... 

37 

60 

16 

Carpinus  Caroliniana  

Water  Beech  

36 

20 

14 

EBENACE^!. 

Dyospyros  Virginiana. 

JUGLANDACE^J. 

Juglans  cinerea       .     . 

40 

46 

10 

Carya  alba 

Shellbark  Hickory 

59 

60 

Carya  porcina  

Pignut  Hickory       .... 

47 

45 

Juglans  nigra  

Black  Walnut  

39 

60 

12 

LEGUMINOSE^!. 

Gymnocladus  Canadensis 

Ky.  Coffee  Tree  

47 

55 

10 

Gleditschia  triancanthos 

Hon^y  Locust 

46 

51 

18 

Kobinia  pseudacacia  . 

Black  Locust  

14 

60 

7 

Gleditschia  aquatica  .. 

Water  Locust  

12 

40 

4 

Kobinia  fragilis. 

Yellow  Locust  . 

34 

40 

6 

SIMARUBACE^:. 

Ailanthus  glandulosa 

OLEACEJ3. 

Fraxinus  platycarpa  

Water  Ash  ....        .... 

51 

72 

9 

Americana 

White  Ash 

21 

47 

10 

'  '        quadrangulata  .  .  . 

Blue  Ash        

50 

45 

9 

PLATANACE.E. 

Platanus  occidentalis  .  . 

Sycamore.  .  . 

30 

55 

10* 

318 


Cultivated  Timber— Concluded. 


Species. 

Name. 

Years. 

Height, 
feet. 

Diam- 
eter, 
inches 

ROSACES. 

Pyrus  Americana        

Mountain  Ash  .        .... 

32 

25 

9 

Amelanchier  Canadensis  .  .  . 

June  Berry  

CrateBgus  coccinea  
Prunus  serotina             .... 

White  Thorn,  Ked  Haw. 
Wild  Black  Cherry.. 

29 
39 

15 
55 

£ 

Prunus  Pennsylvanica 

Choke  Cherry.. 

Pyrus  angustifolia 

Wild  Crab  Apple 

28 

7i 

RUTACE^E. 

Xanthoxylmn  Americanum. 

Prickly  Ash  

SALICACE-E. 

Populus  monilifera        .... 

Cotton-wood.           .... 

52 

82 

8i 

Populus  grandidentata  .... 

Poplar  

32 

9 

Salix  amvgdaloides     

Water  Willow  

8 

4* 

Populus  tremuloides  

Quaking  Asp. 

24 

6 

Salix  soricea 

Silky  Willow 

33 

66 

9 

Salix  virainalis        .... 

Basket  Willow  

Salix  vitellina  

Yellow  Willow  

18 

55 

9J 

Populus  balsamif  era  

Balm  of  G-ilead  .... 

16 

60 

11 

Populus  alba    ....         .  .  .  . 

Silver  Poplar  .  . 

33 

60 

ioi 

SAPINDACE-E. 

2Esculus  glabra  

Horse  Chestnut     .  . 

40 

35 

6£ 

Acer  dasycarpum... 

Soft  Maple 

26 

60 

11 

Acer  saccharinum 

Bock  or  Sugar  Maple 

30 

50 

64 

Acer  rubrum  

Bed  Maple          .... 

32 

52 

10 

Negundo  aceroides 

Box  Elder           .... 

SABOTAGED. 

Bumelia  lanuginosa 

Iron  Wood 

46 

45 

H 

TLLIACEJE. 
Tilia  Americana  

Basswood  

33 

58 

13 

URTICACE2E. 

Celtis  reticulata. 

Hackberry          

39 

45 

10 

Maclura  aurantiaca  .  .  . 

Osage  Orange. 

22 

30 

6i 

Ulmus  Americana  

White  Elm  

42 

62 

10 

Ulmus  fulva  

Slippery  Elm    

33 

58 

11 

Morus  rubra  

Mulberry     

21 

25 

6 

319 

The  material  for  this  exhibit  was  chiefly  collected  by 
Commissioner  Samuel  Dysart,  with  A.  R.  Whitney,  the 
veteran  nurseryman,  as  his  able  assistant.  The  data  as 
to  age  and  dimensions  of  each  tree  were  also  supplied 
by  those  old  settlers,  which  go  far  towards  establishing 
the  results  of  timber  culture  on  open  prairies. 

To  amplify  the  products  of  cultivated  timber,  a  com- 
plete farm  wagon  was  exhibited,  constructed  of  twenty- 
five  kinds  of  wood,  all  of  which  were  grown  from  the 
seed,  on  a  prairie  farm  in  Lee  county.  This  highly  fin- 
ished collective  showing  of  what  can  be  produced  on  a 
single  farm,  served  as  a  center  piece  to  the  general  ex- 
hibit, and  being  so  far  as  known  the  first  vehicle  on 
this  continent  made  of  cultivated  timber,  proved  the 
leading  attraction  of  the  entire  department. 

Aside  from  this  wagon  the  display  consisted  of  seventy- 
three  specimens,  which  could  have  been  greatly  aug- 
mented in  number  had  time  permitted  to  canvass  the 
State.  The  difficulty  seemed  to  be  that  the  dweller  of 
the  prairie  planted  the  rarer  specimens  for  shade  and 
ornamentation,  and  hence  could  hardly  be  expected  to 
part  with  such  trees  just  as  the  object  and  reward  were 
developing  into  beautiful  perfection.  It  is  a  pleasure, 
however,  to  record  the  fact  that  wherever  duplicates 
could  possibly  be  spared,  not  a  single  owner  was  in  the 
least  disposed  to  take  advantage  of  the  situation,  but 
invariably  made  personal  sacrifices  to  further  the  aims 
and  purposes  of  the  Commission  in  making  a  forestry 
display  worthy  of  the  greatest  agricultural  State  of  the 
Union. 

The  history  of  forests  and  forestry  in  Illinois  is  thus 
briefly  brought  down  to  the  Columbian  year,  and  after 
striking  the  balance  between  the  present  and  the  past,  we 
find,  upon  adding  all  other  aborescent  growth,  that  the 
leaf  surface  of  the  State  has  suffered  no  loss,  and  being 


.  320 

evenly  distributed,  its  beneficial  influences  upon  climate, 
water  supply  and  soil,  are  thereby  greatly  augmented. 
The  loss  is  in  forest  area,  quality  and  financial  results, 
and  to  retrieve  this  deficiency  in  the  shortest  possible 
time,  tree  planting  should  be  confined  to  fruit-bearing 
timber  trees,  which  would  restore  the  income  without 
loss  of  area,  and  yet  more  than  double  the  commercial 
value  of  trees  ordinarily  cultivated. 

Of  the  trees  indigenous  to  the  State,  will  be  found  the 
black  walnut,  pecan,  butternut  and  hickory,  all  of  which, 
when  once  established,  will  thrive  without  care,  will  grow 
rapidly,  and  are  naturally  free  from  insects  enemies;  the 
product,  therefore,  must  be  nearer  a  clear  gain  than  any- 
thing else  raised  on  the  farm.  That  little  or  no  atten- 
tion has  been  paid  to  this  promising  branch  of  arbori- 
culture is  a  most  singular  and  surprising  fact,  especially 
since  it  opens  an  entirely  new  field,  in  which  the  propaga- 
tion, improvement  and  origination  of  new  varieties  of 
fruit  by  engrafting  or  budding,  may  be  practiced  with 
unquestioned  success  and  with  the  absolute  certainty  of 
remunerative  results.  The  product  is  a  delicacy  equal  to 
the  fruit  of  the  orchard,  commanding  a  price  at  all  times 
so  liberal  as  to  justify  unusual  care  in  its  cultivation ; 
and  the  timber  of  the  tree  itself  is  invariably  the  most 
valuable  and  costly  in  our  market. 

In  conclusion,  we  can  only  dedicate  the  important  task 
of  re-afforestation  to  the  farming  community.  Others 
may  suggest,  but  upon  the  tillers  of  the  soil  devolves 
the  duty  of  conserving  by  practical  means  the  forestal 
interests  of  the  great  State  of  Illinois.  With  unbounded 
faith  in  their  devotion  to  this  work,  we  behold  with  pro- 
phetic vision,  future  generations  blessing  the  memory  of 
those  who  rebuilded  <kGod's  first  temples." 


—21 


THE  CLAY  EXHIBIT. 


BY  A.   O.   LOY. 


f!HE  Illinois  Clay  Exhibit,  as  shown  by  the  illustra- 
tion, consisted  of  a  space  21x21  feet.  The  space  was 
enclosed  with  a  rustic  fence  made  from  tile  and  terra 
cotta,  covered  with  ferns,  vines  and  flowers.  The  pyra- 
mid, which  stands  in  the  center  of  the  space,  is  sixteen 
feet  in  diameter,  octagon  in  shape,  veneered  with  fine 
pressed  brick  of  many  colors,  shapes  and  sizes,  and  deco- 
rated with  tile,  terra  cotta,  lawn  vases,  window  boxes, 
flower  pots,  rustic  statuary,  etc.,  with  growing  plants, 
vines  and  flowers. 

A  rule  of  the  National  Commission  provided  that  no 
manufactured  goods  should  be  shown  in  State  buildings. 
This  exhibit  was  not  intended  for  a  display  of  manufac- 
tured goods,  but  a  place  built  from  manufactured  clay 
goods  on  which  to  show  Illinois  clays.  Clays  of  many  kinds 
and  qualities,  in  glass  jars,  are  placed  on  the  shelves  of 
the  pyramid. 

Among  the  collection  are  clays  suitable  for  the  manu- 
facture of  paving,  common,  pressed,  ornamental  and 
fire-brick;  terra  cotta  of  many  colors;  sewer  pipe,  fire- 
proofing,  drain  tile,  pottery,  flower  pots,  rustic  statuary, 
white  granite  and  encaustic  tiles. 

Over  80,000  persons  are  employed  yearly  in  the  fac- 
tories of  this  State.  Seven  hundred  million  brick  were 
manufactured  in  the  vicinity  of  Chicago  in  1892,  while 
in  other  cities  in  the  State,  millions  of  building  and 


324 

paving  brick  of  the  finest  quality  were  made.  We  have 
large  terra  cotta  works  in  the  State;  also  sewer  pipe 
and  fire-brick  factories.  We  have  five  hundred  drain  tile 
factories,  many  of  which  are  run  twelve  months  each 
year,  and  are  even  then  unable  to  supply  the  demand. 
There  is  an  unlimited  quantity  of  clay  in  our  State, 
which,  for  quality,  will  compare  favorably  with  the  clays 
of  anv  State  in  the  Union. 


STATE  LABORATORY  OF  NATURAL,  HISTORY. 


BY  8.   A.    FORBES. 


fHE  exhibit  of  the  zoology  of  the  State  of  Illinois 
_  was  made  at  the  Exposition  by  the  aid  of  the  Illi- 
nois State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History,  an  institu- 
tion devoted  to  a  survey  of  the  zoology  and  crypto- 
gamic  botany  of  Illinois  with  special  reference  to  educa- 
tional and  economic  ends.  With  this  establishment  the 
office  of  the  Illinois  State  Entomologist  is  now  closely 
associated,  the  Director  of  the  Laboratory  being,  in  fact, 
the  official  Entomologist  also,  and  the  exhibit  of  this 
office  was  consequently  made  as  a  feature  of  the  Labora- 
tory display. 

The  Natural  History  Exhibit  was  selected  and  arranged 
with  a  view  to  displaying  the  results  and  methods  of 
investigation  actually  accomplished  and  in  progress 
under  State  authority,  due  regard  being  had  to  a  popu- 
lar attractiveness  of  the  material  and  its  effectiveness 
for  display.  The  exhibit  was  thus  limited  to  specimens 
of  the  birds,  fishes  and  insects  of  the  State. 

The  entomological  exhibit  was  made  in  connection 
with  a  model  entomologist's  office,  which  contained  five 
hundred  and  forty  square  feet  in  one  room,  with  an 
annex  twenty  feet  long  by  eleven  feet  wide  for  an  in- 
sectary.  Into  these  rooms  was  put  a  select  and  care- 
fully arranged  equipment  for  first  class  work  in  all  de- 
partments of  technical  and  economic  entomology,  includ- 

327 


328 

ing  furniture,  a  section  of  the  laboratory  library  and  of 
the  library  catalogue,  record  books  with  examples  of  the 
records,  specimens  prepared  and  arranged  in  the  various 
ways  useful  for  reference,  apparatus  for  collecting  and 
experiment,  microscopes,  a  drawiug  equipment  and  the 
like,  making  of  the  whole  a  model  establishment  which, 
it  was  believed,  might  be  profitably  studied  by  any  eco- 
nomic entomologist,  foreign  or  American.  In  the  inseet- 
ary,  apparatus  for  the  breeding  and  rearing  of  insects 
of  injurious  habit  was  placed,  as  well  as  for  the  culti- 
vation of  the  plants  subject  to  insect  injuries  upon  which 
experimental  methods  might  be  demonstrated. 

The  special  exhibits  made  in  this  department  included 
a  collection  of  sixteen  hundred  species  of  common  Illinois 
insects,  so  selected  as  to  present  a  correct  general  idea 
of  the  insect  life  of  the  State;  separate  collections  of  in- 
sects injurious  to  corn,  to  wheat,  to  the  apple,  and  to 
the  strawberry  in  Illinois;  a  special  exhibit  of  the  food 
of  one  robin  for  one  year;  a  set  of  insects  ascertained 
to  have  been  eaten  by  birds;  a  similar  series  eaten  by 
fishes;  a  set  of  butterflies  arranged  with  a  view  to  illus- 
trating the  geographical  distribution  of  insect  species  in 
Illinois;  and  a  set  of  Illinois  insects  illustrating  the 
work  of  the  laboratory  in  supplying  entomological 
material  to  the  high  schools  of  the  State. 

The  ornithological  exhibit  was  made  in  four  series: 
(1)  A  collection  of  the  game  birds  of  the  State  mounted 
as  dead  game;  (2)  a  series  of  biological  groups  mounted 
in  various  naturalistic  attitudes,  with  natural  accessor- 
ies indicating  haunts,  habits  and  the  like;  (3)  a  general 
collection  of  all  the  birds  of  the  State  grouped  according 
to  their  distribution  within  the  State  at  different  seasons 
of  the  year,  and  (4)  a  set  of  the  eggs  of  birds  breeding  in 
Illinois. 


329 

Our  ichthyology  was  illustrated  by  one  hundred  and 
fifteen  species  of  fish  from  various  parts  of  the  State, 
collected  by  the  laboratory  force  and  exhibited  in  alcohol. 

To  this  general  account  the  following  detailed  state- 
ment may  be  added. 


Ornithological  Exhibit. 

Winter  Kesidents  of  Southern  Illinois 108  sppcimons. 

throughout  Illinois 141         " 

Stragglers  in  Illinois 24 

Summer  Kesidents  throughout  Illinois 207 

Winter  Kesidents  of  Northern  Illinois 44 

Summer       "                  "             "          59 

Southern  Illinois 38 

Migrants  passing  through  Illinois 77 

Common  Game  Birds  of  Illinois  mounted  as  dead  game 53        " 

A  Group  of  Wild  Turkeys  mounted  with  natural  acces- 
sories    6 

A  Group  of  Prairie  Chickens  mounted  with  natural  acces- 
sories    4 

A  Group  of  Crossbills  mounted  with  natural  accessories. . .  8        ' ' 

A  Group  of  Yellow-bellied  Sapsuckers,  with  nest  and  eggs .  4 

Little  Green  Herons,  with  nest  and  eggs 2 

Total  number  of  birds  exhibited 775        ' ' 

One  hundred  and  twenty-five  clutches  of  birds'  eggs, 
representing  as  many  species  of  birds  nesting  in  Illinois, 
were  also  shown,  the  total  number  of  eggs  in  these 
clutches  being  five  hundred  and  twenty-five. 


330 
Entomological  Exhibit. 


Pinned 
Specimens. 

Vials. 

Drawings. 

Illinois  Insects  injurious  to  Apple  .  . 

240 

160 

57 

Corn.. 

150 

85 

22 

Wheat  

53 

43 

9 

Strawberry  
Insects  in  food  of  birds  

52 
195 

20 
24 

13 

'  '         "       fishes. 

91 

9 

Geographic  distribution  of  Illinois  Butterflies. 

184 



Illinois  Insects  as  furnished  to  High  Schools 
of  Illinois  

459 

Common  Insects  of  Illinois  : 
Dermaptera  

4 

Orthoptera  

215 

Platy  ptera  

12 

Odonata  

73 

Plecoptera  .  .  . 

3 

Hemiptera  

566 

Neuro  ptera  

20 

Mecaptera  

4 

Trichoptera  

3 

Coleoptera  ... 

2  662 

Diptera  

541 

Lepidoptera  .          ... 

1  058 

Hymenoptera  

1,016 

Totals                       .    . 

7  606 

287 

101 

In  addition  to  the  above  there  were  exhibited  about 
3,000  specimens  of  Lepidoptera  and  Coleoptera,  twenty- 
boxes  each,  from  the  standard  collection  of  the  State 
Laboratory.  Twenty-four  racks  of  vials  of  alcoholic 
specimens  were  shown  with  these. 

The  special  exhibit  of  the  food  of  the  robin  for  one 
year  consisted  of  5,481  pinned  specimens  of  insects,  80 
tubes,  each  fifteen  inches  in  length,  containing  alcoholic 
specimens,  and  38  shorter  tubes  and  vials  of  alcoholic 
specimens,  besides  vials  and  tubes  containing  fruits  and 
seeds. 

The  furniture  of  the  Entomologist's  office,  comprised 
two  office  desks,  four  plain  work  tables,  three  tables  with 
specimens  cases,  a  table  for  reference  books  and  record 


331 

books,  two  wall  cases  for  specimens,  a  large  book  case, 
two  reagent  cases,  one  typewriting  machine  and  desk, 
one  letter  press  and  stand,  a  small  printing  press  and 
case  of  type,  a  sink,  and  four  chairs. 

In  the  book  case  was  displayed  a  section  of  the  library 
of  the  State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History,  the  books 
selected  being  entomological,  and  including  serial  publi- 
cations, periodicals,  monographs,  reference  books,  pam- 
phlets, etc.,  to  the  number  of  about  five  hundred  volumes. 
A  complete  set  of  the  publications  of  the  Laboratory  and 
of  the  State  Entomological  Eeports  was  also  furnished. 

Under  the  head  of  working  apparatus,  there  were  ex- 
hibited in  this  room  one  compound  microscope  and  ac- 
cessories, two  dissecting  microscopes  and  accessories,  two 
large  microtomes,  a  complete  outfit  for  collecting  insects, 
sets  of  bottles,  vials  and  reagents  for  preserving  insects, 
apparatus  for  inflating  larvae,  and  that  used  in  mounting 
and  preserving  insects. 

In  the  insectary,  adjoining  the  office  room,  were  sixty 
large  and  small  breeding  cages,  with  glass  fronts  and 
gauze  sides;  forty  glass  jars  of  various  sizes  and  shapes  to 
be  used  as  breeding  cages,  and  two  gauze-covered  cages 
suitable  for  outdoor  use.  These  were  arranged  on  shelves, 
and  on  a  table  covered  with  sand.  There  were  also  in  this 
room  a  work  table  with  an  Arnold  steam  sterilizer,  large 
culture  jars,  funnels,  and  other  apparatus  used  in  the 
culture  of  fungi  causing  insect  disease. 

The  zoological  display  was  made  in  accordance  with 
detailed  plans  prepared  by  Professor  S.  A.  Forbes,  Di- 
rector of  the  State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History,  and 
approved  by  the  Illinois  Boa.rd  of  World's  Fair  Com- 
missioners. The  execution  of  these  plans  was  confided, 
under  the  general  supervision  of  the  Director  of  the  La- 
boratory, to  Mr.  C.  F.  Adams,  of  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois, for  the  birds,  and  to  Mr.  H.  E.  Summers,  for  the 
insects. 


332 

The  material  for  the  ornithological  exhibit  was  chiefly 
obtained  by  special  collections  made  for  this  purpose 
during  the  winter  of  1891  and  the  spring  and  summer 
of  1892,  by  parties  sent  out  by  the  Laboratory,  and 
mounted  by  Mr.  Adams  himself.  As  it  was  quite  impos- 
sible to  make  a  complete  collection  of  the  birds  of  the 
State  within  so  short  a  time,  the  deficiencies  remaining 
were  supplied  by  selections  made  from  the  museums  of 
the  University  of  Illinois,  at  Champaign,  and  of  the  State 
Board  of  Agriculture,  at  Springfield,  and  by  purchase  of 
skins  from  taxidermists. 

The  entomological  exhibit  was  likewise  provided  in 
part  from  special  collections  made  by  Laboratory  em- 
ployes, and  by  assistants  especially  engaged  for  the 
purpose,  and  in  still  greater  part  from  the  cabinets  of 
the  State  Laboratory  of  Natural  History  and  of  the 
University  of  Illinois. 

The  beautiful  colored  drawings  distributed  through 
the  entomological  exhibit,  to  illustrate  species  too  small 
to  be  well  seen  by  the  naked  eye,  were  made  at  the  State 
Laboratory  for  the  purpose  by  Miss  Lydia  M.  Hart,  the 
special  artist  of  the  establishment. 

The  ichthyological  collections  were  all  made  during  the 
season  of  1892,  by  assistants  sent  from  the  Laboratory, 
Mr.  J.  E.  Hallinen,  a  student  of  the  University,  doing  the 
greater  part  of  the  field  and  laboratory  work. 


FISH  EXHIBIT. 


BY  S.   P.   BARTLETT. 


flSH  culture  and  fish  protection  are,  like  a  number 
of  other  interests  fostered  by  the  State,  the  out- 
growth of  the  needs  of  the  people,  and  only  when  the 
waters  were  found  to  be  gradually  but  surely  becoming 
depleted,  was  the  attention  of  our  law  makers  attracted 
in  that  direction.  Previous  to  1878,  fish  laws  were  prac- 
tically unknown  in  our  State  and  fish  were  taken  by 
anybody  in  any  way.  The  demands  of  the  various  mar- 
kets for  that  character  of  food  increasing,  induced  hun- 
dreds along  the  rivers  and  lakes  to  embark  in  market 
fishing  as  a  business,  and  the  result  was,  that,  without 
thought  for  the  morrow,  the  product  of  the  waters  was 
taken,  regardless  of  season  or  condition,  and  as  the  fish 
were  most  easily  taken  during  the  spawning  season, 
millions  found  there  way  to  our  own  and  foreign  mar- 
kets at  that  season.  This  continuing  from  year  to  year 
made  a  marked  decrease  in  the  supply  of  fish,  particu- 
larly in  the  inland  lakes  and  streams,  until  about  the 
time  mentioned  above  (1878-9),  people  began  to  realize 
that  a  few  years  of  such  wholesale  destruction  would  en- 
tirely deplete  our  waters  of  the  better  varieties  of  our 
native  food  fishes. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  condition  of  the  waters  at 
that  time  one  case  in  point  might  briefly  be  cited.  The 
Fox  and  Hock  rivers  once  produced  plentifully  the  chan- 
nel cat  fish.  In  1878,  few  if  any  specimens  of  this  par- 
ticular fish  were  ever  taken  in  these  rivers.  The  black 
—22  337 


338 

croppie,  or  strawberry  bass,  also,  was  almost  extinct, 
and  all  varieties  of  fish  scarce,  and  had  it  not  been  for 
the  magnificent  breeding  grounds  in  which  those  rivers 
head,  there  is  but  little  doubt  but  that  they  would  ulti- 
mately have  been  utterly  depleted.  It  is  but  fair  to  add, 
however,  that  the  dams  along  both  of  these  rivers  for 
years  unprovided  with  fishways,  had  much  to  do  with 
the  scarcity  of  fish,  the  rivers  being  entirely  dependent 
on  the  resources  of  the  spawning  grounds,  and  cut  off  by 
these  dams  from  the  natural  supply  from  the  greater 
rivers  into  which  they  emptied.  This  has  since  been 
corrected  by  the  enactment  of  the  Fish  way  law. 

In  1878-9  the  Legislature  undertook  to  make  the  first 
fish  laws  for  the  protection  of  fish.  Hon.  L.  B.  Crocker, 
of  Mendota,  championed  the  cause,  making  a  very  hard 
fight  to  obtain  even  a  recognition  in  the  way  of  an  at- 
tempt at  protection,  and  the  whole  interest  was  fought 
from  every  section  of  the  State,  the  majority  of  the 
people  holding  that  it  was  an  interference  with  the 
vested  rights  of  the  people  to  take  fish  when  and  where 
they  pleased.  The  Fish  Commission  originated  during 
the  same  session,  and  with  an  entirely  new  field  to  de- 
velop, took  up  their  work.  Each  successive  legislature 
gave  additional  encouragement,  in  the  way  of  better 
laws  and  better  appropriations  for  the  Commission,  in 
its  work  of  distribution  and  protection,  until  almost 
every  stream  in  the  State  has  reached  its  normal  con- 
dition as  to  supply  of  native  food  fishes,  with  an  addi- 
tion of  other  varieties. 

Perhaps  the  extent  and  value  of  the  work  of  the  Fish 
Commission  was  not  fully  appreciated  by  the  majority 
of  the  people  of  the  State  who  were  not  personally  cogni- 
zant of  its  practical  results.  An  opportunity  of  demon- 
strating these  results  publicly  was  offered  when  the  bill 
which  made  the  appropriation  for  State  exhibits  at  the 


339 

World's  Fair  was  passed.  It  contained  among  its  pro- 
visions a  clause  which  made  it  obligatory  on  the  part  of 
the  Board  of  Fish  Commissioners  to  make  an  exhibit  of 
live  fish  under  the  supervision  of  the  Illinois  Board  of 
World's  Fair  Commissioners,  which  was  a  recognition  of 
the  interest  gratifying  in  the  extreme  to  the  Board  of 
Commissioners.  The  greatest  latitude  was  given  the  Fish 
Commission  by  the  World's  Fair  Board  through  its  Com- 
mittee on  Natural  History,  and  the  result  was  an  ex- 
hibit of  live  fish  under  conditions  that,  so  far,  has  never 
been  equaled.  The  use  of  the  ordinary  aquarium  was 
proposed,  but  upon  figuring  the  expense  necessary  to 
handle  and  care  for  them  in  that  way.  and  the  unsatis- 
factory results  heretofore  obtained  by  that  method  of 
exhibit,  it  was  thought  desirable  to  introduce  newer 
features  and  put  the  fish  under  as  nearly  natural  condi- 
tions as  possible.  In  order  to  accomplish  this,  experi- 
ments were  made  in  the  keeping  and  care  of  fish  in 
shallow  ponds,  so  arranged  as  to  give  a  full  view  of  the 
fish,  and  at  the  same  time  to  furnish  surroundings  as 
nearly  natural  as  practicable.  Plans  for  such  an  exhibit 
were  proposed  by  the  Commission  to  the  Committee,  and 
as  before  stated,  sufficient  latitude  was  given  the  Com- 
mission to  reproduce,  in  working  order,  the  plans  sub- 
mitted. The  space  assigned  them  was  one  of  the  most 
desirable  in  the  State  Building.  The  plans  were  shown 
Mr.  J.  B.  Mora,  a  French  architect,  who  suggested  a 
beautifully  elaborated  scenic  finish,  which  was  adopted 
by  the  Board,  and  the  contract  was  let  to  Mr.  Mora  to 
arrange  the  exhibit  according  to  such  plans.  The  exhibit 
differed  from  anything  of  the  kind  ever  made  before  for 
the  purposes  of  a  live  fish  exhibit,  and  consisted  of  a 
miniature  mountain,  down  the  sides  of  which  fell,  in  cas- 
cades, pure  filtered  water  into  the  several  pools  formed 
at  various  heights  along  its  sides,  until  all  the  water 


340 

met  at  its  base  in  a  beautiful  miniature  lake.  This  lake 
was  crossed  by  a  rustic  bridge,  from  which  the  observer 
could  see  all  the  fish  in  any  of  the  pools.  Around  the 
edges  of  the  lake  and  pools  were  planted  various  aquatic 
plants  usually  found  in  such  places.  The  mountain  itself, 
covered  with  cedars,  shrubs  and  flowers,  as  a  whole  pre- 
sented one  of  the  most  attractive  exhibits  of  the  Build- 
ing, if  not  of  the  Fair.  In  the  lake  a  full  carload  of  fish 
could  be  comfortably  cared  for.  The  fish  used  in  the  ex- 
hibit were  placed  there  in  March  and  taken  out  in  Novem- 
ber. The  loss  was  but  a  small  per  cent,  of  the  whole, 
showing  a  wonderfully  healthful  condition,  particularly 
when  it  is  considered  that  the  water  was  filtered,  thus 
depriving  it  of  a  very  considerable  amount  of  the 
natural  food  supply  usually  obtained  from  water  in 
its  natural  state.  The  freedom  from  fungus,  the  greatest 
enemy  of  fish  in  aquaria,  was  particularly  noticed;  in 
fact,  a  more  complete  demonstration  of  the  value  of 
surface  area  in  aquaria  exhibits  could  not  have  been 
made.  The  exhibit  as  a  whole  was  a  great  educator, 
showing  as  it  did  to  thousands  the  fishes  of  this  State 
utilized  by  the  Commission.  The  greater  portion  of  the 
people  of  the  State  have  but  little  knowledge,  as  a  gen- 
eral thing,  of  what  our  waters  contain.  Few,  perhaps, 
had  ever  seen  a  number  of  the  varieties  under  conditions 
so  nearly  natural.  The  live  fish  exhibit  was,  in  every 
sense,  a  gratification  to  those  who  were  responsible  for 
it,  and  was,  without  doubt,  appreciated  by  those  who 
saw  it. 

The  Fish  Commission,  as  first  organized,  consisted  of 
the  following  named  members: 

N.  K.  Fairbank,  President,  Chicago,  3  year  term. 

S.  P.  Bartlett,  Secretary,  Quincy,  2  year  term. 

J.  M.  Briggs,  Kankakee,  1  year  term. 


341 

At  the  expiration  of  Mr.  Briggs'  term,  Mr.  S.  P.  Mc- 
Dole,  of  Aurora,  was  appointed  to  succeed  him.  His  term 
was  for  three  years.  He,  in  turn,  was  succeeded  at  the 
expiration  of  his  time,  by  Major  George  Breuning,  of 
Centralia.  In  July,  1893,  the  entire  Commission  was 
changed,  and  the  following  named  gentlemen  were  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  the  old  Board : 

Mr.  Richard  Roe,  President,  East  St.  Louis. 

Mr.  George  W.  Langford,  Secretary,  Havana 

Mr.  O.  D.  Sickler,  Geneva. 


AGRICULTURAL.  EXHIBIT. 


HE  Illinois  Agricultural  Exhibit,  occupying  space  on 
IIP  the  first  floor  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  Illinois 
State  Building,  and  on  the  first  floor,  near  the  center, 
of  the  Agricultural  Building,  was  given  a  wide  scope, 
when  the  law  provided  for  "a  full  and  complete  collec- 
tion of  all  the  cultivated  products  in  the  several  branches 
of  agriculture,  in  illustration  of  the  widely  different  con- 
ditions of  soil  and  climate  under  which  rural  husbandry 
is  practiced  in  the  various  parts  of  the  State." 

Your  Committee  found  it  no  easy  task  to  provide  for 
all  these  requirements  in  making  a  representative  and 
attractive  exhibition  in  both  these  buildings,  which  should 
maintain  the  credit  of  this  agricultural  state. 

Early  in  1891  were  laid  plans  for  an  agricultural  ex- 
hibit by  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  in  August 
of  the  same  year  the  Committee  on  Agriculture  of  the 
Commission  began  the  work  of  securing  an  exhibit  as 
described  by  the  law  quoted  above. 

Each  member  of  the  Commission  was  requested  to  col- 
lect from  the  district  in  which  he  resided  whatever  he 
could  that  was  of  merit  of  the  products  of  the  farm. 
This  resulted  in  securing  a  very  valuable  collection  from 
a  number  of  counties. 

It  was  determined  to  offer  prizes  to  be  competed  for 
at  the  State  Fair  in  1892,  for  the  best  collection  of  farm 
products.  The  said  products  were  to  become  the  prop- 
erty of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  and  the  Illinois 
Commission.  It  was  finally  decided  to  offer  three  series 
of  prizes,  one  for  each  of  the  three  great  divisions  of  the 
State,  northern,  central  and  southern.  These  prizes  were 

345 


346 

$250,  $150  and  $100  for  the  best  displays  by  counties, 
from  each  grand  division,  and  $50  for  each  county  dis- 
play which  did  not  secure  one  of  the  above  prizes.  At 
no  time  in  the  history  of  fairs  in  this  State  have  such 
displays  in  quantity,  quality  and  variety  been  brought 
before  the  eyes  of  the  visiting  people.  Probably  State 
pride  had  much  to  do  with  this  immense  contribution  of 
the  wealth  of  farm  production,  representing  a  variety 
and  profusion  of  products  such  as  could  only  be  pro- 
duced in  the  wide  range  of  climate  and  varied  soils  this 
State  affords. 

As  many  of  these  products  as  were  of  easy  preserva- 
tion were  retained  for  use  in  making  the  renowned  Illi- 
nois Agricultural  Exhibit. 

Your  Committee,  having  at  least  a  faint  idea  of  the 
value  to  the  many  visitors  from  all  nations  at  the  great 
Columbian  Show  of  presenting  to  their  view  a  picture  of 
a  typical  Illinois  farm  home,  determined  to  bring  out  the 
same  in  a  form  as  yet  never  undertaken,  by  making  it 
entirely  of  grains  and  grasses.  This  required  weeks  and 
months  of  patient  toil  by  the  skillful  hands  of  Illinois 
men  and  women,  and  an  immense  amount  and  a 
great  variety  of  material.  This  picture,  24  by  32  feet, 
with  a  four-foot  frame,  with  its  draped  curtain,  requir- 
ing 125  varieties  of  grains  and  grasses,  when  completed 
(without  the  use  of  painter's  brush)  evidenced  the  fact 
that  the  Committee  planned  more  wisely  than  it  knew; 
for  during  the  entire  Columbian  Exposition  possibly  no 
single  exhibit  was  inquired  after  oftener  or  received  more 
of  written  and  verbal  commendation. 

Early  in  1893,  contracts  were  let  for  building  the  pa- 
vilion, shelving  and  other  necessary  structures  for  the 
display  in  as  artistic  form  as  possible  of  the  immense 
amount  of  material  that  had  already  been  stored  in  the 
building  and  that  was  waiting  shipment  from  other 


347 

points.  These  structures  again  were  decorated  with  such 
material  as  only  Illinois  soil,  sunshine  and  rain  could 
produce,  bringing  out  an  effect  that  prompted  many 
expressions  of  surprise  and  delight;  for  which  effect  much 
credit  is  due  the  artist  employed  to  design  and  super- 
intend the  construction  of  this  feature  of  the  exhibit. 

The  receipt  of  the  products  of  the  farm  and  garden  of 
the  crop  of  1893  began  soon  after  the  opening  of  the 
Fair,  and  was  continued  during  the  entire  exhibition, 
both  from  plantings  made  at  stations  about  25  miles 
apart  through  the  length  of  the  State,  and  from  collec- 
tions in  nearly  every  county  of  the  State.  The  plantings 
demonstrated  the  fact  that  the  season  of  maturity  pro- 
gressed from  south  to  north  at  the  rate  of  about  12 
miles  per  day;  that  the  yield  per  acre  of  corn  and  pota- 
toes increased  from  south  to  the  central,  and  diminished 
from  central  to  the  northern  parts  of  the  State;  that 
oats  increased  in  yield  from  south  to  north,  while  the 
reverse  was  true  of  winter  wheat.  Selected  ears  of  corn 
grown  in  the  southern  division  of  the  State  weighed  17% 
ounces  two  months  after  harvesting,  in  central  Illinois  14 
ounces,  and  in  northern  Illinois  11%  ounces. 

The  height  of  selected  stalks  diminished  from  16  feet  and 
4  inches  in  the  southern  to  14  feet  and  2  inches  in  the 
central,  and  12  feet  and  2  inches  in  the  northern  division. 
A  portion  of  the  decrease  in  growth  of  cereals  and  veg- 
etables from  south  to  north  must  be  attributed  to  the 
fact  that  the  rainfall  from  May  1  to  September  1  was 
unusually  light  (7.03  inches  at  the  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station),  and  as  most  of  this  was  in  May  and  but 
little  of  it  later  in  the  season,  the  northern  portions  of 
the  State  were  at  a  disadvantage  on  account  of  their 
crops  maturing  later. 

To  the  ordinary  visitor  the  exhibit  of  non  alcoholic 
products  of  Indian  corn  was  a  source  of  great  surprise. 


348 

This  consisted  of  thirty  different  articles  especially 
adapted  for  the  use  for  which  each  was  intended.  For 
this  attractive  display  many  thanks  are  due  the  Chicago 
Sugar  Refining  Co. 

Article  2  of  the  act  creating  the  Illinois  Board  of 
World's  Fair  Commissioners  provided  among  other  things 
for  "an  exhibit  illustrating  the  entire  system  of  the  in- 
spection of  the  several  varieties  of  grain  as  established 
by  the  State  Railroad  and  Warehouse  Commission  and 
practised  by  the  State  Grain  Inspection  Department." 

In  March,  1893,  the  Commission  placed  this  exhibit 
under  the  care  of  the  Agricultural  Committee  and  im~ 
mediately  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Geo.  P.  Bunker, 
Chief  Inspector;  they  proceeded  to  erect,  in  space  immedi- 
ately adjoining  the  Agricultural  display,  a.  diminutive  car 
for  the  purpose  of  showing  the  practical  workings  of  the 
system  of  grain  inspection,  an  inspector's  office,  a  series 
of  shelves  amd  boxes  for  showing  the  various  grades  of 
grains  as  inspected,  and  a  desk  on  which  was  placed  a 
complete  set  of  inspectors'  books,  showing  the  manner 
of  keeping  the  record  of  the  246,726,243  bushels  of  wheat, 
corn,  oats,  rye  and  barley  inspected  in,  and  the  107,917,- 
619  bushels  inspected  out  of  the  Chicago  market  in  the 
year  1892. 

This  exhibit  was  not  only  attractive  in  its  general  ap- 
pearance, but  was  one  of  much  interest  to  farmers,  dealers 
in  grain  and  others  interested  in  our  cereal  productions. 
This  wonderful  accumulation  of  grain  in  one  city  is  evi- 
dence that  not  all  exchanges  on  the  Board  of  Trade  are 
fictitious. 

Illinois  has  many  great  things  to  boast  of  in  compari- 
son with  her  sister  States,  but  if  she  was  judged  alone 
from  her  wealth  in  agriculture  as  shown  in  the  extent, 
variety  and  quality  and  in  the  manner  in  presenting  the 


349 

agricultural  display  to  the  eyes  of  an  admiring  public, 
the  verdict  must  be  one  that  would  not  lessen  the  pride 
of  any  citizen  of  this  greatest  of  States. 

While  no  time  or  expense  was  spared  to  make  it  the 
best  of  all  the  grand  displays  of  the  products  of  the  farm 
and  garden  at  the  Columbian  Exposition,  yet  a  hand- 
some sum  was  left  in  the  hands  of  the  State  Treasurer 
to  the  credit  of  the  committee  in  charge. 

Appended  will  be  found  a  list  of  articles  that  were 
placed  on  exhibition  and  used  in  decoration  of  the  crop 
of  1892.  A  list  of  the  products  grown  in  1893  would 
be  largely  a  duplication  of  this  with  the  addition  of  every 
variety  of  vegetable  known  to  this  climate  in  its  sea- 
son, and  such  miscellaneous  products  as  cotton,  tobacco, 
cow  peas,  hemp,  etc. 

Native  and  Cultivated  Plants  of  Illinois, 

EXHIBITED  IN  THE   ILLINOIS  BUILDING   AND  IN  THE   ILLINOIS  PAVILION  IN 
THE  NATIONAL  AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING. 

Grass  Family:    Graminese. 

Common  Name.  Botanical  Name. 

1.  Fresh  Water  Cord  Grass Spartina  cynosuroides 

2.  No  name Paspalum  setaceum 

3.  Crab  or  Finger  Grass Panicum  sanguinale 

4.  Old  Witch  Grass Panicum  capillare 

5.  Panic  Grass Fanicum  autumnale 

6.  "  "  Panicum  agrostoides 

7.  ' '  ' '  Panicum  mattatum 

8.  "  "  Panicum  virgatum 

9.  "  "  I'anicum  latifolium 

10.  "         "     Panicum  sco parium 

11.  "         "     Panicum  depauperatum 

12.  ' '         ' '     Panicum  dichotomum 

13.  Barn  Yard  Grass Panicum  Crus-galli 

14.  Fox  Tail Setaria  glauca 

15.  Green  Fox  Tail Setaria  viridis 

16.  Millet  or  Hungarian Setaria  Italica 

17.  Hedge  Hog  or  Burr  Grass Cenchrus  tribuloides 

IS.  'White  Grass Leersia  Virginica 


350 

Native  and  Cultivated  Grasses  of  Illinois — Continued. 
Common  Name.  Botanical  Name. 

19.  Eice  Cut  Grass Leersia  oryzoides 

20.  Catch  Fly Leersia  lenticulads 

21.  Indian  Bice,  Water  Oats Zizania  aquatica 

22.  Beard  Grass,  Blue  Stem  or  Blue 

Joint Andropogon  furcatus 

23.  Little  Blue  Joint Andropogon  scoparius 

24.  Indian  Grass,  Wood  Grass Chry sopogon  nutans 

25.  Johnson  Grass Sorghum  Halapense 

26.  Canary  Grass Phalaris  Canariensis 

27.  Reed  Grass Phalaris  arundinacea 

28.  Bibbon  Grass Phalaris  picta 

29.  Triple  Awned  Grass Aristida  gracilis 

30.  "         "          "      Aristida  oligantha 

31.  "         "          "      Aristida  tuberculosa 

32.  Porcupine  Grass Stipa  spartea 

33.  Mountain  Bice Oryzopsis  melanocarpa 

34.  Drop  Seed  Grass Muhlenbergia  sobolifera 

35.  ' '         ' '       ' '       Muhlenbergia  glomerata 

36.  "         "       "       Muhlenbergia  Mexicana 

37.  "         ' '       "       Muhlenbergia  sylvatica 

38.  "         "       "      Muhlenbergia  Willdenovii 

39.  "         "       "      Muhlenbergia  diffusa 

40.  •'         "       "       M.  diffusa  crossed  with  M.  Mexicans' 

41.  No  name Brachyelytrum  aristatum 

42.  Timothy Phleum  pratense _ 

43.  Meadow  Fox  Tail Alopecurus  pratensis 

44.  Bush  Grass , Sporobolus  asper 

45.  "         ' '      Sporobolus  heterolepis 

46.  "         "       Sporobolus  cryptandrus 

47.  "         "      Sporobolus  vagineeflorus 

48.  Bed  Top Agrostis  arachnoides 

49.  "       ' '    Agrostis  vulgaris  var.  alba 

50.  Thin  Grass Agrostis  perennans 

51.  Hair  Grass Agrostis  scabra 

52.  Wood  Beed  Grass Cinna  arundinacea 

53.  Blue  Joint Calamagrostis  Canadensis 

54.  Beed  Bent  Grass Calamagrostis  longifolia 

55.  Wild  Oat  Grass Danthonia  spicata 

56.  Muskit  Grass Bouteloua  oligostachya 

57.  Muskit  Grass Bouteloua  hirsuta 

58.  Muskit  Grass  ..  ..  Bouteloua  racemosa  ., 


351 

Native  and  Cultivated  Plants  of  Illinois — Concluded. 
Common  Name.  Botanical  Name. 

59.  Dog's  Tail  or  Wire  Grass Eleusine  Indica 

60.  Sand  Grass Triodia  purpurea 

61.  No  namo.. Diplachne  fascicularis 

62.  Keed  Grass Phragmites  communis.  . . . 

63.  No  name Arundo  Donax 

64.  ' '          Koeleria  cristata 

65.  ' '          Eatonia  obtusata 

66.  "          Eragrostis  reptans 

67.  "          Eragrostis  major 

68.  ' '          Eragrostis  pilosa 

69.  "          Eragrostis  Purshii 

70.  "          Eragrostis  pectinacea 

71.  Orchard  Grass Dactylis  glomerata 

72.  Low  Spear  Grass Poa  annua 

73.  Wire  Grass,  English  Blue  Grass. Poa  compressa 

74.  False  Eed  Top Poa  serotina 

75.  June  Grass,  Kentucky  Blue  Grass.Poa  pratensis 

76.  Spear  Grass Poa  sylvestris 

77.  Fowl  Meadow  Grass Glyceria  nervata 

78.  Eeed        "          "     Glyceria  grandis 

79.  Fescue  Grass Festuca  Myurus 

80.  Festuca  tenella 

81.  Festuca  nutans 

82.  Taller  or  Meadow  Fescue Festuca  elatior 

83.  Wild  Chess Bromus  Kalmii 

84.  Cheat  or  Chess Bromus  secalinus 

85.  No  name Bromus  ciliatus 

86.  Common  Darnel  or  Bye  Gra-ss.. .  .Lolium  perenne 

87.  Couch  or  Quick  Grass Agropyrum  repens 

88.  No  name Agropyrum  tenerum 

89.  Squirrel  Tail  Grass Hordeum  jubatum 

90.  No  name Hordeum  pratense 

91.  Wild  Eye Elymus  Virginicus , 

92.  ' '        Elymus  Canadensis 

93.  "        Elymus  striatus 

94.  Bottle  Brush  Grass AspreUa  Hystrix , 


352 
Sedge  Family:    Cyperaceae. 

GBASS-LIKE  OB  BUSH-LIKE  HERBS,  WITH   FIBROUS  ROOTS,  MANY  OF  THEM 
COMMONLY  CALLED  SLOUGH  GRASS. 

Common  Name.  Botanical  Name. 

95.  Sedge Cyperus  diandrus 

96.  "     Cyperus  Schweinitzii 

97.  "     Cyperus  strigosus 

98.  "     Cyperus  ovularis 

99.  Spike  Rush Eleocharis  ovata 

100.  "         Eleocharis  palustris 

101.  "        Eleocharis  rostellata 

102.  "         Eleocharis  acicularis 

103.  Sedge Fimbristylis  capillaris 

104.  Bull  Rush,  or  Club  Rush Scirpus  pungens 

105.  Great  Bull  Rush Scirpus  lacustris 

106.  River  Club  Rush Scirpus  fluviatilis 

107.  Rush Scirpus  atrovirens 

108.  Wool  Grass Eriophorum  cyperinum 

109.  Twig  Rush Cladium  mariscoides 

110.  Nut  Rush Scleria  triglomerata 

111.  Sedge Carex  lurida 

112.  '  *      "     Schweinitzii 

113.  « '      "     filif  ormis 

114.  "      "     filiformisvar.latifolia 

115.  ' «      "     trichocarpa 

116.  "      "     stricta 

117.  .*'      "        "      var.  decora 

118.  "      "     grisea... 

119.  "      '•'     laxiflora 

L20.         "      "     Richardson! 

121.  ' '      "     pubescens 

122.  "      "     alopecoida 

123.  "      "     gravida 

124.  "      "     vulpinoidea 

125.  ' '      •  "     rosea 

126.  "      "     sparganioides 

127.  "      "     siccata 

128.  ' '      "     tribuloides 

129.  "      "  "         var.  reducta 

130.  "      ' '     scoparia 

131.  "      "     foenea 

132.  "      "         "     var.  perplexa 


353 

Sedge  Family:    Cyperacece — Concluded. 
Common  Name.  Botanical  Name. 

133.  Sedge Carex  straminea 

134.  "      "  "        var.  brevior. 

Rush  Family:     Juiicacese. 

135.  Sedge Juncus  Balticus 

136.  "  "       setuceus 

137.  "  "       tenuis    

138.  " "       pelocarpus 

139.  "  "       acumiuatus 

140.  "  "  nodosus... 


Miscellaneous  Plants. 

141.  Common  Cat  Tail Typha  latifolia 

142.  Colorado  Blue  Grass Triticum  glaucum.  . . . 

143.  Wooly  Beard  Grass Erianthus  brevibarbis 

144.  Golden  Rod Solidago  nemoralis . . . 

145.  Red  Clover Trifolium  pratens 

146.  Tall  Red  Top , Triodia  cuprea 

147.  White  Clover Trifolium  repense 

148.  Alsike  Clover Trifolium  hybridum.  . 

149.  Alfalfa  Clover  Medicago  saliva 

150.  Crimson  Clover. .  .  .Trifolium  incarnatum. 


Medicinal  Plants. 

Common  Name.  Botanical  Name. 

1.  Borage Borrago  officinalis 

2.  Boneset Eupatorium  perfoliatum . . , 

3.  Burdock Arctium  Lappa 

4.  Heal-all Brunella  vulgaris 

5.  Catnip Nepeta  Cataria 

6.  Cockscomb Celosia  cristata 

7.  Chamomile Anthemis  nobilis 

8.  Castor  Oil  Bean Ricinus  communis 

9.  Elderberry,  Blossom Sambucus  Canadensis. 

10.  Elderberry "  

11.  Jamestown  Weed Datura  Stramonium 

12.  Hoarhound Marrubium  vulgare 

13.  Horse-mint Monaida  punctata 

14.  Common  Hop Humulus  Lupulus. 

15.  Pokeberry Phytolacca  decandra 

16.  Ground  Ivy Nepeta  Glechoma 

—23 


354 

Medicinal  Plants— Concluded. 
Common  Name.  Botanical  Name. 

17.  Indian  Balsam,  Cudweed Gnaphalium 

18.  Indian  Turnip Ariseema  triphyllum 

19.  Bed  Lobelia,  Cardinal  Flower  ....  Lobelia  cardinalis 

20.  Mustard Brassica.. , 

21.  Molucca  Balm Moluccella  Iceris  (Cult.) 

22.  Milkweed Ascelpias 

23.  Mullein ' Verbascum  Thapsus 

24.  Motherwort Leonurus  Cardiaca 

25.  Pennyroyal Hedeoma  pulegioides 

26.  Peppermint Mentha  piperita 

27.  Poppy Papaver  somniferum 

28.  Meadow  Sweet Spireea 

29.  Scouring  Bush Equisetum  hycmale 

30.  Sage Salvia  omcinalis  (Cult.) 

31.  Smartweed Polygonum  Hydropiper 

32.  Sweet  Basil Ocimum  basilicum 

33.  Stinging  Nettle Urtica  dioic 

34.  Snakeroot Liatris  spicata 

35.  Staghorn  Sumach Khus  typhina 

36.  Plantain Plantago  major 

37.  Tansy Tanacetum  vulgare 

38.  Witch  Hazel Hamamelis  Virginica 

39.  Wormwood Artemisia  Absinthium 

40.  Willow  (Koot) Salix 

41.  Yellow  Dock Rumex  crispus 

42.  "Yarrow Achillea  Millefolium 

43.  Summer  Savory Satureia  hortensis  (Cult.) 

44.  Sheep  Sorrel Oxalis  corniculata  var.  Stricta. 

45.  Strawberry Fragaria  Virginian  a 

46.  Parsley Caruve  petrosplinurn 

47.  Coriander Coriandrum  sativum 

48.  St.  John's  Wort Hypericum  perforatum 

49.  Blessed  Thistle Cnicus  syngenesia 

50.  Sassafras Sassafras  officinale 

51.  Dandelion Taraxicum  officinale 

52.  Kaspberry Rubus 

53.  Ragweed Ambrosia 

54.  Marigold  (Calendula) Ambrosia  officinalis 

55.  Balm Monarda 

56.  Ramie Boehmeria  nivea 

57.  Fennel Anthemis  cotula 

58.  Wild  parsnip Pastinaca  sativa 


355 


Wheat. 

1.  Gold  Dust.  34. 

2.  Early  Ripe.  35. 

3.  Velvet  Chaff.  36. 

4.  Democrat.  37. 

5.  Red  Fultz.  38. 

6.  Improved  Fultz.  39. 

7.  Swamp.  40. 

8.  Martin's  Amber.  41. 

9.  Hickman.  42. 

10.  Walker.  43. 

11.  May.  44. 

12.  Mediterranean.  45. 

13.  Herman  Amber.  46. 

14.  Michigan  Amber.  47. 

15.  Turkey.  48. 

16.  Poole.  49. 

17.  White  Cap. 

18.  Currilli  Prolific.  50. 

19.  Sheriff.  51. 

20.  Hicks. 

21.  Witter.  52. 

22.  Miller's  Prolific.  53. 

23.  Wisconsin  Triumph. 

24.  Wyandotte  Red.  54. 

25.  Ohio  Early  Ripe.  55. 

26.  New  Longberry   Wa-     56. 

bash.  57. 

27.  Fairfield.  58. 

28.  Miami  Valley.  59. 

29.  Nigger.  60. 

30.  Finley.  61. 

31.  Longberry.  62. 

32.  New  Monarch.  63. 

33.  German  Emperor. 


Jones'  Winter  Fife. 
Hybrid  Clauson. 
Oregon  Swamp. 
Red  Turkish. 
Saskatchewan. 
Rio  Grande. 
Hundred  Fold. 
Prince  of  Wales. 
Holborn  Wonder. 
Carter's  Queen. 
Earliest  of  All. 
U.  S.  Spring. 
Stand  Up. 

Stand  Up  (as Spring). 
Miller's  Delight. 
Miller's     Delight, 

(Spring.) 

Pride  of  the  Market. 
Pride  of  the  Market, 

(Spring.) 
Anglo  Canadian. 
Anglo     Canadian, 

(Spring.) 
Bird  Proof. 
Cross  Bred  Salvador. 
Red  Wonder. 
Reliable. 

Golden  Velvet  White. 
Golden  Vejvet  Red. 
Odessa. 

Mammoth  Chili. 
Minnesota  Spring. 
Hunter's    Winter 

White. 


356 


Wheat — Continued. 


64.  Empress  of  India.  96. 

65.  Ruff.  Chaff  Chaddam  97. 

Winter.  98. 

66.  Bromick  Red  Winter. 

67.  Square  Head  Red.  99. 

68.  Mealy.  100. 

69.  Crate.  101. 

70.  Improved  Rice. 

71.  Extra  Early  Oakly.  102. 

72.  Oregon. 

73.  Big  English.  103. 

74.  Bearded  Monarch. 

75.  McGhus  White.  104. 

76.  Hybrid     Mediterran-  105. 

ean. 

77.  Red  Prussian.  106. 

78.  Ontario  Wonder.  107. 

79.  Martin's  Amber.  108. 

80.  Lehigh.  109. 

81.  Golden  Cross. 

82.  Theiss.  110. 

83.  Deitz  Longberry  Red.  111. 

84.  Golden  Prolific. 

85.  Lebanon.  112. 
8G.  Tasmanian  Red.  113. 

87.  Tuscan  Island. 

88.  Fulcaster.  114. 

89.  Deitz.  115. 

90.  Hindoostan.  116. 

91.  Diehl  Mediterranean. 

92.  Walker's  Winter.  117. 

93.  Rudy. 

94.  White  Russian.  118. 

95.  Red  Sea. 


Red  Clauson. 

Adams'  Prolific. 

Rocky    Mountain 
Winter. 

Alabama  May. 

Canadian  Winter. 

Champion  White  Win- 
ter. 

Kissingland  Red  Win- 
ter. 

Cone's  or  Rivett's  Red 
Winter. 

Kimer  Red  Winter. 

Velvet  -   Chaff      Ruff 
Winter. 

Imperial  White  Winter 

Defiance  Red  Winter. 

Bremen  Winter. 

Royal  Prize  Red  Win- 
ter. 

White  Swan  Wi liter. 

Mainstay  White  Win- 
ter. 

Hungarian  White. 

King  of  Wheat,  White 
Bearded. 

Hallit's  Red  Winter. 

Spalding  Red  Winter. 

French     Imperial 
Spring. 

Okanagan  Valley  Vel- 
vet Chaff. 

Red    River    Valley 
Spring. 


359 


Wheat— Concluded. 


119.  Golden  Drop  Spring.    137. 

120.  Senegambia  Spring.      138. 

121.  Assinaboin  Spring. 

122.  Saskatchewan  Spring.  139. 

123.  Denmark  Royal  1.        140. 

124.  Ladoga  Spring.  141. 

125.  Triumph  Winter.  142. 

126.  Calcutta  Royal  Club  143. 

Winter. 

127.  Canadian     Red     Fife  144. 

Spring.  145. 

128.  Hedgerow  Spring. 

129.  Limbo  Winter.  146. 

130.  American  Bronze  Win- 

ter. 147. 

131.  Black  Sea  Winter.        148. 

132.  Blue  Stem  Spring.         149. 

133.  Hindoostan  Winter,     150. 

134.  Ontario  Red  Winter.    151. 

135.  Manistee  Winter.  152. 

136.  Red  Chaff  Winter. 


Indian  White  Winter. 

Improved  Mediterran- 
ean Winter. 

Bhima  Varta  Winter. 

Rochester  Red  Winter. 

Japan  Amber  Winter. 

Odessa  Club  Spring. 

Early   Red    Russian 
Winter 

Australian  Spring. 

Silver  Chaff  Red  Win- 
ter. 

Champion  White  Win- 
ter. 

Never  Fail  WTinter. 

Tasmaniaii  Winter. 

Champion  Winter. 

Red  Turkey  Winter. 

Red  River  Club  Spring. 

Argentine  Winter. 


Oats. 

1.  Pringle's  Progress.  12. 

2.  White  Wonder.  13. 

3.  Secopd  Premium.  14. 

4.  White  Swede.  15. 

5.  Early  Lackawanna.  16. 

6.  White  Bonanza.  17. 

7.  Calgarry  Gray.  ,18. 

8.  Welcome.  19. 

9.  Badger  Queen.  20. 

10.  Clydesdale.  21. 

11.  Bickett's  Colombia.  22. 


Canada  White. 

Early  Dakota. 

White  Victoria. 

Hopetown. 

White  Belgian. 

Prize  Cluster. 

Hargett's  White. 

Centennial. 

Swedish. 

Egyptian. 

Texas  Rust  Proof. 


3GO 


Oats— Concluded. 


23.  American  Banner. 

24.  Baltic  White. 

25.  Japan. 

26.  New  Dakota  Grey. 
27. "  White  Schonen. 

28.  Probestier. 

29.  American  Triumph. 

30.  Wide  Awake. 

31.  Prolific  Side. 

32.  Improved  American 

33.  New  Ked  Rust  Proof. 

34.  Texas  Red. 

35.  Race  Horse. 

36.  Black  Prolific. 

37.  Black  Tartarian. 

38.  Black  Russian. 

39.  Imported  White   Rus- 

sian. 

40.  Black  Highlander. 

41.  Virginia  Winter. 

42.  Canadian  Black. 

43.  White  Russian. 

44.  Giant  Yellow  French. 

45.  Golden  Giant  Side. 

46.  Hungarian  Hybrid. 

47.  James  Bickerdike. 

48.  Dakota  Gray. 

49.  Pride  of  Grant  Co. 

50.  Scottish  Ciiief. 

51.  Thousand  Fold. 


52.  Pearly  Archangel. 

53.  Surprise. 

54.  Royal  Victoria. 

55.  Victoria. 

56.  Black  Scotsman. 

57.  Peerless. 

58.  Norway. 

59.  Golden  Cluster, 

60.  Barley  Oat, 

61.  French  Hybrid. 

62.  Black  Mexican. 

63.  Early  Ohio. 

64.  Hermit. 

65.  Bohemian. 

66.  White  Siberian. 

67.  Early  Dakota   North- 

ern. 

68.  Pringle's  Progress. 

69.  Prize  Winner, 

70.  French  Hybrid  Side. 

71.  Black  Highland. 

72.  New  Flying  Scotchman. 

73.  American  Cross  Black. 

74.  Early  Blossom. 
75.-  Triumph  White. 

76.  English  Winter  White. 

77.  White  Tartarian, 

78.  Waterloo  White. 

79.  Tarry  White. 

80.  French  Hybrid  Queen. 


361 


Barley. 

1.    Royal  Empress. 

10. 

Peerless. 

2.    Six  Rowed  Winter. 

11. 

Golden  Madeira. 

3.    Prolific. 

12. 

White  Hulless. 

4.    Spratt. 

13. 

Beardless. 

5.    Black. 

14. 

Manshury. 

6.    Four  Rowed. 

15. 

New  Early  Mentury. 

7.    Golden  Drop. 

16. 

Winter. 

8.    Black  Hulless. 

17. 

Short  Ear  Six  Rowed 

9.    Goldtholpe. 

18. 

Golden  Mellow. 

Rye. 

1.    Excelsior  Winter. 

5. 

Prolific  Winter. 

2.    Giant  Winter. 

6. 

Black. 

3.    Saint  Johns. 

7. 

White. 

4.    Dakota  Wonder  White     8. 

Spring,  Common. 

Spring. 

9. 

Winter,  Common. 

Potatoes. 

1.    Early  Ohio. 

17. 

Six  Weeks. 

2.    Blue  Dakota. 

18. 

Green  Mountain. 

3.    Burbank. 

19. 

New  Queen. 

4.    Early  Rose. 

20. 

Rural  No.  2. 

5.    Snow  Flake. 

21. 

Mayflower. 

6.    Mammoth  Pearl. 

22. 

Beauty  of  Hebron. 

7.    Magnum  Bonum. 

23. 

Rose  Seedling. 

8.    Peerless. 

24. 

White  Beauty. 

9.    Mammoth  Prolific. 

25. 

North  Pole. 

10.    Rural  New  Yo.-lter. 

26. 

Mills  Prize. 

11.    Ohio  Junior. 

27. 

White  Pearl. 

12.    Boston  Market. 

28. 

Polaris. 

13.    Empire  State. 

29. 

Early  New  Zealand. 

14.    Pink  Eye. 

30. 

BrownelFs  Best. 

15.    Late  Puritan. 

31. 

The  Vaughan. 

16.    Everett. 

32. 

Seneca  Beauty. 

362 


Potatoes— Concluded. 


33.  Mammoth  Iron  Clad. 

34.  Early  Market. 

35.  Blue  Peerless. 

36.  Early  Wisconsin. 

37.  Mills  Prize. 

38.  Chas.  Downing. 

39.  Big  Elephant. 

40.  Mount  Vernon. 

41.  Dominie. 

42.  Lord  Murray. 

43.  Chicago  Market. 

44.  Utah  King. 

45.  White  Victor. 

46.  Shaker  Russet. 

47.  Rose  Seedling. 

48.  Crown  Jewrel. 

49.  Shacton. 


50.  Gem  of  Salt  Lake. 

51.  Late  Ros;^. 

52.  Green  Mountain. 

53.  Irish  Dude. 

54.  Dakota  Red. 

55.  Premium. 

56.  Koshkouong. 

57.  Champion. 

58.  Blue  Victor. 

59.  Northern  Spy. 

60.  Alexander's  Prolific. 

61.  Arizona. 

62.  American  Wonder. 

63.  Signal. 

64.  Crane's  Juneeating. 

65.  Empire  State. 

66.  Perfection. 


Corn. 


1.  Learning. 

2.  White  Rice. 

3.  Queen's  Golden. 

4.  Evergreen. 

5.  Crosby's  Early. 

6.  Quaker. 

7.  Pfissler. 

8.  Oreana. 

9.  Clark's  100  Day. 

10.  Murdock. 

11.  Kellar's  Early. 

12.  Bloody  Butcher. 

13.  Indiana  White. 

14.  Illinois  White  Dent. 

15.  Mevris  White. 


16.  Tanley's. 

17.  Ruby.' 

18.  Monarch  White  Rice. 

19.  Red  Flint. 

20.  Egyptian. 

21.  Mixed  Rice. 

22.  Early  Rose. 

23.  Yellow  Dent. 

24.  90  Day  White. 

25.  Leeper. 

26.  Early  Missouri. 

27.  Blue  River. 

28.  North  Star. 

29.  Queen  of  the  Field. 

30.  Kentucky  Horsetooth 


363 


Corn — Continued. 


31.  White  Flint. 

32.  Yellow  Flint. 

33.  Flour  Corn. 

34.  Pomeroy's. 

35.  Iowa  King  White. 

36.  Mammoth  Kentucky. 

37.  Early  Mastodon. 

38.  Sidney. 

39.  Improved  Sidney. 

40.  Forsythe  White. 

41.  Saint  Charles. 

42.  Eighty  Day. 

43.  Golden  Beauty  Dent. 

44.  Primm's  Dent. 

45.  Arlen's  Yellow. 

46.  Helm's     Improved 

White. 

47.  VanDerhoof's   Ivory 

Dent. 

48.  Miller's  Best. 

49.  BickbePs    Pride   Yel- 

low. 

50.  St.  Clair  Co. 

51.  Stewart's  California. 

52.  Burlingame. 

53.  North  Star. 

54.  King  Philip. 

55.  Golden  Beauty  Dent. 

56.  Wilson  White  Prolific. 

57.  Champion     White 

Pearl. 

58.  Harrison. 

59.  Beading. 

60.  Sidney. 


61.  Ohio  White. 

62.  Forsyth's  WThite. 

63.  Early  Tainan. 

64.  Hess. 

65.  Strawberry. 

66.  Mississippi    Straw- 

berry. 

67.  Hickory  King. 

68.  Reid. 

69.  Thomas. 

70.  Kobell. 

71.  Mad  dock. 

72.  Dawley. 

73.  Early 'White. 

74.  Calico. 

75.  Blush. 

76.  White  Monarch. 

77.  Early  Minn. 

78.  Red  Rice. 

79.  Live  Evergreen. 

80.  Wilson's  White  Pro- 

lific. 

81.  Harrison  Dent. 

82.  Champion  White. 

83.  Early  Dakota  Flint. 

Yellow. 

84.  Early  Dakota  Flint, 

White. 

85.  Kentucky  White  Cap. 

86.  Long  John  White. 

87.  Riley's  Favorite  White. 

88.  Crawford's     Early 

White. 

89.  Macedou. 


364 

Corn — Concluded. 


90.  Pride's  Prolific. 

91.  Riley's  Early. 

92.  Pride  of  the  North. 

93.  Clark's. 

94.  Edmond's  Favorite. 


95.  Mammoth  Red, 

96.  Early  Red. 

97.  Blue  Corn. 

98.  Squaw. 

99.  Arlen's  Yellow. 


Jt$eans. 

1.  Navy.  18. 

2.  Butter.  19. 

3.  Black  Wax.  20. 

4.  White  Pea.  21. 

5.  Early  Valentine.  22. 

6.  German  Wax  Pole.  23. 

7.  Large  Lima.  24. 

8.  Red  Lima.  25. 

9.  Black  Lima.  26. 

10.  Burpee's  Bush  Lima.  27. 

11.  Black  Bunch.  28. 

12.  Yellow  Bunch.  29. 

13.  Green  Six  Weeks.  30. 

14.  Henderson's    Bush  31. 

Lima,  32. 

15.  Washington  Lima.  33. 

16.  Golden  Cluster  Wax.  34. 

17.  Giant  Lima.  35. 


Castor  Oil  Bean. 

Lucus. 

White  Field. 

California  Wax. 

String  Bean. 

Yankee. 

San  Domingo. 

Prolific. 

1000  to  1. 

White  Tree. 

Catalpa. 

White  Marrow. 

Refugee. 

White  Kidney. 

Sickle. 

Early  Yellow  Kidney. 

Pisum. 

Japanese. 


Grass  Seeds. 


1.  Kentucky  Blue. 

2.  Perennial  Rye. 

3.  Yellow  Oat.* 

4.  Timothy. 

5.  Orchard. 

6.  English  Blue. 


7.  Creeping  Bent. 

8.  Tall  Meadow  Oat. 

9.  Cockfoot. 

10.  Red  Top. 

11.  Lawn. 


1.  Crimson. 

2.  White. 

3.  Medium  Red. 


3G5 
Clover. 


4.  Mammoth  Red. 

5.  Alsike. 

6.  Sweet. 


1.  German. 

2.  Golden  Wonder. 


Millet. 

3.  Common. 

4.  Hungarian. 


1.  Black. 

2.  Gray. 


Buckwheat. 

3.  Silver  Hull. 

4.  Japanese  Hull, 


1.  White  Rice. 

2.  Yellow  Rice. 

3.  Red  Rice. 

4.  Speckled  Rice. 

5.  Wee  Bit. 

6.  Rat  Tail. 

7.  Wisconsin  Eight  Rowed 

8.  California  Yellow. 

9.  White  Pearl. 
10.  Queen's  Golden. 


Pop  Corn. 

11.    Blue. 

12.  Hybrid. 

13.  Premium  Pearl. 

14.  Monarch  White  Rice. 

15.  Mapledale  Prolific. 

16.  Silver  Lace. 

17.  Golden  Tom  Thumb. 

18.  New  Australian. 

19.  Red  Husk. 

20.  Child's  Favorite. 


Sweet  Corn. 


1.  Minnesota. 

2.  S  to  well's  Evergreen. 

3.  Cory  s. 

4.  Black  Mexican. 

5.  Old  Colony. 


6.  Late  Mammoth. 

7.  Red  Sugar. 

8.  Perry  Hybrid. 

9.  Shoe  Peg. 


366 
Peas. 

1.  Gladiator.  7.  White  Marrow  Fat. 

2.  Chelsea.                                8.  Early  Philadelphia. 
3     Evolution.                          9.  Early  Kent. 

4.  Champion  of  England.  10.  American  Wonder. 

5.  McLean's  Little  Gem.    11.  Stratagem.     ' 

6.  Alaska. 

Nuts. 

1.  Chestnut.  7.  Butternuts. 

2.  Horse  Chestnut.  8.  Large  Black  Walnut, 

3.  Walnut.  9.  Chinquapins. 

4.  Peanut.  10.  Hazel  Nuts. 

5.  Acorns — 11  varieties.     11.  Hickory  Nuts. 

6.  Pecans. 

Vegetables. 

1.    Kohl  Kabi,  White.  2.  Kohl  Rabi,  Purple, 


Cabbage. 


1.  Winnistadt. 

2.  Flat  Dutch. 

3.  Drumhead. 

4.  Marblehead  Mammoth, 

5.  World  Beater. 


6.  Bui  Rock. 

7.  Red  Pickling. 

8.  Savoy. 

9.  Sure  Head. 


Miscellaneous. 

Persimmons. 


367 

Amount  of  Grains  in   Sack  on  Hand  in   Spring  of  1893, 
and  Used  in  Installing  Exhibit.     1  Peck  Per  Sack. 

Wheat 196  sacks. 

Oats  198  " 

Barley 41  " 

Rye 37  " 

Flax 9  " 

Buckwheat 17  " 

Sorghum • 4  ' 

Broom  Corn 12 

Clover 11  " 

Millet 7  a 

Grass  seed...                                                              25  " 


Vegetable  Seeds. 

Peas 19  " 

Beans 39  « 

Miscellaneous...                                                                  ,  29  " 


Corn. 

White  Dent 75  Bush. 

Yellow  Dent 150  " 

Ked  Dent 20  " 

Fancy 25  " 

Mixed 40  " 

Pop  Corn 95  " 


Bundles  of  Grain  and  Grass  Used  in  Making  and  Install- 
ing the  Agricultural  Exhibit.    Gathered  in  1892. 

Wheat 871  Bundles. 

Oats 2,191 

Kye 328 

Clover 46 

Barley 75 

Timothy. 1,406 

Wild  grasses 595        " 

Millet...  460 


368 

Bundles  of  Grain  and  Grass  Used— Concluded. 

Cotton 6 

Castor  Beans 6 

Flax 9 

Hemp 20 

Corn  in  stalk 75 

Corn  tassels 200 

Tobacco 10 

Respectfully  submitted, 

D.  W.  VITTUM,  Chairman; 
JAMES  S.  WASHIJURN, 

E.  E.  CHESTER, 
B.  F.  WYMAN, 

W.   H.    FULKERSON, 

Committee. 
W.  A.  YOUNG, 

J.    W.    RlCHART, 

In  Charge  of  Display  in  Agricultural  Building. 


-24 


REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  HORTICULTURE  AND 
FLORICULTURE. 


JpHE  Committee  on  Horticulture  and  Floriculture,  ap- 
m*  pointed  to  carry  out  the  requirements  of  Section  II 
of  the  organic  Taw  creating  this  Commission,  so  far  as  the 
same  refers  to  ''horticulture  and  floriculture,"  begs  leave 
to  report: 

The  Horticultural  Section  in  the  Illinois  State  Building 
occupied  a  large  area  at  the  southwest  end  of  the  main 
exposition  hall.  The  display  was  arranged  upon  suitably 
designed  tables  and  shelves.  The  products  exposed  included 
samples  of  all  fruits  cultivated  in  the  State  of  Illinois. 
"That  a  full  and  complete  collection  of  all  the  cultivated 
products  in  Horticulture  and  Floriculture,  in  illustration 
of  the  widely  different  conditions  of  soil  and  climate 
under  which  rural  husbandry  is  practiced  in  the  various 
sections  of  the  State  of  Illinois, ''  might  be  shown,  your 
Committee  caused  to  be  placed  in  cold  storage  two 
hundred  and  sixteen  bushels  of  apples,  the  fruit  of  Illi- 
nois of  1892,  with  which  they  commenced  the  exhibition 
in  May,  1893,  and  replenished  the  tables  from  time  to 
time  as  needed.  The  result  of  the  cold  storage  was  very 
satisfactory.  The  Jonathan  and  similar  kinds  of  apples, 
taken  from  the  cold  storage  May  15  and  constantly  ex- 
posed upon  open  tables,  remained  sound  until  July  28, 
while  the  Ben  Davis  kept  until  the  latter  part  of  Sep- 
tember. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  spring  was.  very 
late,  and  late  frosts  prevailed  in  the  southern  portions 
of  the  State,  we  were  enabled  to  show7  strawberries  from 
May  10  to  July  30;  gooseberries  from  May  26  to  August 


371 


372 

18;  raspberries  from  June  1  to  August  9;  cherries  from 
May  28  to  August  16;  currants  from  June  1  to  August 
12;  blackberries  from  June  16  to  August  10;  plums  from 
June  24  to  October  25;  grapes  from  July  4  to  October 
30;  apricots  from  July  12  to  August  20;  persimmons 
from  September  12  to  October  30;  mulberries,  May  ap- 
ples, pa  paws,  pecans,  chestnuts,  etc.,  at  various  times. 
Apples  of  1893  were  received  from  June  12  to  the  close 
of  exhibition;  peaches  from  June  10  to  October  30; 
pears  from  June  24  to  October  30. 

In  order  to  show  the  climatic  conditions,  all  of  the 
above  fruits  of  1893  were  shown  without  cold  storage 
or  preservation  of  any  kind.  The  Committee  commenced 
at  the  extreme  southern  portion  of  the  State,  with  the 
fruits  which  ripened  earliest,  and  progressed  from  south 
to  north,  as  the  different  varieties  of  fruit  came  into 
season,  thus  demonstrating  the  length  of  the  fruit  sea- 
son in  Illinois. 

This  exhibit  of  the  fruits  of  1893  was  repeatedly  as- 
serted b}r  visitors  to  .be  the  largest  and  most  complete 
of  any  on  the  ground,  where  the  fruit  was  in  its  natural 
state,  entirely  devoid  of  cold  storage,  preservatives  or 
bottling. 

Exclamations  of  surprise  were  numerous,  both  from 
our  own  people  and  those  from  other  states,  "that  so 
extensive  and  complete  a  collection  could  be  made  in  a 
year  of  such  general  failure  of  fruits."  When  we  con- 
sider that  the  crop  of  apples  was  probably  less  than 
five  per  cent,  of  an  average  yield  and  that  all  other 
fruits  were  very  light,  it  fully  demonstrates  that  the 
present  capabilities  of  our  State  are  wonderful.  The 
three  grand  divisions  of  the  State  have  their  represen- 
tative varieties,  naturally  adapted  to  each;  the  northern 
division  growing  the  more  hardy  and  giving  a  finer 
flavor  to  most  of  them;  while  the  central  adds  many 


373 

new  varieties  that  cannot  be  grown  north,  but  here  pro- 
duce abundantly.  Still  the  great  southern  district  must 
be  said  to  be  the  home  of  horticulture,  where  all  but 
the  semi-tropical  fruits  can  be  grown  in  abundance.  The 
people  are  already  realizing  this  fact,  and  from  the  new 
impetus  here  given  will  plant  trees  by  the  million,  em- 
bracing all  of  the  best  old  and  new  varieties. 

It  is  safe  to  predict  that  the  present  decade  will  show 
greater  advancement  in  growing,  preserving  and  market- 
ing fruits  than  for  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  previous, 
during  which  fruit  has  been  growing  in  some  parts  of 
this  State. 

Though  nurseries  were  not  included  in  our  exhibition, 
yet  as  manhood  is  the  outgrowth  of  childhood,  so  the 
nurseries  are  the  source  from  which  the  fruit  growers 
drew  to  build  up  the  industry  of  horticulture  in  all  its 
various  branches. 

The  horticulturists  of  Illinois  have  an  almost  unlimited 
supply  from  which  to  fill  their  orchards  with  plants, 
trees,  vines  and  shrubs,  as  there  are  in  our  own  State 
four  hundred  and  thirty-four  nurseries,  of  which  number 
one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  have  been  established  in 
the  last  few  years.  There  have  been  millions  of  apple 
trees  planted  in  orchards  every  year,  while  the  various 
other  fruits  have  kept  pace  with  the  apple. 

LIST   OF  FRUITS  EXHIBITED. 

Apples — 95  Varieties. 

Red  June.  Buckingham. 

Saps  of  Wine.  Utters  Red. 

Red  Astrachan.  Chicken  Apple. 

Kirk  bridge  White.  Purple  Striped. 

Golden  Sweet.  Ben  Davis. 

Fameuse.  Gilpin. 

Benoni.  Michael  Henry  Pippin. 


374 


Apples— Continued. 


Eawles'  Janet. 

Bailey's  Sweet. 

Jonathan. 

Lady's  Sweet. 

Stark. 

Garfield. 

Lansinburg. 

Nickajack. 

Willow  Twig. 

Sweet  June. 

Summer  Sweet. 

Sweet  Bough. 

Fall  Wine. 

Mother. 

Alexander. 

S.  S.  Pippin. 

Lowell. 

Holmon. 

Chronicle. 

Yellow  Bellflower. 

Aken's  Seedling. 

Pry  or 's  Red. 

Black  Gilliflower. 

Vandervere  Pippin. 

Winter  Red. 

Wolf  River. 

Shockley. 

Ortley. 

Gana. 

Tewksbury  Winter. 

Wai  bridge. 

Early  Harvest. 

Yellow  Transparent. 

Duchess  of  Oldenburg. 


Maiden's  Blush. 

Wealthy. 

Porter. 

Coe's  Spice. 

Ram  bo. 

May  of  Myers. 

Rome  Beauty. 

White  Winter  Pearmain 

Winesap. 

Tulpehocking. 

Hubbardston  Nonsuch. 

Spitzenberg. 

Tyrell's  Late. 

Rhode  Island  Greening. 

Tolman  Sweet. 

Nelson's  Sweet. 

Grimes'  Golden. 

Plum's  Cider. 

Baldwin. 

Limber  Twig. 

Northern  Spy. 

Striped  Pippin. 

Park's  Late. 

Lawyer. 

Cache. 

Pen  nock. 

Detroit  Black. 

Smith's  Cider. 

Fink. 

Roxbury  Russet. 

Haas. 

Red  Canada. 

Cullasaga. 

Neil's  Keeper. 


375 

Apples — Concluded. 

Black  Yernon.  Roman  Stem. 

Bricelands.  White  Pippin. 

Milam.  Egyptian  Queen. 

English  Golden  Russet.  Anidigo, 

Minkler.  King  of  Tornpkins  County. 

Huntsman's  Favorite.  Domine. 


Crab  Apples — 7  Varieties. 

Sanborn.  White  Arctic. 

Large  Siberian.  Hyslop. 

Whitney's  No.  20.  North  Western. 
General  Grant. 


Pears— 31  Varieties. 

Richardson.  Beurre  d'Anjou. 

Mt.  Yernon.  Sheldon. 

Seckel.  Tyson. 

Johonnot.  Mercel. 

Clapp's  Favorite.  Bloodgood. 

Flemish  Beauty.  Early  Harvest. 

Doyenne  d'Ete.  Doyenne  Boussock. 

Garber.  White  Doyenne. 

Buff uni.  Duchess  d'Angouleme. 

Keifer.  Bartlett. 

Belle  Lucrative.  Louise  Bonne  de  Jersey. 

Buerre  Clarigan.  Ho  well. 

Koonze.  LeConte. 

Osband's  Summer.  Buerre  Bosc. 

Beurre  Deil.  Yicar  of  Wakefield. 

Onondaga. 


376 


Peaches— 42  Varieties. 


Amsden. 

Reeve's  Favorite. 
Mary  Ann. 
Silver  Medal. 
Beatrice. 
Salaway. 
Waterloo. 
Lufkin's  Golden. 
Troth's  Early. 
Western  Beauty. 
Elberta. 
Morris  White. 
Crawford's  Late. 
Park's  Cling. 
Old  Mixon  Cling. 
Early  May. 
Summer  Rose. 
Anderson. 
Bequet's  Late. 
Garland. 
Heath  Cling. 


Hale's  Early. 
George  the  Fourth, 
Thurber. 

Steven's  Rareripe. 
Crawford's  Early. 
Chinese  Cling. 
Old  Mixon  Free. 
Alexander. 
Stump  the  World. 
Shousaker. 
Red  Bud. 
Early  Ripe. 
Heath  Free. 
Early  York. 
Smock. 
Wheatland. 
White  Excelsior. 
Mountain  Rose. 
October  Cling. 
Capt.  Ede. 
Hay  worth. 


Plums— 25  Varieties. 


American  Beauty. 

Marianna. 

Wild  Goose. 

Miner. 

Arkansas  Lombard, 

Lombard. 

Duane's  Purple. 

Pottawattamie. 


Fox  Seedling. 
Mormon. 
Weaver. 
Bradshaw. 
Forest  Garden. 
Golden  Beauty. 
Green  Gage. 
Chickasaw. 


377 

Plums— Concluded. 

Wayland.  Hudson  Kiver  Egg. 

Bobinson.  Henry. 

Abundance.  Coe's  Golden  Drop. 

Poole's  Seedling.  Damson. 
Washington. 

Currants— 9  Varieties. 

Fay's  Prolific.  White  Grape. 

Cherry.  Victoria. 

Versailles.  Black  English. 

White  Dutch.  Poehrasky's  Seedling. 
Ked  Dutch. 

Gooseberries— 5  Varieties. 

Mountain  Seedling.  Downing. 

Industry.  Smith's  Improved. 
Houghton. 

Grapes— 72  Varieties. 

Cottage.  Norwood. 

Lin  d  ley.  Venango. 

Woodruff  Red.  Green's  Golden. 

Lady  Washington.  Salem. 

Hartford.  Brant. 

Post  Oak.  Brighton. 

Prentiss.  Catawba. 

Erowa.  Niagara. 

Delaware.  Packlington. 

Wilder.  Brilliant. 

Elvira.  Moore's  Diamond. 

Barry.  Moore's  Early. 

Prairie  State.  Etta. 

Clinton.  Eldorado. 

F.  B.  Hayes.  Goethe. 


378 


Backus. 

Mason's  Seedling. 

Early  Victor. 

Muscatine. 

Arminia. 

Agawam. 

Challenge. 

Missouri  Seedling. 

Triumph. 

Conqueror. 

Jewell. 

Massasoit. 

Martha. 

Iron  Clad. 

Champion. 

Perkins. 

Jefferson. 

Eumelan. 

lona. 

Herbert. 

Noah. 


Grapes— Concluded. 

Albert. 

Wyoming  Red. 

Arrianna. 

Marguinte. 

Diana. 

Rogers'  No.  8. 

Jessica. 

Isabella. 

Beauty. 

Alfonso. 

Porter's  Seedling. 

Norton's  Virginia. 

Guttenburg. 

Seedling  No.  -3. 

Concord. 

Uhland. 

Mayer. 

Gold  Cain. 

Arkansas. 

Ives'  Seedling. 

Anistia. 


Cherries— 7  Varieties. 

Yellow  Napoleon.  English  Ox  Heart, 


May  Duke. 
Early  Richmond. 
Early  May. 

Orange  Quince. 
Merch's  Prolific. 


English  Morello. 
Black  Morello. 

Quinces — 4:  Varieties. 

Champion. 
Ray's  Monmouth. 


Golden  Beauty. 
Native  Early. 


Persimmons— 3  Varieties. 

Native  Late. 


379 

Mulberries — 3  Varieties. 

Russian.  Downer's  Everbearing. 

White. 

Strawberries— 22  Varieties. 

Crescent.  Bubach's  No.  5. 

Gaudy.  Gertrude. 

Sharpless.  Charles  Downing. 

Red  Jacket.  Itasca. 

Miner.  War-field. 

Plow  City.  Manchester. 

Capt.  Jack.  Sucker  State. 

Belmont.  Princeton  Chief. 

Early  May.  Wilson's  Albany. 

Michael's  Early.  Logan. 

Cumberland  Triumph.  Haviland. 

Raspberries— 1C  Varieties. 

Doolittle.  Cuthbert. 

Ohio.  Brandywine. 

Philadelphia.  Souhegan. 

Turner.  Gregg. 

Mon mouth  Cluster.  -  Shaffer's  Colossal. 

Blackberries— 11  Varieties. 

Snyder.  Erie. 

Ancient  Britton.  Stone's  Hardy. 

Law  ton.  Early  Harvest. 

Early  King.  Wilson  Junior. 

Kittatinny.  White. 
Nevada. 

Miscellaneous. 

May  Apples.  Pecans. 

Papaws.  Chestnuts. 

Apricots — 3  Varieties. 


380 


FLORICULTURE. 

The  floricultural  exhibit  was  also  displayed  mainly  in 
the  southwest  portion  of  the  Illinois  State  Building,  arid 
was  arranged  upon  suitably  disposed  tables,  shelves, 
brackets,  and  in  hanging  baskets. 

First:  It  consisted  of  specimens  of  the  indigenous  flora 
of  Illinois,  gathered  from  the  various  sections  of  the 
State,  as  far  as  possible. 

Of  the  flora  indigenous  to  Illinois — the  wild  flowers — 
the  display  was  creditable,  while  not  fully  up  to  the 
hopes  and  wishes  of  the  Committee  in  charge  and  others 
interested. 

Illinois,  climatically  considered,  is  a  great  State;  its 
Northern  division  producing,  in  floriculture,  as  in  agri- 
culture and  horticulture,  the  best,  the  most  beautiful  of 
the  northern  products;  the  central  division,  those  of 
the  temperate  zone  in  their  fullest  and  most  perfect 
beauty,  while  the  southern  district  borders  upon  the 
most  luxuriant  of  the  semi-tropical  regions.  Of  what 
was  exhibited  and  is  indigenous  to  our  State,  we  cannot 
enter  into  detail.  We  have  many  striking  ferns.  We- 
might  say  that  our  flora  partakes  largely  of  the  west- 
ern type,  but  that  is  not  all.  We  have  many  varieties 
heretofore  thought  to  belong  to  the  Eastern,  Southern 
and  extreme  Western  States,  and  even  to  sections  as  far 
south,  or  farther,  than  Mexico  and  the  Gulf.  The  Hepa- 
tica  (Liverwort)  is  common  to  the  East,  West  and 
South.  The  Violacese  (Violet)  and  the  Dicentra  (Dutch- 
man's Breeches)  are  almost  universal  in  their  growth 
and  modest  beauty.  The  Kanunculaceae  (Crowfoot)  and 
Phlox  are  common  to  our  prairies,  as  are  the  Aquilegia 
(Columbine)  and  the  Delphinium  (Larkspur).  The  Lily 
in  its  many  species,  also  Ladies'  Tresses,  Ladies'  Finger, 
Golden  Rod  and  a  practically  endless  variety  of  beauti- 


381 

ful  native  flowers  adorn  our  prairies,  woodlands  and 
water-ways.  Of  these,  such  as  were  suitable  and  season 
able  were  shown. 

The  reader  of  this  report  may  miss  one  or  more  of  his 
favorite  flowers,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  a 
tabulated  list  of  all  the  flora  of  our  great  State,  wild 
and  uncultivated,  would  require  months  to  prepare,  and 
would  occupy  more  space  when  published  than  this  Com- 
mittee is  allowed  for  the  entire  report.  We  can  only 
touch  upon  the  matter  in  a  seemingly  cursory  manner, 
and  yet  we  desire  to  do  full  justice  to  all  interests.  This 
of  floriculture  is  so  large,  so  general  in  its  features  and 
so  peculiar  in  its  make-up,  as  to  the  use  of  proper  terms 
and  the  bringing  out  of  prominent  features,  as  to  re- 
quire in  the  estimation  of  many,  the  services  of  an  ex- 
pert in  that  special  line,  whose  report  when  made,  while 
perfectly  intelligible  to  those  particularly  interested  or 
engaged  in  the  growth  and  propagation  of  flowers, 
would,  with  its  multifarious  and  constantly  repeated 
Latin  names  and  phrases,  be  as  unintelligible  to  the 
general  public  as  a  dissertation  published  in  the  Greek 
language. 

The  floricultural  display  in  the  Illinois  Building  spoke 
for  itself.  While  not  perfect,  it  was  eminently  satisfac- 
tory to  the  thousands  of  visitors  of  our  State,  and 
fairly  so  to  the  Committee  in  charge.  It  surpassed  any 
other  state  exhibit  of  the  kind  on  the  grounds. 

Second :  The  cultivated  plants  and  shrubs  contribu- 
ted were  properly  staked  and  labelled.  Cut  flowers 
were  shown  in  vases  and  in  designs,  together  with  potted 
plants,  and  displayed  in  large  quantities  throughout  the 
season.  Among  these  over  fifty  varieties  of  the  'so-called 


382 

ever-blooming  cannas  made  a  fine  continuous  show, 
with  their  variety  of  colors.  It  was  a  difficult  matter 
to  keep  plants  in  bloom  in  the  hall,  since  most  flowers 
will  not  hold  their  bloom  long  in  pots,  in-doors,  and  cut 
flowers  will  last  but  a  few  days.  Hydrangeas  stood  bet- 
ter than  all  other  flowering  plants,  of  which  there  were 
many  hundred  varieties. 

The  hanging  baskets  inside  of  the  Building,  of  which 
there  were  more  than  one  hundred,  had  to  be  often  re- 
filled. Of  the  plants  in  these  vinca  and  cyperus  stood 
best.  For  decorative  purposes  the  philodendrons  and 
palms  lasted  longer  than  any  others.  One  or  two  wagon 
loads  of  potted  plants  were  furnished  daily  during  the 
entire  time  of  the  exhibit. 

For  the  fountain  and  aquarium  there  were  supplied 
water  hyacinth,  cyperus,  calla  Ethiopica,  alocasia  and 
calarliums,  and  potted  shrubs,  deutzia,  aralia,  rhodo- 
dendrons, spireas  and  roses.  Of  hardy  herbaceous  plants, 
phlox,  clianthus  and  delphinium  made  the  best  exhibit 
of  flowers.  Of  hardy  shrubs,  hydrangea  paniculata, 
weigelia  rosea,  syringa,  lilac  and  tartarian  honeysuckle 
were  prominent.  Of  annuals  there  were  asters,  sweet 
peas,  dianthus  and  others  of  the  better  known  sorts. 
Bulbs  and  roots  were  not  forgotten,  including  cannas 
and  tulips.  Untrained  gladioli,  hyacinths  and  other 
spring  and  summer  bulbs  were  freely  used. 

Mr.  John  C.  Ure,  florist,  who  was  employed  by  the 
Committee  as  Superintendent  of  this  Department,  is  en- 
titled to  much  credit  for  the  satisfactory  way  in  which 
he  discharged  his  duties. 

The  Committee  feel  that  they  may  congratulate  them- 
selves upon  the  economy  exercised  throughout  all  the 
departments,  in  making  the  unrivalled  exhibition  for 


383 

our  State.  With  an  appropriation  of  $20,000  at  their 
command,  not  to  exceed  one-half  was  expended,  and  yet 
they  feel  that  not  one  dollar  was  sashed  at  the  expense 
of  a  full  and  thorough  exhibit  in  our  departments. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

E.  B.  DAVID, 

J.   K.   DlCKIRSOX, 
B.    PULLEN, 

W.  D.  STRYKER, 
S.  W.  JOHNS, 

Committee. 


REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  EDUCATIONAL 
EXHIBIT. 


f'HE  Committee  on  Educational  Exhibit  begs   leave 
_      to  report: 

The  general  approval  and  commendation  of  the  Edu- 
cational Exhibit  by  the  people  of  this  State,  as  mani- 
fested by  the  public  and  educational  press  as  well  as  in- 
dividually by  competent  judges,  is  a  matter  of  just  con- 
gratulation to  the  Committee  and  this  Board. 

In  organizing  the  Educational  Department  it  was  de- 
cided to  classify  the  exhibit  into  five  sections,  viz.: 

1.  The  Model  Public  School  Room  (fully  equipped). 

2.  The  Public  Free  School. 

3.  The  Southern  Illinois  Normal  University. 

4.  The  Illinois  Normal  University. 

5.  The  University  of  Illinois. 

The  Model  Public  School  Boom  was  arranged  and  its 
furniture,  apparatus,  etc.,  were  selected  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Hon.  Henry  Raab,  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Public  Free  Schools  was  planned 
and  installed  by  William  Jenkins,  Superintendent  of 
Schools,  Mendota,  Illinois. 

The  work  of  the  Southern  Normal  University  was  de- 
vised and  installed  under  the  direction  of  John  Hull, 
then  President  of  the  School. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Illinois  Normal  University  was 
planned  and  installed  by  the  faculty,  under  the  super- 
vision of  Dr.  John  W.  Cook,  the  President  of  the  Insti- 
tution. 

384 


385 

The  exhibit  of  the  University  of  Illinois  was  planned 
and  installed  under  the  supervision  of  a  committee  of 
the  faculty,  Prof.  George  E.  Morrow,  Chairman. 

The  broad  conception,  accurate  knowledge  and  un- 
wearied zeal  which  characterized  the  labors  of  these  men 
need  neither  commendation  nor  mention  here;  they  have 
already  become  a  part  of  the  noble  history  of  the  State. 
The  reports  of  the  directors  and  superintendents  of  the 
several  sections  of  this  Department,  giving  in  detail  the 
plans  and  aims  of  the  several  exhibits,  have  been  submitted 
to  your  Committee,  and  having  been  carefully  collated 
and  considered  are  hereby  made  the  report  of  this  Com- 
mittee. 

Kespectfully  submitted, 

E.  E.  CHESTER, 
J.  M.  WASHBURN, 
J.  K.  DICKIRSON, 
S.  W.  JOHNS. 

Committee. 


-25 


MODEL,  SCHOOL,  ROOM. 


pursuance  of  the  act  to  provide  for  the  participation 
of  the  State  of  Illinois  in  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  approved  June  17,  1891,  the  Committee  on 
Educational  Exhibit  decided  to  arrange  for, 

First,  a  Model  School  Room  fully  equipped  with 
furniture,  school  appliances,  maps,  charts,  physical 
and  other  apparatus,  collections  of  animals  and  min- 
erals as  well  as  reference  books  and  a  library  of  sup- 
plementary reading  for  children.  It  was  not  the  inten- 
tion of  the  Committee  to  stock  the  room  with  every- 
thing that  can  be  purchased  for  school  use,  but  rather 
with  such  apparatus,  appliances  and  instruments  as  are 
indispensable  as  a  means  of  successful  work  in  every 
school  of  the  State.  School  officers  were  to  learn  by 
actual  observation  and  comparison  how  much  there  is 
lacking  in  the  equipment  of  their  schools,  how  they  are 
crippling  their  teachers  by  withholding  from  them  these 
means.  Some  reference  books  and  zoological  and  min- 
eralogical  specimens  had  to  be  purchased,  and  they  are 
now  on  exhibition  in  this  department  for  the  inspection 
of  teachers  and  school  officers. 

A  synopsis  of  the  school  system  and  the  school  sta- 
tistics of  Illinois  for  the  past  60  years,  were  exhibited 
in  the  room. 

The  appropriation  of  $75.00  a  month  for  an  attend- 
ant at  the  school  room  was  divided  between  two  dif- 
ferent attendants  thus  affording  poor,  yet  deserving, 
teachers  an  opportunity,  at  slight  cost  to  them,  to  visit 
and  study  the  World's  Fair. 

In  conclusion.  I  beg  to  gratefully  acknowledge  the  kind 
and  ready  assistance  which  has  been  accorded  to  me  by 
your  Committee,  as  well  as  the  Board  of  Commissioners. 


PUBLIC  SCHOOL  EXHIBIT. 


WM.   JENKINS,   SUPERINTENDENT. 

T  its  annual  meeting  in  Springfield,  in  December, 
1890,  the  Illinois  State  Teachers'  Association  ap- 
pointed a  committee  of  fourteen  to  prepare  and  make 
an  Educational  Exhibit  of  Public  Education  in  Illinois 
at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  then  in  contem- 
plation. 

The  Committee  met  at  once  and  organized  by  electing 
Dr.  Richard  Edwards,  State  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  Chairman,  and  William  Jenkins,  Superin- 
tendent of  Schools,  Mendota,  Secretary.  The  Committee 
adjourned  to  meet  on  the  24th  day  of  January,  1891, 
at  Springfield. 

At  this  meeting,  with  a  full  Committee  present,  the 
whole  ground  of  the  contemplated  exhibit  was  gone 
over,  and  while  little  was  definitely  settled,  there  was 
much  clearing  up  of  the  ground,  and  the  relations  of  the 
different  branches  of  the  work  more  definitely  determined. 

A  separate  educational  building  for  the  Illinois  exhibit 
was  deemed  a  necessity,  and  all  plans  were  based  upon 
this  feature.  The  limitation,  which  it  was  subsequently 
learned  had  been  imposed,  made  it  necessary  to  abandon 
all  features  dependent  upon  this  building. 

The  exhibit  from  the  University  of  Illinois,  the  Illinois 
Normal  University  and  the  Southern  Normal  University, 
were  to  be  made  by  these  institutions  without  reference 
to  the  Committee,  so  that  the  work  it  had  in  charge  re- 
ferred solely  to  the  Rural,  Graded,  High  and  Manual 
Training  Schools. 


390 

There  was  little  progress  during  the  following  n.onths, 
in  the  educational  work,  but  during  this  time  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  had  been  located  at 
Chicago,  and  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Com- 
missioners had  been  organized  in  accordance  with  an 
act  of  the  Legislature,  approved  June  17,  1891,  pro- 
viding "for  the  participation  of  the  State  of  Illinois  in 
the  'World's  Columbian  Exposition,'  authorized  by  an 
Act  of  Congress  of  the  United  States,  to  be  held  in 
Chicago  during  the  year  1893,  in  commemoration  of  the 
discovery  of  America  in  the  year  1492,  and  for  an  ap- 
propriation to  pay  the  cost  and  expenses  of  the  same." 

In  October,  1891,  a  conference  between  the  Committee 
before  mentioned,  appointed  by  the  Illinois  State 
Teachers'  Association,  and  the  Committee  on  Education 
of  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners,  was 
held  at  the  offices  of  the  said  Board,  in  Chicago. 

The  general  character  of  the  exhibit  was  discussed  and 
the  expense  necessarily  incident  considered.  The  resultant 
action  was  the  appointment  of  a  sub-committee  of  the 
Teachers'  Committee,  to  formulate  the  details  of  the  ex- 
hibit, estimate  its  expense  and  nominate  a  suitable  per- 
son as  Superintendent  of  the  work. 

The  report  of  the  sub-cbmmittee  was  received,  discussed 
and  adopted  by  the  Committee,  at  Springfield,  on  the  eve 
of  the  annual  meeting  of  the  State  Teachers'  Association, 
in  December,  1891. 

This  was  followed  by  a  joint  meeting  of  the  Committee 
on  Education  of  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair 
Commissioners  and  the  Committee  of  the  State  Teachers' 
Association,  immediately  thereafter,  and  it  was  deter- 
mined that  the  following  appropriation,  made  by  the 
Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners,  be  ap- 
proved and  accepted  by  the  Committee,  and  the  State 
Association  approve  the  action  of  its  Committee. 


391 

For  the  University  of  Illinois $10,000.00 

"       State  Normal  University 2,000.00 

"       Southern  Normal  University.     2,000.00 

"       Common  Schools 15,000.00 

"       Contingent  Fund 1,000.00 

Total $30,000.00 

The  report  of  the  sub-committee  in  full  is  attached 
hereto,  and  marked  UA". 

The  appointment  of  Superintendent  of  the  Common 
School  Section  of  the  Educational  Exhibit  of  Illinois 
having  been  tendered  to  Wm.  Jenkins  early  in  Febru- 
ary. 1892,  and  accepted  some  weeks  later,  work  was 
immediately  commenced. 

It  was  at  first  necessary  to  gather  information  from  a 
number  of  sources  touching  the  nature,  extent  and 
possibilities  of  the  contemplated  exhibit. 

To  this  end  correspondence  was  opened  with  educators 
in  Illinois  and  elsewhere,  teachers'  meetings  were  visited 
and  addressed,  and  conferences  held  with  City  and  County 
Superintendents  of  Schools  and  with  the  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction  of  Illinois. 

As  a  result  of  this,  the  following  circular,  designated 
"Circular  of  Information  No.  1,"  was  framed,  printed 
a.nd  sent  to  prominent  educators  for  suggestions.  Copies 
were  then  sent  to  all  teachers  in  the  State,  and  in  quan- 
tities to  the  County  Superintendents  and  to  those  of 
cities. 


392 

ILLINOIS  BOARD 

OP 

WORLD'S  FAIR  COMMISSIONERS. 

PUBLIC  SCHOOL  SECTION. 
CIECULAR  OF  INFORMATION  NO.  1. 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE 

PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  ILLINOIS 

AT  THE 

WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 
CLASS  A— RURAL  SCHOOLS. 

MATERIALS  FOR  EXHIBITS. 

1.  Designs  of  school  houses,  to   include   floor   plans, 
methods  of  heating  and  ventilating,  with  photographs 
of  characteristic  exteriors  and  interiors. 

2.  Apparatus  and  appliances  used  in  teaching,  includ- 
ing maps,  charts,  reference  books,  globes,  blackboards, 
kindergarten  busy-work  materials,  etc. 

3.  Selected  collections  of  the  work  of  pupils,  the  con- 
crete  results,  including  examination  work,  essays,  out- 
lines, mountings,  manual  work,  etc. 

4.  Free-hand  and  instrumental  drawing  and  mapping. 

5.  Photographs  of  groups,  and  classes  of  pupils  and 
of  all  matter  that  can  be  shown  best  in  this  way. 

6.  Full  sets  of  text  books,  including   supplementary 
and  collateral  reading  matter. 

7.  Printed  courses  of  study  and  manuals  of  directions 
for  teachers,  circulars  of  advice,  examination  questions, 
final,  central  and  district  forms  of  reports  to  superin- 
tendent, to  parents,  etc. 


393 

For  this  work,  the  unit  is  the  county,  and  all  mate- 
rial is  to  be  prepared  and  forwarded  under  the  direction 
of  the  County  Superintendent  of  Schools. 

CLASS  B— GRADED  SCHOOLS. 

MATERIALS  FOR  EXHIBIT. 

1.  Designs  of  graded  school  houses,  to  include  floor 
plans,  elevations,  methods  of  heating,  lighting,  ventilat- 
ing and  sanitation,  with  photographs  of  characteristic 
exteriors  and  interiors. 

2.  Apparatus,  appliances,  devices,  models  and  mate- 
rials used  in  teaching  in  each  of  the  eight  grades. 

3.  Selected  collections  of  the  work  of  pupils,  including 
examination  work  and  essays,  outlines,  reports  of  ob- 
servations, development  lessons,  addresses  etc.,  with  or 
without  the  teachers'  correction. 

4.  Free-hand  and  instrumental  drawing  and  mapping. 

5.  Photographs  of  groups  of  pupils,  classes  at  work, 
in  gymnastic  drill,  and  of  all  matter  that  can  be  shown 
best  in  this  way. 

6.  Collections  of  stones,  minerals,  woods,  birds,  nests, 
insects,  grains,  grasses,  foods,  condiments,  shells,  pro- 
ducts of  dissection,  etc.,  illustrative  of  different  branches 
of  study. 

7.  Products  of   manual  training,  whether  the  direct 
result  of  instruction  or  otherwise. 

8.  Full  sets  of  text   books,  supplementary  and    col- 
lateral reading  reference  books,  maps,  charts,  magazines, 
and  newspapers,  suitable  for  school  use. 

9.  Printed  courses    of  study,  manuals  of   directions, 
blanks,  reports,  records,  etc.,  bound,  and  in  folio  leaflets, 
for  distribution  if  desired. 

For  this  work  the  unit  is  the  city  or  town,  and  material 
is  to  be  prepared  and  forwarded  under  the  direction  of 
the  City  Superintendent  of  Schools,  or  other  correspond- 
ing officer. 


394 
CLASS  C— HIGH  SCHOOLS. 

MATERIALS   FOR    EXHIBIT. 

1.  Same  as  No.  1  in  Class  B  applied  to  high  school 
buildings. 

2.  A  chemical  laboratory  with  suitable  appliances  and 
materials.    Apparatus  illustrating  elementary  physics  as 
presented  in  high  school  work. 

Materials,  instruments  and  appliances  for  biological 
study. 

Cabinets  of  material  for  geological  and  mineralogical 
study. 

3.  Selected  collections  of  the  work  of  pupils,  includ- 
ing examination  work  and  essays,  outlines,  reports  of 
observations,  development   lessons,  lectures,    addresses, 
etc.,  with  and  without    the   teachers'  corrections.    Pro- 
ducts   of   pupils'    work   in   chemistry,   physics,    botany, 
entomology,    etc.     Apparatus   designed    and    made    by 
pupils,  and  collections  for  nature  study. 

4.  Free-hand     and    instrumental     drawing,    crayon, 
pastel  and  water  color  work. 

5.  Photographs  of  groups  of  pupils,  classes  at  work, 
laboratories    and   libraries  in    use,  gymnastic  drill,  and 
all  matter  that  can  be  shown  best  in  this  way. 

6.  Same   as   No.  6  in  Class   B  enlarged  to   apply   to 
high  school  work. 

7.  Products    of   manual   training  whether  the   direct 
results  of  instruction  or  otherwise,  including  girls'  work, 
such  as  sewing,  darning,  fashioning  garments,  etc. 

8.  Same  as  No.  8  in  Class  B  as  applied  to  high  school 
work,  and  in  addition  thereto,  a  collection  of  standard 
works  on  pedagogy,  political  economy,  history,  poetry, 
fiction,  etc. 

9.  Printed  courses    of   study,    manuals    of   direction, 
as  in  No.  9  of  Class  B. 


395 

For  this  work  the  high  school  is  the  unit,  and  the 
material  is  to  be  prepared  and  forwarded  under  the 
direction  of  the  principal  or  the  superintendent  of  the 
system  of  which  the  high  school  is  a  part. 

CLASS  D— MANUAL  TRAINING. 

1,  Manual  training  appliances  for  working: 

(a)  In  wood. 

(b)  In  iron. 

2.  Exhibit  of  pupils'  work. 

CLASS  E— NORMAL  SCHOOLS. 
Exhibit  to  be  made  under  the  direction  of  their  officers. 

CLASS  F — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1.  Sets  of  catalogues  and   reports  of  public  schools 

2.  Set  of  reports  of  the  Superintendents  of  Public  In- 
struction. 

3.  Statistics. 

4.  Collection  of   old  text  books,  photographs  of  old 
school  houses,  etc. 

REMARKS. 

The  amount  of  matter  that  is  desired  from  each  oi 
the  units  contributing,  will  be  determined  later,  and  due 
notice  given. 

The  purpose  is  to  give  the  utmost  possible  opportunity 
for  the  schools  to  make  the  most  significant  exhibit  of 
the  plans,  purposes,  results  and  prospects  of  their  work. 
The  foregoing  outline,  while  designed  to  be  largely  di- 
rective, is  still  to  be  considered  as  suggestive,  and  varia- 
tions which  do  not  violate  its  purpose  may  be  expected. 

The  written  matter  is  to  be  on  paper  eight  inches  wide 
and  ten  and  one-half  long,  with  an  inch  margin  at  the 
left  side  for  binding. 


396 

Mounts,  drawings,  etc.,  for  wall  display,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, should  be  twenty-two  inches  wide  and  twenty-eight 
inches  high. 

Smaller  drawings  should  be  grouped  upon  cards  of  ^he 
same  size. 

Photographs  should  be  eight  inches  high  by  ten  inches 
wide. 

The  material  may  be  prepared  at  convenience.  It  will 
doubtless  be  desirable  to  prepare  the  exhibit  in  botany 
during  the  present  school  year. 

Should  it  be  thought  best  to  prepare  any  part  of  the 
work  upon  the  basis  of  a  uniform  set  of  questions,  due 
notice  of  the  time  and  conditions  will  be  given. 

The  material  is  to  be  forwarded  to  Chicago  on  or  be- 
fore the  first  day  of  March,  1893. 

Special  directions  for  this  purpose  will  be  issued  in  due 
time.  Supplementary  circulars  of  information  will  be 
issued  as  needed.  Meantime,  any  inquiries  will  receive 

attention. 

WM.  JENKINS, 

Supt.  Public  School  Sec.  of  Educational  Exhibit  of  Illinois. 
MENDOTA,  ILL.,  March  14,  1892. 

HENRY  EAAB, 

Supt.  of  Public  Instruction  of  Illinois. 

In  a  report  to  the  Director-in-Chief,  under  date  of 
April  24,  1892,  is  the  following  concerning  this  circular: 

"This  circular  is  essentially  an  outline  designed  to  give 
a  comprehensive  view  of  the  plan  and  main  purpose  of 
the  exhibit.  It  is  to  be  followed  by  others  of  more  de- 
tailed and  specific  information. 

"One  of  the  chief  purposes  of  this  exhibit  I  conceive 
to  be  the  information  of  the  people.  It  is  not  simply 
nor  primarily  for  the  benefit  of  educators.  To  this  end 
it  is  necessary  to  present  it  in  as  graphic  a  manner  as 
possible,  so  that  much  close  and  critical  examination 


397 

may  not  be  demanded  to  perceive  its  spirit  and  signifi- 
cance. The  work  best  suited  for  this  purpose  is  not  in 
so  advanced  nor  uniform  a  condition  as  other  branches 
of  public  education  in  this  State." 

There  was,  consequently,  prepared  a  circular  upon 
Drawing,  Modeling  and  "Making,"  a  copy  of  which  is 
subjoined  herewith: 

ILLINOIS  BOARD 

OF 

WORLD'S  FAIR  COMMISSIONERS. 
PUBLIC  SCHOOL  SECTION. 

CIRCULAR  OP  INFORMATION  NO.  2. 
EXHIBIT  OF  THE 

PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  ILLINOIS, 

AT  THE 

WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 

SCHEME  FOR  EXHIBIT  IN  DRAWING,  MODELING  AND  MAKING. 


DRAWING  EXHIBIT. 

All  work  in  this  department  should  be  grouped  in  the 
following  manner: 

Group  I.       Constructive  Drawing. 

Group  II.      Representative  Drawing. 

Group  III.    Decoration. 

Group  IV.     Modeling. 

Group  V.      Making. 

While  all  schools  may  not  find  it  practicable  to  show 
all  the  varieties  of  work  mentioned  in  each  group,  it  is 
desirable  that  they  should  comply  with  the  arrange- 
ment as  far  as  possible. 


398 
SCHEME  FOR  KURAL  AND  GRADED  SCHOOL  EXHIBIT. 

CONSTRUCTIVE  DRAWING. 

A.  From  geometric  solids  (free-hand). 

B.  From  useful  objects  based  upon  geometric  solids 
(free-hand). 

C.  From  geometric  plane  tablets  (free-hand). 

D.  From  paper  folding  and  patterns  (free-hand). 

E.  Geometric  problems  and  applications  (instrumen- 
tal). 

F.  Machine  drawing. 

G.  Architectural  drawing. 

H.    Illustrative  drawing  applied  to  other  studies. 

REPRESENTATIVE  DRAWING. 

A.  From  geometric  solids. 

B.  From  objects  based  on  geometric  solids. 

C.  From  miscellaneous  objects,  as  fruits,  vegetables, 
flowers,  etc. 

D.  Illustrative  drawing  as  applied  to  other  studies. 
It  may  be  imaginative,  from  memory,  from  the  object, 
or  copied. 

DECORATION. 

To  be  drawn  in  outline,  made  of  colored  paper,  painted 
in  water  color,  or  modeled  in  clay. 

A.  Arrangement  of  geometric  plane  tablets  for  borders 
and  rosettes. 

B.  The  repetition  of  units  of  design,  made  by  modify- 
ing  geometric  plane   figures,  in   borders,    rosettes   and 
surface  coverings. 

C.  The  conventionalization  of   plant  forms   and  the 
application  of  the  units  in  industrial  design. 

D.  Copies   of   historic   ornament.     Original   arrange- 
ments of  the  elements  of  good  ornament  for  applied  de- 
sign. 


399 

E.  Illustrative  drawings  as  applied  to  other  studies— 
the  drawing  of  historic  ornament  in  connection  with  the 
study  of  history. 

MODELING. 

A.  Geometric  solids. 

B.  Objects  based  on  geometric  solids. 

C.  Developing  surfaces  by  impressing  the  faces  of  the 
eolids  in  clay. 

D.  Modeling  natural  and  conventional  plant  forms. 
E     Modeling  historic  ornament. 

MAKING. 

A.  Paper  folding  and  cutting  for  the  making  of  geo- 
metric shapes,  stars,  rosettes  and  other  decorative  forms. 

B.  The  making  of  patterns  for  geometric  solids  and 
for  useful  objects  based  on  them. 

C.  The  making  of  solids  and    objects  from  the  pat- 
terns. 

D.  Miscellaneous  articles. 

Objects  may  be  made  of  any  available  material  repre- 
senting weaving,  folding,  cutting,  and  pasting,  sewing, 
carving  and  carpentry. 

SCHEME  FOR  HIGH  SCHOOL  EXHIBIT. 
CONSTRUCTIVE  DRAWING  (INSTRUMENTAL.). 

A.  Geometric  construction. 

B.  Orthographic  projection. 

C.  Isometric  projection. 

D.  Machine  drawing. 

E.  Mechanical  perspective. 

F.  Development  of  patterns. 

G.  Pattern  making. 

H.    Constructive  design. 


400 


REPRESENTATIVE   DRAWING. 

To  be  done  with  pencil,  pen  and  ink,  charcoal,  crayon,, 
and  water  color  in  outline  and  light  and  shade. 

A.  From  geometric  solids. 

B.  From  common  objects  based  on  geometric  solids. 

C.  From  fruits,  vegetables  and  flowers. 

D.  From  casts. 

E.  From  buildings  in  wholes  or  parts,  interiors  and 
exteriors. 

F.  From  natural  scenery. 

G.  Illustrative  drawing  as  applied  to  other  studies. 

DECORATION. 

To  be  done  in  pencil,  pen  and  ink,  charcoal,  crayon, 
colored  papers  and  water  colors. 

A.  Historic  ornament  in  outline,  light  and  shade  and 
color. 

B.  Applied  design,  using  motives  from  historic  orna- 
ment. 

C.  Original  arrangements  of  conventional  plant  forms 
for  industrial  design. 

MODELING. 

A.  Historical  ornament  and  naturalistic  forms  from 
casts. 

B.  Original  design  from  applied  purposes. 

C.  Original  work  from  nature. 

MAKING. 

A.  Sewing. 

B.  Wood  carving. 

C.  Representative  exercises  from  the  Manual  Training^ 
School. 


401 

All  work  exhibited  should  be  entirely  that  of  the  pupil, 
and  as  far  as  possible  be  done  in  the  school  room,  under 
the  supervision  of  the  teacher. 

An  illustration  showing  the  arrangement  that  will  be 
made  for  displaying  drawings,  color  work,  clay  modeling 
and  made  articles,  will  be  sent  out  shortly.  It  provides 
for  mounting  cards  28  inches  high  and  22  inches  wide. 

One  design  may  occupy  the  card  or  several  may  be 
grouped  thereon. 

This  scheme  is  designed  to  be  purely  suggestive,  and 
to  be  as  full  as  present  conditions  will  permit.  Every 
school  is  expected  to  be  as  free  as  possible  to  exhibit  its 
best  work  in  the  best  way  with  as  few  restrictions  as 
possible. 

Inquiries  will  receive  prompt  attention. 

WM.  JENKINS, 
Supt.  Public  School  Sec.  of  Educational  Exhibit  of  Illinois. 

Room  18,  Montauk  Block,  Chicago. 

HENRY  RAAB, 

Supt.  of  Public  Instruction  of  Illinois. 
Rooms  of  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners. 

Approved:  ' 

JOHN  P.  REYNOLDS, 

Director-in-  Chief. 

Circular  of  Information  No.  3,  giving  "Directions  Re- 
specting Selection,  Arrangement  and  Forwarding  Mate- 
rials," was  prepared  towards  the  close  of  1892,  and  sent 
in  quantities  to  the  superintendents  and  teachers  of  the 
State,  and  is  as  follows,  marked  "B:" 

The  estimate  for  floor  space  needed  in  which  to  install 
the  exhibit  and  a  catalogue  of  the  exhibit    made,  are 
subjoined,   together  with  a  list  of  the  school  buildings 
selected  for  the  architectural  exhibit. 
—26 


402 

I  include  also  a  catalogue  of  the  Chicago  public  school 
exhibit,  which,  although  installed  separately,  was  under 
the  control  of  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Com- 
missioners, and  formed  an  important  part  of  the  State 
exhibit. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

WM.  JENKINS, 

Supt.  Common  School  Section  Illinois  Board 
WorlcPs  Fair  Commissioners. 


ESTIMATE  OF  FLOOR  SPACE. 

The  estimate  for  floor  space  needed  for  the  exhibit, 
exclusive  of  the  Model  School  Boom,  was  submitted  May 
7,  1892,  as  follows: 

For  Class  A  (Circular  of  Information  No.  1)  2,000  sq.  feet. 
M      B         "  "  2,500 

k;     C  u  2,500 

"     D  '•  1,500 

..     F         ..  ,4  500     '  u 


Total «-tn 9,000  sq.  feet. 

This  estimate  was  reduced  to  4,032  sq.  feet,  which, 
with  space  assigned  to  the  Model  School  Boom  and  work 
room,  aggregated  very  nearly  6,000  sq.  feet  of  floor 
space  devoted  to  the  Public  School  Exhibit. 

The  space  was  not  sufficient,  and  as  a  consequence 
many  changes  in  the  installation  were  rendered  necessary 
in  order  to  exhibit  the  material  received.  Even  by  mak- 
ing as  many  changes  as  possible  the  results  were  far  from 
being  as  satisfactory  as  they  would  have  been  had  the 
space  been  larger. 


403 

CATALOGUE 

OF  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOL  SECTION  OF  THE  ILLINOIS 
STATE  EDUCATIONAL  EXHIBIT. 

This  exhibit  was  installed  in  the  northeast  part  of  the 
Illinois  State  Building  upon  the  main  floor. 

It  consisted  in  the  main  of  written  exercises  bound  in 
volumes  representing  all  grades  of  school  work  and 
mounts  illustrating  the  same,  together  with  an  architec- 
tural exhibit. 

The  volumes  were  distributed  in  cases  so  that  each 
front  of  a  case  contained  work  of  a  similar  year  or 
grade,  throughout.  The  design  was  to  illustrate  the 
work  of  the  State,  as  a  whole,  but  at  the  same  time  to 
preserve  the  continuity  of  work  from  each  school  or 
system  of  schools  as  far  as  possible. 

The  work  was  installed  in  eighteen  cases,  exclusive  of 
the  exhibit  from  the  city  of  Chicago,  which  is  separately 
catalogued. 

Six  of  the  cases  carried  glazed  show  cases  in  which  were 
manual  training,  clay,  paper,  folding,  other  kindred 
kinds  of  work,  and  material  for  Nature  study. 

RURAL    SCHOOLS. 

In  the  four  cases  with  screens  at  the  east  side,  was 
the  work  from  rural  schools  arranged  by  grades  com- 
mencing with  the  first  year  or  grade  on  the  front  of  the 
first  case,  the  second  year  or  grade  on  the  other  side  of 
the  first  case,  the  third  year  or  grade  on  the  front  of 
the  second  case,  and  so  on  for  the  eight  grades. 

GRADED    SCHOOLS. 

The  four  large  cases  with  screens  in  the  middle,  con- 
tained the  work  from  graded  schools  arranged  by  grades, 
commencing  with  the  first  grade  on  the  front  of  the  first 


404 

case  or  screen,  the  second  grade  on  the  other  side  of  the 
first  case  or  screen,  the  third  grade  on  the  front  side  of 
the  second  screen,  and  so  on  for  the  eight  grades. 

HIGH  SCHOOLS. 

In  the  four  cases  at  the  west  side  were  the  work  of 
the  high  schools  arranged  by  years  commencing  with 
the  first  year,  on  both  sides  of  the  first  case,  second 
year  on  both  sides  of  the  second  case,  and  so  on  for  the 
foury  ears. 

ARCHITECTURAL   EXHIBIT. 

Fourteen    school  houses,  showing  exterior   elevations, 
accompanied    with    floor    plans,    methods    of    heating, 
lighting,  ventilation  and  sanitation. 
High  School  Buildings: 

N.  W.  of  Chicago. 

Freeport. 

Aurora. 
Graded  School  Buildings: 

Chicago,  Bancroft  School. 

Mendota,  Blackstone  School. 

Farming-ton  School. 

Trenton  School. 

Alton  Ward  School. 

Peoria,  Greeley  School. 

Lawrenceville  School. 

Cairo,  Lincoln  School. 

Harvard  School. 
Rural  School  Buildings: 

Chester  School,  Champaign  county. 

Sunny-Side  School,  Shelby  county. 


405 
INVENTORY. 

RURAL  AND  VILLAGE  SCHOOLS. 

Counties.                   Volumes.  Mounts. 

Alexander 10                       

Bureau 26  27 

Christian 7                       

Champaign 30  3 

Carroll 5 

Clark 18 

Champaign  (Mahomet)  3                      

DeKalb Examination  papers  unbound. 

DeKalb  (Kirkland) Examination  papers  &  drawings. 

Edwards 3                      

Effln^ham 20                      

Fayette 12  1 

Ford 21  8 

Jasper 14                      

Kendall 6  6 

Kendall Production  Maps  2,  portfolio  1. 

Lawrence 14                      

LaSalle 20  7 

Monroe  (Columbia) 3                      

Macon 59  5 

Moultrie  (Fairview) 3                      

Moultrie  (Lake  City)...  7                      

Madison 9                      

Mason 6                                2  pictures. 

Ogle 51  25 

Peoria 13  12 

Piatt 168                      

Piatt  (Pierson) 3                       

Pulaski 6                      

Rock  Island 10                      

Rock  Island  (E.  Milan)  15 

Sangamon 17                      


406 

Rural  and  Village  Schools — Concluded. 

Counties.                   Volumes.  Mounts. 

Stephenson 19  31 

Vermilion 21  29 

Warren 21  

Warren Book  botany  mounts. 

Washington 18  40 

Will 49 

INVENTORY. 
GRADED  WORK. 

Counties.  Vols.  Mts. 

Assumption Christian 8 

Adeline Ogle 4 

Altamont Effingham 4 

Albion b]d  wards 15 

Austin Cook 21 

Aurora  (W.  Side). .Kane 100 

"  "  "       clay  mouldings. 

"  tk  paper  models. 

(E.  Side)...    "        36       95 

Ashley Washi  ngton 1 

Batavia Kane 48 

Bement Piatt 8 

Bridgeport Lawrence 8 

Carmi White 19        34 

Cairo Alexander,  2  vols.  of  Cat  14 

Columbia ...Monroe 1 

Canton Fulton  11        70 

Dixon  (South) Lee 21 

"      (North) " 10  ' 

DesPlaines Cook,  1  panorama 21        12 

Germantown Vermilion 5          5 

Effingham Effingham 9 


407 

Graded  Work — Continued. 

Counties.  Vols.  Mts. 

Elmhurst Cook,  specimens  of  wood....     9       24 

"       picture  school  house. 

Elgin Kane,  sewing,   making  clay 

work 12     140 

Evanston  (South). Cook  17 

Freeport Stephenson 14       49 

Forreston Ogle 5        10 

Galesburg Knox,  woodwork,  clay  work 

picture 29        85 

Gibson  City Ford 10          9 

Henry Marshall 6 

Joliet Will,  20  photos,  of  buildings.   20 

Kankakee Kankakee 18       24 

phys'l  app.,  photo  1. 

Kewanee Henry 22     105 

Lawrenceville Lawrence 7          3 

Lanark Carroll 7       13 

LaSalle LaSalle,  relief  map  photos..   14       60 

Lovington Moultrie 7 

Lena Stephenson 6 

Monticello Piatt 18       43 

Monmouth Warren,  paper  fid 'g,  2 charts  22       87 

Mt.  Carmel Wabash 16 

"         one  roll  drawings. 

Morris Grundy,  fossils 14       27 

Momence ...Kankakee,  physical  appara- 
tus, framed  matter. 

Momence Kankakee,  zoology  sp'cim'ns. 

Mt.  Carroll Carroll 5          7 

•* u     21  vols.  primary  work, 

1  scrapb'k,  1  product'n  card . 

Marseilles  (East)... LaSalle 12 

Marseilles  (West). ..LaSalle 4 


408 

Graded  Work— Continued. 

Counties.  Vols.  Mts. 

Mound  City Pulaski,  book  press'd  flower.   12 

Melvin Ford 8 

Newton Jasper 19       42 

Nashville Washington 11 

Newman Douglas 18        36 

Naperville DuPage 12 

Ottawa LaSalle,  photo 11       15 

O'Fallon St.  Clair 6          8 

Oregon Ogle 10       23 

Princeton Bureau "  4       78 

Peru LaSalle 21       20 

Pittsfield Pike,  1  silk  map. 

Paxton Ford 9 

Peoria Peoria 10     134 

Quincy Adams 6         4 

Rogers  Park Cook 12       25 

Rochelle Ogle 7 

Rockford ....Winnebago,  8  photos,  paper 

work,  clay  work 27     191 

Rantoul Champaign 5 

Rock  Falls Whiteside 10 

Springfield Sangamon,  wood  work,  clay 

work 17       20 

Sterling  (Sterling)  .Whiteside 13       27 

Sterling  (Wallace).        u         8          3 

Sterling  (Hamm) ..  2  drawings. 

Sheffield Bureau 8       18 

Sullivan Moultrie 14       30 

Streator LaSalle 18 

Shannon Carroll 6       12 

Sumner Lawrence 18 

Savanna Carroll,  relief  map,  wood 

work,  2  glass  cases 8       25 


409 

Graded  Work — Concluded. 

Counties.  Vols.  Mts. 

Sibley Ford,  cases  of  ore 11       10 

Sadorus Champaign 3 

Sandwich DeKalb,  clay  work 5        37 

Taylorville.... Christian 5 

Wheaton DuPage 13        12 

Winchester Scott 8       11 

Wenona Marshall 9 

Yorkville Kendall...  4 


INVENTORY. 

HIGH  SCHOOLS. 

Counties.  Vols.  Mts. 

Bement Piatt 6 

Carmi White 10 

Cairo Alexander 13 

Canton Fulton 4 

Dixon  (South) Lee .. , 9 

(North) "   - 4 

Klmhurst Cook 3 

Elgin Kane 19 

EvanstonTp.  High 

School Cook 30       17 

EvanstonTp.  High 

School Cook,  75  pictures 17 

Freeport Stephenson 5 

Galesburg Knox 11 

Henry Marshall 2 

Kankakee Kankakee.. 0 

Kewanee.... Henry 6 

Lanark Carroll 7 

LaSalle ..LaSalle 14 

Lovington Moultrie 1 


410 

High  Schools— Concluded. 

Counties.  Vols.  Mts. 

Monticello Piatt 4 

Marshall Clark 3 

Mon.mouth Warren 15 

Morris ...Grundy  .,,. . 3 

Mt,  Carroll  Carroll 1 

Minier Tazewejl 3 

Mound  City.. Pulaski 3 

Nashville Washington 4 

Newman Douglas 22 

Oregon Ogle 10 

Ottawa LaSalle.. 22        32 

Princeton Bureau 25        82 

Paxton Ford. 4 

Peori  a Peoria 18 

Quiucy Adams... 2 

Rock  Island .....Rock  Island,  photos     10       14 

Rochello Ogle ...:.... 3 

Rockford Winnebago 33 

Rock  Falls Whiteside 2 

Springfield Sangamon 18 

Sterling Whiteside 4 

Sterling  (Wallace) Whiteside 3 

Sheffield Bureau 12 

Sullivan Moultrie 3 

Shannon Carroll 12 

Savanna "      3 

Sandwich DeKalb 6 

Shabbona "        1  picture 15 

Wheaton DuPago 1 

Winchester Scott 3 

Wenonn Marshall 6 

Yorkville Kendall...  4 


411 

Report  of  Materials,  Space  and  Funds  required  for  Exhibit 

of  the  Public  Schools  of  Illinois  at  the 

Columbian  Exposition. 

CLASS  A — RURAL.  SCHOOLS. 

MATERIALS   OF  EXHIBIT. 

1.  Designs  of  school-houses,  including  floor  plans  and 
20  photos  of  characteristic  exteriors.    Also  20  photos  of 
characteristic  interiors. 

2.  Apparatus  and  contrivances  used  in  teaching,  in- 
cluding  maps,    charts,    reference   books,    globes,    black- 
boards, etc. 

3.  Printed  courses  of  study,  as  prescribed  in  the  dif- 
ferent counties. 

4.  Collection  of  examination  work  from  each  county 
in  the  State,  the  same  to  be  bound  in  pasteboard  coversr 
except  five  sets,  to  be  permanently  bound. 

5.  Free-hand  drawing  and  mapping. 

6.  Twenty-five     wall-sets    of     frames    for     exhibiting 
photos,  drawings,  maps  and  other  work  of  pupils. 

7.  A  series  of  tables  next  the  walls  on  which  to  dis- 
play pupils'  work. 

8.  Full  sets  of  text  and  reference  books  and  supple- 
mentary reading  matter. 

SPACE. 

This  exhibit  to  occupy  the  room  37x30  over  the  en- 
trance. 

CLASS  B— GRADED  SCHOOLS. 

MATERIALS   OF  EXHIBIT. 

1.  Designs  of   graded    school-houses,    including   floor 
plans  and  20  photos  of  exteriors.    Also  20  photos  of 
interiors. 

2.  Apparatus  of   models,    contrivances,  etc.,  used  in 
teaching  in  the  several  grades. 


412 

3.  Printed    courses    of   study   for   each    of  the  eight 
grades  below  the  high  school,  five  sets  of  each  grade  to 
be  permanently  bound,  and  the  rest  to  be  in  folio  leaflets 
for  distribution. 

4.  Collections   of   pupils'  examination  work  for  each 
grade  to  be  similarly  treated. 

5.  Free-hand  and  architectural   drawing,  as  may  be 
suitable.    Also  mapping. 

6.  Twenty-five  wall-sets  of  frames  for  exhibiting  plans, 
photos,  maps,  botanical  specimens  and  other  appropriate 
pupils'  work. 

7.  Series  of  tables  next  the  walls,  on  which  to  display 
pupils'  work  and  school  collections  of   natural  objects 
for  nature  study,  such  as  collections  of  stones,  minerals, 
woods,  birds,  nests,  insects,    products    of   dissection  of 
animals,  shells,  herbaria,  etc.    These,  except  the  paper 
work  to  be  under  glass. 

8.  Full  sets  of   text   books,    supplementary  reading, 
reference  libraries,  maps,  charts  and  school  newspapers. 

9.  Products  of  manual  training  schools  and  the  chil- 
dren's handicraft  in  general,  including  all  sorts  of  useful 
and  ingenious  articles  made  by  boys  and  girls,  which 
may  be  deemed  worthy  of  exhibition. 

CLASS  C— HIGH  SCHOOLS. 

MATERIALS    OF  EXHIBIT. 

1.  Designs  of  high  school  houses,  including  floor  plans, 
20  photos  of  representative  exteriors.    Also  20  photos 
of  representative  interiors. 

2.  A    chemical    laboratory    to    include    a     teachers' 
laboratory  desk,  and  at   least  four  pupils'  stalls,  fitted 
up  for  work  in  inorganic  chemistry,  and  supplied  with 
proper  apparatus,  materials  and  reagents;  also  a  set  of 
the  products  of  school  class-work  displayed  in  glass. 


413 

3.  A  series  of  tables  carrying  a  full  set  of  apparatus 
for  illustrating  physics  as  presented  in  high  school  work. 

4.  A  series  of  tables  fitted  with  tjae  materials,  appli- 
ances and  products  of  biological  study,  including  plant 
and    animal   life    and    physiology.    This  will    demand  a 
contiguous  wail  display  of  charts,  botanical,  zoological, 
entomological  and  physiological,  and  a  display    of  re- 
sults of  secondary  work  in  all  these  departments. 

5.  Tables  carrying  materials  for  geological  and  min- 
eralogical  study  with  cognate  wall  displays. 

6.  Tables  carrying  apparatus  contrived  by  pupils  for 
illustrating  science  subjects. 

7.  Printed  courses  of  study. 

8.  Examination  papers,  live  sets  to  be  permanently 
bound  and  the  rest  put  in  pasteboard  covers. 

9.  Drawings  — free-hand,     architectural,     perspective, 
geometrical ;  also  crayon,  pastel  and  water'  color  work ; 
a  wall  display. 

10.  School  collections  for  nature  study. 

11.  Full  sets  of  text-books,  with  supplementary  read- 
ing, reference  libraries  and  school  newspapers. 

12.  Products  of  manual  training  and,   youths'  handi- 
craft, including  girls'  sewing  and  fashioning  of  garments. 

13.  Twenty-five    wall    sets    of    frames    for    carrying 
photos,  plans,  drawings,  maps,  etc. 

SPACE. 

The  N.  E.  room,   2d  floor,  60x30  wrould  contain  this 
exhibit. 

CLASS  D— MANUAL  TRAINING  AND  PHYSICAL  CULTURE. 

MATERIALS  OF  EXHIBIT. 

1.  A  specimen  battery  of  manual  training  appliances- 
for  working  in  wood. 

2.  For  working  in  iron. 


414 

3.  The  different  kinds  of  apparatus  and  manuals  for 
physical   culture,  or  as  much  of   it   as   can   be    accom- 
modated. 

4.  Full  set  of  base-ball  goods  and  costumes. 

5.  Full  set  of  foot-ball  goods  and  costumes. 

6.  Full  set  of  tennis  goods  and  costumes. 

SPACE. 

The   galleries,    2d    story,    would  receive   this  exhibit. 
30x60,  1800  square  feet  space. 

CLASS  E— STATE  NORMAL  SCHOOLS. 

Ask  each  for  1500  feet  of  floor  space,  and  might  have 
50x30  on  each  floor  adjoining  that  already  assigned. 


CLASS  F— MISCELLANEOUS. 

1.  A  complete  set  of  catalogues  and  reports  of  such 
public  schools  as  publish  them. 

2.  A  complete  set  of  reports  of  the  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction. 

3.  A  compend  of   certain    statistics,  illustrating   the 
progress  of  the  public  schools  in  Illinois — setting  forth 
the   growth  in  population,   the   increase   in    number  of 
children  enrolled  in  the  schools,  per  cent  of  attendance; 
number  of  schoolhouses,  number    of   teachers,  expendi- 
tures for  public  schools  and  exhibited  by  decades,  the 
same  to  be  printed  in  cheap  leaflet  form  for  distribution 
everywhere  in  the  educational  exhibit. 

4.  A  collection  of  the  oldest  text  books  and  apparatus 
to  be  found. 


415 


ESTIMATE    OF    THE    FUNDS     REQUIRED    TO    CARRY    OUT 
THE   ABOVE   SCHEME. 

1.  A  superintendent  of  the  exhibit  "at  not 

less  than  $2,500  per  annum,"  for  two 

years $5,000.00 

2.  Seven  assistants  at  $800  each,   one  for 

supervision  of  model  schoolroom 5,600.00 

3.  Expenses  of  superintendent 2,400.00 

4.  Help  in  receiving,  selecting  and  installing 

the  exhibit 1,500.00 

5.  Freight  of  goods  to  and  from 1,000. CO 

6.  State  Normal  Schools 5,OOO.CO 

7.  High  School  Laboratories 700. CO 

8.  Materials  used  in  laboratories 300. CO 

9.  Furnishing  the  three  school  rooms 1,200.00 

10.  Furnishing  the  manual  training  room...  1,000.00 

11.  Furnishing  the  physical  apparatus 400.00 

12.  Cost  of  printing 500.00 

13.  Photography 500  00 

14.  Exhibit  of  text  books,  reference  library 

and  supplementary  books 900.00 

Total $26,000.00 

FLOOR  SPACE. 

Besides  the  three  rooms  designated  above,  4,800  square 
feet  in  the  adjoining  room  on  the  northeast  of  second 
floor. 

It  seems  desirable  to  supplement  the  foregoing  report 
with  the  following  considerations:  First:  It  is  impos- 
sible to  accurately  foresee  the  exact  cost  of  many  of  the 
items  which  enter  into  the  preceding  financial  estimate. 
For  instance,  Nos.  3  and  4  may  be  too  great,  they 
may  be  too  small ;  again  the  cost  of  the  proposed  high 
school  laboratories  may  be  greatly  lessened  by  the  loan 


416 

in  great  measure  of  the  various  articles  of  apparatus 
from  some  furnishing  house  which  would  be  glad  to  be 
thus  advertised.  Item  8  might  be  made  in  like  manner 
disappear.  Item  11  likewise,  though  this  is  hardly  to 
be  anticipated.  Item  13  might  be  possibly  brought 
down  to  $300,  while  item  12  might  prove  inadequate. 
The  "expenses"  of  the  Superintendent  have  necessarily 
to  be  lumped,  and  may  go  either  way  of  the  mark.  The 
duties  of  the  Superintendent  contemplated  in  this  report 
are  such  as  to  demand  the  immediate  and  continuous 
service  of  an  energetic  and  expert  person,  entirely  familiar 
with  the  ideas  sought  to  be  realized  through  the  exhibit 
and  in  touch  with  the  educational  public  of  Illinois. 

He  would  need  at  once,  by  circulars  of  information,  by 
visiting  educational  bodies  in  session,  and  by  being  in 
personal  contact  with  the  schools  of  the  various  locali- 
ties to  generate  a  working  interest  in  the  exhibit,  and 
so  correlate  the  efforts  that  should  be  made  as  to  bring 
them  into  contribution  to  the  ends  proposed ;  this  be- 
cause our  public  schools  are  without  a  centralizing  or- 
ganization through  which  they  may  be  brought  into 
action. 

The  Superintendent  would  need  to  have  oversight  of 
certain  necessary  expenditures  of  the  funds,  as  the  ex- 
hibit should  progress;  to  plan  and  direct  the  specific 
preparation  of  the  room  assigned  for  its  various  uses; 
to  receive,  assort  and  install  the  exhibits;  to  have  cus- 
tody of  the  same  through  competent  assistants  and 
guides  during  the  Exposition,  and  to  make  final  dispo- 
sition of  the  same  at  its  close.  The  schools  should  be 
gotten  in  hand  and  put  to  work  on  their  preparations 
at  the  earliest  possible  moment,  inasmuch  as  a  multi- 
titude  of  deficiencies  would  disclose  themselves  subse- 
quent to  the  first  aggregation  of  their  work,  which 
would  have  to  be  supplied  by  a  subsequent  arrange- 


417 

ment.  Whether  or  not  a  suitable  person  can  be  had  for 
this  responsibility  for  the  sum  named  in  the  estimate  is 
matter  of  conjecture.  It  is  to  be  remembered  that  the 
duty  would  spoil  three  years  of  a  schoolman's  time.  It 
has  been  the  endeavor  of  the  Committee  to  make  a  con- 
servative estimate  of  the  expenditures  required  for  the 
realization  of  an  educational  exhibit  which  should  be 
within  the  limitations  prescribed  by  the  law,  at  least 
modestly  creditable  to  the  State,  and  in  this  sense  it 
respectfully  submits  the  same  to  the  consideration  of  the 
State  Commission. 
All  of  which  is  most  respectfully  submitted, 

HENRY  KAAB, 
Chairman  Su~b-  Committee. 


-27 


418 

"B" 
ILLINOIS  BOARD 

OF 

WORLD'S  FAIR  COMMISSIONERS. 

PUBLIC  SCHOOL  SECTION. 

CIRCULAR  OF  INFORMATION  NO.  3. 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE 

PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  ILLINOIS 

AT  THE 

WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 

DIRECTIONS  RESPECTING  SELECTION,  ARRANGEMENT  AND 
FORWARDING  OF  MATERIALS. 

To    School    Officers,    Superintendents   and  Teachers  of  the 

Public  Schools  of  Illinois: 

Circular  of  Information  No.  1,  which  contained  a  brief 
but  comprehensive  statement  of  the  nature  of  the  exhibit 
to  be  made  by  the  Public  Schools  of  Illinois  at  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  was  issued  in  March  last. 
In  this  circular  the  schools  were  classified  as  A  Rural 
Schools,  B  Graded  Schools,  C  High  Schools  and  D 
Manual  Training  Schools,  and  the  character  of  the  ex- 
hibit from  each  of  these  classes  was  set  forth. 

It  is  deemed  best  in  this  circular  to  repeat  so  much  of 
Circular  of  Information  No.  1  as  may  be  necessary  to 
make  it  clear  to  those  who  may  not  have  that  circular 
at  hand.  It  is  the  intention,  furthermore,  to  give  final 
instructions  respecting  the  arrangement,  selection  and 
forwarding  of  materials  desired  from  each  of  the  classes 
of  schools  mentioned. 


419 

The  work  desired  from  Kural  Schools  is: 

"Collections  of  the  work  of  pupils,  including  examina- 
tion work,  essays,  outlines,  mountings,  manual  work, 
free-hand  and  instrumental  drawing." 

"Photographs  of  groups  and  classes  of  pupils  and  of 
all  matter  that  can  be  shown  best  in  that  way." 

From  Class  B.,  Graded  Schools: 

"Collections  of  the  work  of  pupils,  including  examina- 
tion work,  essays,  outlines,  reports  of  observations,  de- 
velopment lessons,  free-hand  and  instrumental  drawing." 

"Photographs  of  groups  of  pupils,  classes  at  work  in 
gymnastic  drill  and  of  all  matter  that  can  be  shown  best 
in  that  way." 

''Collections  of  stones,  minerals,  woods,  birds,  nests, 
insects,  grains,  grasses,  condiments,  shells,  products  of 
dissection,  mounted  botanical  specimens,  in  cases  or  on 
cards  22x28  inches." 

"Products  of  manual  training,  whether  the  direct  re- 
sults of  instruction  or  otherwise,  also  mounted  on  boards 
22x28  inches  wherever  possible.  In  other  cases  to  be 
exhibited  on  tables  or  in  glass  covered  cases,  on  shelves 
or  brackets." 

From  Class  C.,  High  Schools: 

"Collections  of  pupils'  work  similar  to  those  mentioned 
in  Class  B.,  and  in  addition  thereto  products  of  pupils' 
work  in  chemistry,  physics,  botany,  entomology,  appa- 
ratus designed  or  made  by  pupils,  and  collection  for 
nature  study,  mounted  or  prepared  for  exhibit  as  in 
Class  B." 

"Free-hand  and  instrumental  drawing,  crayon,  pastel 
or  water  color  work." 

"Photographs  of  groups  of  pupils,  classes  at  work, 
laboratories  and  libraries  in  use,  instantaneous  views  of 
classes  at  work." 


420 

"Products  of  manual  training,  whether  the  direct  re- 
sults of  instruction  or  otherwise,  including  girls'  work, 
such  as  sewing,  darning,  fashioning  garments,  etc. 

The  intention,  as  expressed  in  Circular  No.  1  to  give 
the  utmost  possible  opportunity  for  the  schools  to  make 
the  most  significant  exhibit  of  the  plans,  purposes  and 
results  of  their  work,  has  been  kept  steadily  in  view. 

MATTER  OF  EXHIBIT. 
TABLE  DISPLAY. 

What  to  exhibit,  therefore,  cannot  be  definitely  stated 
without  limiting  the  freedom  necessary  to  secure  the 
best  results.  The  exhibit  as  a  whole  should  indicate 
what  the  schools  are  aiming  to  do,  what  they  are  ac- 
complishing, and  as  far  possible  in  what  way.  To  this 
end  it  should  consist  of  representative  work  from  every 
grade  and  department  of  the  public  school  system.  Ex- 
actly what  the  contribution  shall  be  from  any  particular 
school  or  system  of  schools  cannot  be  specified,  but  in- 
asmuch as  suggestions  have  been  frequently  requested, 
the  following  are  offered  in  the  hope  that  they  may 
prove  helpful: 

A  series  of  eight  volumes,  one  for  each  grade  or  the 
work  of  two  or  more  grades  bound  together  upon 
language  work,  including  reading,  spelling,  penmanship, 
language  and  grammar.  This  might  show  the  methods 
of  teaching  reading,  subject  analysis,  dictation  exer- 
cises, pictures,  stories,  abstracts,  methods  of  teaching 
definitions,  paraphrases,  reproduction,  letters,  business 
forms,  imaginary  descriptions  and  narration  and  other 
essays,  grammatical  analysis  and  parsing  and  transla- 
tions. 


421 

A  similar  series  of  volumes  for  number  work  or  arith- 
metic to  show  methods  and  results  in  primary  work,  in 
securing  accuracy  and  rapidity,  in  developing  the  reason- 
ing powers,  clearness  of  conception  in  applied  knowledge, 
solutions,  test  statements  of  definitions,  principles, 
abbreviated  methods  and  business  forms. 

Another  set  for  elementary  science  work  which  would 
include  in  botany,  charts,  drawings,  analysis,  mounted 
specimens,  woods,  leaves,  fruits,  seeds,  etc.,  in  accom- 
panying mounts  or  cases.  In  zoology,  dissections  of  and 
mounted  specimens  of  animals,  with  drawings  and  speci- 
mens of  birds,  nests,  eggs,  insects,  shells,  etc.,  in  accom- 
panying cases.  In  physiology,  of  diagrams,  drawings, 
definitions,  products  of  dissection,  recitations  and  essays. 
In  geography,  of  drawings,  diagrams,  maps,  graphic 
representation  and  written  observations  of  outdoor 
work,  topical  and  other  recitations,  etc.  These  would 
include  science  work  from  the  most  elementary  to  the 
most  advanced,  or  any  part  of  it. 

A  similar  series  of  volumes,  each  of  which  should  con- 
tain selections  showing  the  entire  work  of  one  or  more 
grades.  Additional  volumes  showing  the  work  of  whole 
classes,  in  different  subjects. 

Similar  series  of  volumes  as  needed  for  high  schools, 
increased  as  to  number  of  topics  as  the  enlarged  curri- 
culum demands. 

Other  arrangements  may  in  many  cases  be  deemed 
better,  if  so,  these  suggestions  will  not  stand  in  the  way. 

The  writing  should  be  in  ink  in  all  cases  except  early 
primary  work  and  drawings,  in  which  pencil  work  will 
be  accepted. 

Photographs  of  pupils  at  work  may  be  bound  as  illus 
trations  in  the  volumes  of  their  manuscript. 


422 

MOUNTED  WORK,   FOR  WALL  AND  WING  FRAME  DISPLAY. 

1.  Circular  of  Information  No.  2,  covers  this  matter 
in  the  line  of  drawing  in  detail.    The  general  heads  only 
will   be   reproduced    here.    The  circular  will  be  sent  to 
anyone  desiring  the  details,  and  who  may  not  have  it  at 
hand. 

All  the  work  in  this  department  should  be  grouped  in 
the  following  manner: 

Group      I.  Constructive  Drawing. 
Group    II.  Representative  Drawing. 
Group  III.  Decoration. 
Group  IV.  Modeling. 
Group     V.  Making. 

2.  Mounted   work,    including   maps,    charts,    photo- 
graphs, manual  work,  products  of  dissections,  botanical 
specimens. 

3.  Shelf   or    Bracket    Display:      Models,    apparatus, 
zoological  and  entomological  mounts,  maps,  clay  and 
putty  work. 

Portfolios  are  not  recommended  for  any  purpose,  but 
will  be  accepted. 

MATERIALS. 

The  card  board  used  for  mounted  work  of  any  kind 
should  be  28  inches  long  by  22  inches  wide,  the  long 
side  to  be  vertical.  It  should  be  six  ply  and  court  grey 
or  light  drab  in  color. 

One  design  or  a  group  on  each  card. 

For  all  written  work  to  be  bound,  the  paper  should  be 
not  less  than  8  inches  wide  and  10%  inches  long,  nor 
more  than  8%  inches  wide  and  11  inches  long. 

1  inch  to  1%  ruled  from  left  side  for  binding. 

The  length  of  paper  is  from  top  to  bottom  of  the  page. 

Binding  at  left  side,  not  top. 

An  excellent  quality  of  paper,  8x10%  inches,  ruled  on 
one  side,  can  be  bought  for  $1.05  per  480  sheets. 


423 

The  paper  should  be  ruled  and  the  writing  appear  on 
one  side  only.  It  should  be  of  good,  firm  quality,  weigh- 
ing about  6  pounds  per  480  sheets. 

Care  should  be  taken  that  all  mounts  be  firmly  secured, 
and  in  case  of  pasting,  the  best  quality  of  mucilage  or 
alcoholic  glue  should  be  used, 

EXPENSE. 

All  expense  of  transporting  the  exhibit  to  the  Fair  and 
returning  it,  all  expenses  of  installation  and  care  during 
the  six  months  of  the  Fair  will  be  borne  by  the  Commis- 
sion. And  in  addition  thereto  it  is  probable  that  a  con- 
siderable percentage  of  bills  for  materials,  binding  and 
mounting,  can  also  be  paid,  although  that  was  not  con- 
sidered in  the  estimates  of  the  Committee  of  the  Illinois 
State  Teachers'  Association. 

The  original  bills  rendered  for  these  purposes  should 
therefore  be  carefully  preserved. 

HEADINGS. 

A  printed  heading  with  the  blanks  filled  for  the  first 
page  only,  is  recommended  to  be  used  by  each  pupil,  in 
each  subject.  Following  pages  should  have  the  pupil's 
name  at  the  left  end,  the  subject  in  the  middle,  and  the 
number  of  the  page  at  the  right  end,  of  first  line. 

For  Eural  Schools.  Heading  for  Papers. 

PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  ILLINOIS. 

RURAL  SCHOOLS. 

County 

Subject 

Name Age Year  or  grade 

District  No Township  No R P.  M. 

Teacher 

Remarks 


424 

For  Graded  Schools. 

PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  ILLINOIS. 

GRADED  SCHOOLS. 

City 

Subject 

Name Age Grade. 

Teacher 

Remarks.. 


For  High  Schools. 

PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  ILLINOIS. 

HIGH  SCHOOLS. 

City  or  Township 

Subject 

Name Age Year, 

Teacher 

Remarks .., 


Under  the  head  of  remarks  may  be  stated  the  time  of 
writing  the  paper  and  any  other  conditions  that  will 
aid  in  understanding  it.  Similar  statements  in  compact 
form  should  be  affixed  to  mounts. 


BOUND  VOLUMES. 

There  should  not  be  more  than  50  to  75  leaves  to  a 
book;  less  would  be  preferable. 

The  books  should  be  plainly  and  strongly  bound  in 
black  muslin  or  similar  material,  and  labeled  on  the 
outside  of  front  cover  as  follows: 


425 

For  Rural  Schools  (Class  A). 
PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  ILLINOIS. 

RURAL  SCHOOLS. 

County 

Subject 


County  Superintendent  of  Schools. 

For  Graded  Schools  (Class  B). 
PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  ILLINOIS. 

GRADED  SCHOOLS. 

City , 

Subject 


Supt.  or  Prin. 


For  High  Schools  (Class  C). 

PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  OF  ILLINOIS. 

HIGH  SCHOOLS. 

Name  of  High  School 

Subject 


Principal. 

And  on  the  back  of  the  volumes  the  name  of  the  county, 
city  or  high  school  put  in  bold  lettering  lengthwise. 

These  labels  may  be  written,  printed,  partly  written 
and  partly  printed,  or  stamped  in  gilt. 

SHIPPING  DIRECTIONS. 

It  is  recommended  that  shipping  boxes  be  made  27  by 
30  inches  inside  measure  as  deep  as  needed  and  top 
screwed  on,  not  nailed.  These  will  be  suitable  for  bound 
volumes  and  mounts. 

Special  boxes  may  be  needed  for  other  matter. 


426 


ADDRESS. 

The  boxes  should  be  addressed: 
WILLIAM  JENKINS, 

Supt.  Public  School  Section, 
Illinois  State  Building, 
Jackson  Park, 

Chicago,  111, 
From .. 


An  invoice  of  contents  should  be  enclosed  in  each  box 
and  a  copy  sent-  by  mail  to  the  same  address. 

Forward  all  matter  by  express,  not  prepaid.  The  charges 
will  be  paid  here.  It  should  be  shipped  during  March, 
1893,  and  as  early  in  the  month  as  may  be.  » 

CLASSIFICATION. 

By  the  conditions  of  Circular  of  Information  No.  1, 
which  was  projected  upon  the  decision  reached  by  the 
committee  appointed  by  the  Illinois  State  Teachers'  As- 
sociation, the  smallest  unit  of  representation  for  Rural 
Schools  was  the  county;  for  the  Graded  Schools  the  city 
or  town,  Each  High  School  was  a  unit  by  itself. 

It  is  recommended  that  the  county  superintendents  of 
schools  upon  the  receipt  of  this  circular  call  meetings  of 
the  teachers  of  their  respective  counties,  preferably  in 
connection  with  a  Saturday  institute,  and  decide  upon 
the  best  methods  of  procedure  in  each  case,  in  preparing, 
gathering  and  selecting  the  work. 

No  questions  will  be  sent  out  from  this  office. 

It  is  farther  recommended  that  the  work  from  the  Rural 
Schools  be  sent  to  the  county  superintendent,  who,  with 
a  committee  of  teachers,  or  otherwise,  may  make  such  b> 
selection  as  may  be  deemed  best  to  represent  the  Rural 


427 

Schools  of  the  county,  have  it  bound  or  mounted,  as  the 
case  may  be,  and  forward,  as  directed  in  this  circular. 
Superintendents    or    principals    of    Graded    or    High 
Schools  should  proceed  similarly. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  SCHOOLS. 

For  the  purpose  of  indicating  approximately  the  quan- 
tity of  work  desired  from  each  of  the  three  classes  of 
schools  (A,  B  and  C)  a  classification  of  counties  upon 
the  basis  of  the  number  of  schools  in  each  has  been 
made  for  the  Rural  Schools  (A).  A  classification  of  cities 
upon  the  basis  of  the  number  of  teachers  employed  in 
each  system  has  been  made  for  Graded  Schools  (B).  A 
classification  of  High  Schools  (C)  upon  the  basis  of: 

1.  Those  managed  by  a  corps  of  teachers  exclusively 
engaged  in  high  school  work,  and 

2.  Those  which  are  in  part  or  wholly  under  the  in- 
struction of  teachers  part  of  whose  duties  is  instruction 
or  supervision  of  other  grades  of  work. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  COUNTIES. 

CLASS  I— OVER  400  SCHOOLS. 
Cook. 

CLASS  n—314-175. 

LaSalle.  Henry. 

Champaign.  Ogle. 

Vermilion.  Iroquois. 

Hancock.  Fulton. 

Moultrie.  Adams. 

McLean.  KIJOX. 

Bureau.  Sangamon. 

Will.  Livingston— 16. 


428 

CLASS  in— 175-100. 

Kane.  Ford. 

Macoupin.  Jasper. 

Pike.  Lake. 

Coles.  Mercer. 

Kankakee.  Kandolph. 

McHenry.  White. 

Stephenson.  Lee. 

Whiteside.  Peoria. 

Clark.  Christian. 

Jackson.  Fayette. 

JoDaviess.  Madison. 

Marion.  St.  Clair. 

Piatt.  Wayne. 

Tazewell.  Carroll. 

DeKalb.  Grundy. 

McDonough.  Jefferson. 

Shelby.  Logan. 

Edgar.  Morgan. 

Macon.  Kock  Island. 

Montgomery.  Williamson. 

Warren.  Woodford — 43, 
Winnebago. 

CLASS  IV— LESS  THAN  100. 

Bond.  Clinton. 

Cumberland.  Henderson. 

DuPage.  Kendall. 

Greene.  Perry. 

Marshall.  Stark. 

Saline.  Calhoun. 

Washington.  Putnam. 

Cass.  Crawford. 

Gallatin.  Douglas. 

Johnson.  Franklin. 

Monroe.  Lawrence. 


429 

Class  IV—  Concluded. 

Pulaski.  Richland. 

Alexander.  Union. 

Massac.  Brown. 

Clay.  Edwards. 

DeWitt.  Jersey. 

Effingham.  Menard. 

Hamilton.  Pope. 

Mason.  Wabash. 

Schuyler.  Hardin. 

Boone.  Scott— 42. 

FROM  RURAL  SCHOOLS— CLASS   (A). 

From  the  county  class  I,  it  is  desired  to  receive  ap- 
proximately, bound  matter,  30  volumes;  mounts,  120. 
From  each  county  of  class  II,  bound  matter,  25  vol- 
umes; mounts,  75.  From  each  county  of  class  III, 
bound  matter,  20  volumes;  mounts,  50.  From  each 
county  of  class  IV,  10  volumes  bound  matter  and 
mounts  25. 

FROM  GRADED  SCHOOLS — CLASS   (B). 

From  systems  of  graded  schools  employing  500  teach- 
ers or  over,  100  volumes,  400  mounts.  From  systems 
employing  75  to  500  teachers,  40  volumes,  150  mounts. 
From  systems  employing  25  to  75  teachers,  20  volumes, 
8C  mounts.  From  systems  employing  10  to  25  teachers, 
15  volumes,  50  mounts.  Graded  schools  employing  less 
than  10  teachers,  8  volumes,  20  mounts. 

FROM  HIGH  SCHOOLS— CLASS   (c). 

From  each  high  school,  class  C,  1  and  2,  a  sufficient 
number  of  volumes  and  mounts  to  fully  represent  its 
work,  together  with  any  other  matter  that  cannot  be 
thus  classified.  It  is  hoped  to  make  the  exhibit  of 
secondary  schools  as  full,  striking,  suggestive  and  in- 
structive as  possible. 


430 

The  possible  aggregate  may  seem  large,  but  it  is  not 
expected  that  the  full  amount  of  work  indicated  will  be 
secured  in  every  case.  Furthermore  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  enough  of  material  is  needed  to  make  at  least 
six  entire  changes  in  the  exhibit,  one  for  each  month. 
It  is  the  intention  also  to  classify  these  changes  to  con- 
form to  the  classification  of  schools  as  far  as  may  be 
found  practicable. 

ADMINISTRATION. 

It  is  desired  to  receive  from  boards,  superintendents, 
principals  and  teachers,  courses  of  study,  manuals  of 
directions,  reports  of  boards,  circulars,  examination 
questions,  district,  central  and  final,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses, reports  to  parents,  blanks,  library  cards,  etc., 
used  in  the  administration  of  schools,  bound  in  the  same 
manner,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  as  the  manuscript  work 
of  the  pupils. 

HISTORY. 

Correspondence  is  solicited  from  parties  who  may  have 
old  text  and  exercise  books,  views  of  old  school  houses, 
log  or  otherwise,  historical  sketches  devoted  to  educa- 
tional matters  in  Illinois,  biographical  sketches,  portraits 
of  noted  teachers,  and  all  similar  matter. 

The  value  of  the  exhibit  will  depend  upon  the  honesty 
of  purpose  and  the  integrity  of  conduct  of  all  connected 
with  it.  In  this  connection  I  quote  without  reservation 
the  following  words  upon  this  point  as  applicable  to 
work  presented  as  the  product  of  the  pupils  exclusively: 

"Every  item  of  work  presented  as  the  product  of  the 
pupils,  should  be  absolutely  genuine.  The  interference 
of  a  teacher,  even  to  the  correction  of  an  obvious  mis- 
take, the  retouching  of  a  shade  in  drawing,  the  fitting 
by  a  shaving  of  a  joint  of  woodwork,  the  dotting  of  an 
"i,"  or  the  crossing  of  a  "t,"  should  be  deemed  an  in- 
excusable fault;  any  work  so  "improved  '  should  be 


431 

rigorously  rejected.  Each  item  should  be  forwarded  ex- 
actly as  the  pupil  left  it.  No  special  instruction,  prac- 
tice or  drill  should  be  given  to  any  pupil,  class  or  school, 
preparatory  to  work  which  is  intended  for  the  Exposi- 
tion. The  actual  fruits  of  the  regular  school  system 
should  be  presented  without  being  worked  up  for  this 
special  purpose." 

"It  will  happen  that  in  a  given  city  one  school  will 
win  the  honor  of  sending  forward  the  representative 
class  in  one  subject,  another  in  another,  and  so  on.  It 
will  be  possible  that  every  community  which  is  really 
excelling  in  some  particular,  may  have  the  honor  of 
being  represented  in  something  in  the  final  selection. " 

In  case  the  work  is  to  appear  with  correction,  by  the 
teacher,  these  should  be  placed  so  as  to  show  exactly 
what  the  work  was  prior  to  the  indicated  corrections. 

REPORT. 

As  soon  as  possible  after  January  20th,  1893,  it  is 
desirable  that  superintendents,  principals  or  committees 
having  authority  or  responsibility  for  the  exhibit  of  any 
school,  or  system  of  schools,  should  report  to  the  under- 
signed, Superintendent  of  the  Public  School  Section  of  the 
Educational  Exhibit  of  Illinois,  stating  what  grades, 
variety  and  amount  of  work  will  be  contributed. 

This  report  should  be  in  detail  as  much  as  circum- 
stances will  permit,  and  be  made  without  reference  to 
any  previous  statement,  oral  or  otherwise. 

CONCLUSION. 

This  circular  was  intended  to  be  issued  about  Decem- 
ber 1st,  but  it  has  been  unavoidably  delayed. 

It  is  designed,  however,  for  final  directions  rather  than 
to  initiate  action.  It  is  supplementary,  not  intro- 
ductory. 


432 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  occasion  and  the  oppor- 
tunity may  not  be  overlooked  nor  undervalued. 

The  time  that  remains  is  short  and  should  be  dili- 
gently improved. 

Under  the  direction  of  intelligent  and  zealous  teachers 
there  is  ample  opportunity  to  make  an  exhibit  of  Public 
School  Education  in  Illinois  that  shall  be  at  once  an 
honor  and  an  inspiration. 

The  exhibit  is  to  be  made  upon  the  soil  of  Illinois  in 
her  great  metropolis.  It  will  be  surrounded  by  the  evi- 
dence of  progress  and  enterprise  in  every  walk  of  life. 
Let  us  see  to  it  that  this  greatest  interest  of  a  free 
people  lacks  nothing  to  make  it  impressive  as  well  as  in. 
structive. 

Let  every  child  in  the  commonwealth  be  made  to  feel 
that  he  has  contributed  of  his  thought  and  action  to 
the  great  Exposition. 

Additional  suggestions  and  directions  will  be  published 
if  deemed  necessary,  but  it  is  believed  that  all  further 
needful  information  can  be  given  by  correspondence  or 
personal  visitation. 

Additional  copies  of  this  circular  may  be  had  on  appli- 
cation. 

Correspondence  is  invited. 

DECEMBER  9,  1892. 

WM.  JENKINS, 

Supt.  Public  School  Sec.  of  Educational  Exhibit  of  Illinois. 
Room  18,  Montauk  Block,  Chicago. 

HENRY  RAAB,  Supt.  of  Public  Instruction  of  Illinois. 

Booms  of  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commis- 
sioners. 

Approved:  JOHN  P.  REYNOLDS, 

Director-in-  Chief. 


433 

Chicago  Public  School  Exhibit. 

The  Chicago  School  Exhibit  embraces  work  from  the 
Kindergartens,  Primary  and  Grammar  Grades,  High  and 
Manual  Training  Schools  and  Evening  Schools. 

The  work  embraces  about  4,000  mounts  upon  cards 
22x28  on  wing  frames  in  cases,  and  200  wall  mounts 
under  glass  in  frames. 

One  hundred  and  twenty-five  bound  volumes  represent 
the  work  of  whole  classes  of  pupils,  and  specially  selected 
work,  which  indicates  the  methods  used  in  presenting  dif- 
erent  topics  in  the  various  branches  of  studies. 

INVENTORY. 
1— KINDERGARTENS. 

Sixty-four  mounts  representing  some  portions  of  the 
first  year's  work. 

NOTE:— Ten  kindergartens  were  accepted  by  the  Board 
of  Education  of  Chicago  September,  1892. 

2— PRIMARY  AND  GRAMMAR  SCHOOLS. 

The  work  of  pupils  is  presented  from  the  first  to  the 
eighth  grades  inclusive: 

a.  Language,  two  cases,  66  cards,  with  264  mounts. 

b.  Arithmetic,  two  cases,  66  cards,  with  264  mounts. 

c.  Geography,   one  case,  33  cards,  with  132  mounts. 

d.  History,  one  case,  33  cards,  with  132  mounts. 

e.  Physiology,  one  case,  33  cards,  with  132  mounts. 

f.  Drawing,  all  grades,  three  cases,  99  cards,  with  396 
mounts,  besides  74  cards,  wall  mounts. 

In  addition  to  the  exhibits  in  cases  on  the  various 
subjects  there  are  framed  exhibits  of  42  cards  with  168 
mounts,  representing  typical  work  in  each  grade. 

-28 


434 

CLASS  WORK  IN  BOUND  VOLUMES. 

First  Grade  1. 

Second  Grade,  Language  5,  Arithmetic  3. 

Third  Grade,  Language  6,  Arithmetic  7. 

Fourth  Grade,  Language  5,  Arithmetic  6,  Geography  7. 

Fifth  Grade,  Language—,  Arithmetic—,  Geography,—. 

Sixth  Grade,  Language  — ,  Arithmetic  — ,  Geography 
— ,  Physiology  — . 

Seventh  Grade,  Language  — ,  Arithmetic  — ,  Geography 
— ,  Physiology  — ,  History  — . 

Eighth  Grade,  Language  — ,  Arithmetic  — ,  History  — , 
Physiology  — . 

One  volume  of  representative  work  in  each  grade  and 
one  volume  of  representative  work  in  each  of  the  sub- 
jects of  Arithmetic,  U.  S.  History,  Geography  and  Physi- 
ology. 

3— GERMAN. 

One  volume  of  class  work  from  each  grade  from  third 
to  eighth  grade  inclusive.  Six  framed  mounts  typical  of 
grade  work. 

4 — MANUAL  TRAINING. 

a.  One  case  representing  the  experimental  work  carried 
on  in  the  grades  from  two  to  five  inclusive,  in  the  Lake 
View  No.  2  and  Foster  Schools,  40  pieces. 

b.  One  case  representing  the  experimental  work  carried 
on  under  the  patronage  of  Mr.  R.  T.  Grane  in  the  sixth, 
seventh  and  eighth  grades  at  the  Tilden  School  build- 
ing, corner  of  Lake  and  Elizabeth  streets,  40  pieces. 

Classes  from  the  Tilden,  Skinner,  Emerson,  Washing- 
ton and  Carpenter  Schools  work  two  hours  each  week 
throughout  the  year. 

c.  One  set  of  objects  constructed  by  the  pupils  of  the 
sixth,  seventh  and  eighth  grades  from  the  Jones,  Haven, 
Moseley  and   Calumet  Avenue  Schools.     The  classes  re- 


435 

ceive  their  instruction  at  the  Jones  School  building, 
corner  of  Harrison  street  and  Third  avenue,  two  hours 
a  week  throughout  the  year,  18  pieces. 

SEWING. 

One  case  of  33  cards,  having  172  specimens  of  work 
from  second  to  fifth  grades,  inclusive,  also  three  framed 
typical  exercises  having  30  specimens,  one  book  of  64 
specimens,  and  another  of  37  specimens. 

5— HIGH  SCHOOLS. 

Three  eases  of  33  cards,  with  132  mounts,  represent- 
ing Biology,  first  year's  Science;  Physiology,  or  second 
year's  Science;  Chemistry,  or  third  year's  Science,  besides 
40  wall  mounts  under  glass  in  frames.  One  biological 
table  with  out-fit  of  microscope  and  instruments,  as 
used  for  science  instruction,  and  furnished  by  the  Board 
of  Education  of  Chicago  to  the  various  High  Schools. 

Fourteen  volumes  of  essays  of  first,  second  and  third 
year  High  School  work. 

EXAMINATION  QUESTIONS. 

Five  volumes  showing  examination  questions,  as  used 
in  the  various  High  Schools,  with  a  summary  of  the  re- 
sults. 

Thirty-three  microscopic  preparations  in  Biology. 

6 — ENGLISH  HIGH  AND  MANUAL  TRAINING. 

One  case,  60  pieces,  representing  the  various  exercises 
in  wood  work. 

One  case,  325  pieces,  representing  the  various  exercises 
in  iron  work. 

One  hundred  and  five  articles  in  wood  and  iron,  show- 
ing constructive  power  of  the  pupils. 


436 

One  case,  33  mounts,  free-hand  drawings. 
One  case,  33    mounts,    mechanical    and    architectural 
drawings. 

One  portrait  of  Supt.  A.  G.  Lane,  and 
One  of  Asst.  Supt.  A.  F.  Nightingale. 

7— EVENING  HIGH   SCHOOLS. 

One  case  of  mechanical  and  architectural  drawings, 
having  33  mounts. 

Four  wall  mounts. 

Six  volumes  showing  progressive  steps  in  mechanical 
and  architectural  drawing,  as  taught  in  the  Evening 
High  Schools. 

8 — TEXT  BOOKS  USED  IN   THE   PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 

One  book-case,  duplicates  of  which  are  furnished  to 
each  schoolroom,  containing  a  copy  of  each  text  book 
used  in  the  public  schools  of  Chicago. 

Seven  pieces  of  apparatus  made  by  pupils  of  the  Jeffer- 
son High  School. 

One  case  of  prepared  birds  of  56  specimens  from  the 
Jefferson  High  School. 

One  table  or  bench,  such  as  is  used  by  pupils  in  the 
Grammar  Grade  Manual  Training  Work. 


SOUTHERN  ILLINOIS  STATE  NORMAL,  UNIVERSITY. 


ID.  B.  PARKINSON,  SUPERINTENDENT. 


:EREWITH  is  respectfully  submitted  a  report  of  the 
exhibit  made  by  the  Southern  Illinois  State  Normal 
University  at  the  World's  Fair  just  closed. 

Before  entering  upon  the  details  of  the  report,  it  should 
be  stated  that  the  Illinois  Commissioners  have  the  hearty 
thanks  of  the  faculty,  the  students,  and  the  many  friends 
of  the  Institution  hereby  represented,  for  the  desirable 
and  ample  space  allotted  to  their  exhibit,  the  excellent 
provision  made  for  its  display,  and  for  the  many  courte- 
sies shown  to  those  who  were  in  any  way  connected  with 
its  care.  Also,  for  the  generous  concession  made  at  the 
close  of  the  Fair  in  the  donation  to  the  institution  of 
the  excellent  cases,  desks,  counters,  etc.,  which  were  pro- 
vided by  the  Board  in  placing  the  exhibit  before  the 
public.  It  should  be  further  added  that  these  cases,  etc., 
are  now  in  use  in  the  University,  and  are  truly  a  valuable 
acquisition  to  the  equipment  of  the  Institution. 

The  preparation  of  the  exhibit  began  in  the  spring 
term  of  1892,  and  continued  through  the  larger  part  of 
the  following  year,  a  few  pieces  being  added  after  the 
formal  opening  of  the  Exposition. 

The  aim  of  the  exhibit  was  to  place  before  the  world 
the  methods  found  by  experience  to  be  the  best  adapted 
to  the  preparation  of  teachers  for  their  calling.  It  should 
be  borne  in  mind  that  the  character  of  the  work  done  in 
a  normal  school  must  necessarily  differ  from  that  of 
other  institutions  of  higher  learning.  The  ultimate  pro- 


440 

ducts  of  a  school  of  this  kind  are  skill  and  power  acquired 
in  the  intellectual  training  of  the  young;  therefore  it  was 
found  difficult  to  fairly  present  an  exhibit  that  would 
justly  represent  the  work  of  the  school.  After  some  con- 
sultation it  was  finally  decided  that  the  exhibit  should 
consist  of  the  following  features:  First,  photographic 
views  of  the  buildings  and  grounds,  of  the  various  rooms 
of  the  building  (in  some  cases  with  classes  at  work),  of 
pieces  of  apparatus  used  in  instruction;  second,  the  work 
of  the  students,  in  each  of  the  departments,  in  the  form 
of  bound  volumes  of  manuscripts,  charts  of  drawings, 
manuscripts,  etc.,  mounted  on  rollers  and  placed  in  suit- 
able cases;  third,  samples  of  the  equipment  of  appliances 
for  school  work,  especially  that  used  in  the  lower  grades. 
The  task  of  care-taking  for  the  six  months  was  given 
into  the  hands  of  present  or  former  students  of  the 
school,  one  serving  at  a  time,  each  for  two  weeks,  re- 
ceiving from  the  Board  of  Commissioners  compensation 
for  their  services  at  the  rate  of  seventy-five  dollars  per 
month;  to  this  was  added  an  entrance  ticket  to  the 
grounds. 

Because  of  the  limitations  to  the  task  of  fairly  repre- 
senting the  products  of  a  normal  school,  it  is  but  just 
that  this  report  should  embody  some  of  the  methods  of 
work  characteristic  of  the  school  and  not  shown  in  the 
preparation  of  the  exhibit.  Some  of  these  methods  are 
given  more  in  detail  than  others.  The  order  of  state- 
ment as  to  departments  is  the  same  as  that  adopted  in 
the  catalogue  of  the  school,  and  the  account  of  each  de- 
partment is  largely  the  thought  of  the  teacher  in  charge 
of  said  department  at  the  time  of  the  preparation  of  the 
exhibit. 

It  should  be  added  in  this  connection  that  several 
thousand  copies  of  a  unique  "Hand-book"  were  published, 
setting  forth  a  brief  history  of  the  school,  its  aims,  and 


441 

its  varions  methods  of  instruction.  This  book  was  con- 
sidered a  part  of  the  school's  exhibit  and  was  distributed 
among  the  many  visitors  who  were  interested  in  the  class 
of  work  represented  by  the  Institution. 

The  exhibit  was  located  on  the  south  side  of  the  east 
wing  between  a  portion  of  the  space  allotted  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Illinois  and  that  given  to  the  Illinois  Normal 
University — covering  an  area  of  39x27  feet. 

Seventeen  excellent  cases,  made  of  oak,  with  glass 
doors,  were  provided  for  holding  the  charts  named  above, 
some  of  the  bound  volumes,  and  the  specimens  from  the 
natural  history  department.  These  cases  were  placed 
east  and  west,  facing  each  other,  except  those  at  the  ends, 
with  ample  space  between  for  the  free  passage  of  visitors. 

A  raised  platform,  furnished  with  desk,  chairs,  etc., 
occupied  the  central  portion  of  the  floor  space.  This  was 
used  as  the  office  of  the  attendant,  and  a  sort  of  head- 
quarters for  all  friends  of  the  Institution. 

Parallel  to  the  platform,  on  either  side,  were  a  counter 
and  show-case  for  exhibiting  the  bound  volumes  and  the 
material  used  for  illustrative  purposes  in  the  work  of  the 
lower  grades. 

The  cases  were  arranged  in  two  equal  and  distinct 
parts— those  on  the  west  for  the  Normal  Department  and 
those  on  the  east  for  the  Training  Department. 

I.— DEPARTMENT  OF  PSYCHOLOGY  AND  PEDAGOGY. 
The  exhibit  from  this  department  contained  representa- 
tions of  work  from  each  class  and  showed  every  phase 
of  the  work  in  the  department.  The  exhibit  consisted  of 
students'  note  books  representing  work  done  by  the  ele- 
mentary class  in  preparation  for  teaching  in  the  ungraded 
schools;  two  volumes  of  reports  of  observations  in  the 
Training  School;  four  volumes  of  essays  and  reviews 


442 

treating  of  the  principles  of  psychology  and  their  appli- 
cation to  education ;  two  volumes  on  history  of  educa- 
tion; and  one  on  ethics.  The  manuscript  of  these  vol- 
umes was  so  arranged  as  to  present  the  work  systemat- 
ically in  the  order  in  which  it  was  taken  up  in  each  class. 

PSYCHOLOGY. 

The  manuscripts  in  psychology  were  prepared  after  a 
thorough  study  and  discussion  in  class  of  each  subject 
presented.  The  plan  of  work  was  to  take  the  thought 
of  the  author  studied  as  the  basis  for  discussion,  and 
then  add  to  this  thought  by  reading  other  authors  and 
especially  by  the  student's  own  experience  and  investiga- 
tion. Special  effort  was  made  to  secure  the  following 
results : 

1.  Independence  in  thinking. 

2.  Freedom  of  discussion. 

3.  Practical  application  of  the  principle  studied. 
This  plan  excluded  the  most  valuable  feature  of  the 

work  in  this  subject  from  any  exhibit  that  it  was  pos- 
sible to  make. 

PEDAGOGY. 

The  plan  of  work  in  pedagogy  and  history  of  educa- 
tion was  nearly  the  same  as  that  pursued  in  psychology. 
From  a  careful  study  of  the  principles  of  education  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  theory  was  obtained.  The  prin- 
ciples embodied  in  this  theory  were  then  discussed  with 
a  view  to  their  application  to  the  daily  work  of  the  school. 
The  papers  exhibited  were  either  written  reviews  given 
as  regular  class  exercises,  or  results  of  the  study  arid 
discussion  of  subjects  considered  especially  important. 

The  volumes  on  "Observations"  were  made  up  of  re- 
ports of  those  students  who  were  required  to  spend  a 
portion  of  the  term  in  observing  the  work  of  the  prac- 
tice teachers  in  the  Training  School.  Each  student  was 


443 

required  to  visit  the  same  class  at  least  three  times,  and 
at  the  close  of  these  visits  prepare  a  written  report  of 
the  work  studied.  These  reports  were  copied  without 
alteration  and  appeared  as  originally  prepared. 

The  students'  note  books  represented  notes  on  lectures 
given  the  elementary  class  on  subjects  specially  designed 
to  aid  them  in  teaching  in  ungraded  schools.  The  notes 
on  each  lecture  were  preceded  by  an  outline  which  was 
given  the  student  to  follow  during  the  discussion  of  the 
subject.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  lecture  the  notes  were 
written  and  then  copied  into  the  books  without  correc- 
tion. 


II.— PHYSICAL,  AND  BIOLOGICAL  SCIENCE. 

PHYSICS. 

While  the  "natural  sciences"  are  largely  used  as  a  basis 
in  the  earlier  years  in  the  Training  Department  of  the 
Institution  in  furnishing  material  for  the  language,  num- 
ber and  reading  work,  the  several  branches  assume  more 
definite  shape  in  the  fifth  grade.. 

Pupils  are  allowed  to  use  an  elementary  text  in  con- 
nection with  their  study  of  physical  phenomena.  Special 
attention  is  given  to  the  inculcation  of  a  correct  spirit 
of  inquiry  and  research,  that  makes  a  study  a  delight 
and  not  a  burden. 

In  the  eighth  grade  the  pupils  are  led  by  advanced 
steps  to  see  more  carefully  and  deeply  into  nature's  phe- 
nomena, and  to  reason  more  systematically  as  they  "read 
nature  in  the  language  of  experiment."  Exercises  in 
observing  the  reading  of  graded  instruments  are  begun 
in  this  grade,  such  as  noting,  daily,  the  barometric  and 
thermometric  readings  at  a  stated  time. 

In  the  first  term  of  the  second  year  of  the  Normal 
course  the  students  complete  the  work.  At  this  period 


444 

the  work  is  enlarged,  a  more  thorough,  investigation  of 
many  subjects  touched  upon  before,  is  now  required. 
Problems  requiring  a  knowledge  of  physical  laws  are  sub- 
mitted for  solution,  original  essays  upon  themes  studied 
are  required. 

The  inductive  method  is  emphasized,  but  not  adhered 
to  with  that  rigidity  that  precludes  the  acquisition  of 
knowledge  from  the  results  of  the  labors  of  those  who 
have  been  specialists  in  the  various  lines  of  research. 
The  plan  has  been  to  combine  the  best  of  all  good 
methods. 

The  work  in  Physics  as  outlined  above  was  represented 
in  the  Exposition  by  manuscripts  and  drawings  bound  in 
volumes.  The  drawings  were  from  the  apparatus  used, 
and  the  manuscripts  were  either  the  students'  report  of 
the  experiment,  noting  first,  the  apparatus;  second,  the 
manipulation;  third,  the  phenomenon;  fourth,  the  les- 
son to  be  learned ;  or  an  essay  on  some  subject  selected 
by  the  student  or  the  teacher. 

In  addition  to  the  bound  volumes,  charts  were  pre- 
pared which  contained  simply  drawings  and  manuscripts 
describing  and  explaining  the  experiment  as  performed 
either  by  the  student  or  by  the  instructor — showing  on 
a  larger  scale  the  method  of  instruction. 


CHEMISTRY. 

The  method  of  teaching  chemistry  being  largely  the 
same  as  that  of  physics,  the  exhibit  was  practically  of 
the  same  general  character. 

The  scheme  of  note-taking  was  indicated  by  the  order 
of  description  of  experiments  shown  in  the  volumes  and 
by  the  charts,  which  were  very  similar  to  those  used  in 
presenting  the  work  in  physics. 


445 

GEOLOGY. 

The  nature  of  the  study  renders  the  plan  of  work 
somewhat  different  fmm  that  of  others  in  the  depart- 
ment. Hence  the  exhibit  was  a  representation  of 
what  the  student  saw  by  the  study  of  the  text  rather 
than  by  personal  observation.  However,  as  far  as  the 
student  was  able  to  come  in  contact  with  the  actual 
geological  formation  or  phenomena  by  visiting  coal 
mines,  and  the  adjacent  regions,  he  represented  his 
thought  regarding  it  by  a  sketch  made  at  the  time. 

A  specimen  of  the  essay  work  required  in  this  study 
was  also  furnished  in  a  bound  volume. 

ASTRONOMY. 

The  plan  of  work  in  teaching  this  science  was  repre- 
sented, in  part,  by  bound  volumes  of  sketches  and  their 
explanation  made  from  actual  observations,  either  with 
the  naked  eye  or  by  the  aid  of  the  telescope  belonging 
to  the  Institution,  such  as  the  different  phases  of  the 
moon  and  Venus,  the  relative  positions  of  Jupiter  and 
his  moons,  Saturn  and  his  rings,  the  spots  on  the  sun,  etc. 

BOTANY. 

After  giving  an  analysis  of  the  topics  of  study  in  this 
section,  the  "Hand  Book"  gives  the  following  plan  of 
carrying  out  the  work  as  done  in  our  classes: 

"The  first  two  weeks  of  the  term  are  spent  in  prepar- 
ation for  analysis  of  flowers  by  use  of  the  herbarium, 
with  appropriate  lessons  from  the  text  book.  After  this, 
fresh  flowers  are  placed  before  the  pupils  for  analysis. 
As  supplementary  to  the  text  book  work  each  one  is  ex- 
pected to  write  out  the  analysis  of  at  least  twenty-five 
flowers  in  a  copy  of  Keep's  Plant  Record  Book,  with 
drawings  of  leaf  and  flower,  besides  making  drawings 
of  seeds,  buds,  fruits,  etc.,  with  appropriate  descriptions." 


446 

The  exhibit  showed  this  work  in  the  following  way: 
One  book,  marked  "A  Botany,"  gave  samples  of  tests 
taken  from  time  to  time  during  the  term,  with  samples 
also  of  a  paper  required  of  each  one  on  "How  to  Teach 
Botany."  A  second  book  gave  the  manner  of  use  of 
Keep's  Plant  Record  Book  by  exhibiting  the  work  done 
by  five  pupils  of  the  class,  their  books  being  bound  to- 
gether in  one  book  after  they  had  completed  the  re- 
quired work  of  the  term.  In  binding  these  the  original 
covers  were  removed  by  the  binder,  and  by  an  oversight 
the  names  of  the  pupils  doing  the  work,  being  on  the 
outside  of  the  original  covers,  do  not  appear  in  the  bound 
volume.  The  books  taken  were  fair  samples  of  what 
was  done  by  a  class  of  nearly  a  hundred  pupils. 

While  the  study  is  continued  for  only  one  term  and 
without  previous  preparation  being  required  by  having 
studied  elementary  botany,  the  text  book  covering  the 
elements  of  structural  and  physiological  botany  and 
some  familiarity  with  plants  are  all  that  could  be  re- 
quired. But  while  that  is  the  case,  other  and  more  ad- 
vanced wrork,  by  those  competent  to  do  it,  is  always 
encouraged.  As  an  illustration  of  the  character  of  such 
advanced  work,  one  of  the  pupils  of  the  class  whose 
work  was  on  exhibition  at  the  Columbian  Exposition 
took  up  the  study  of  ferns  as  a  special  study.  She  did 
as  a  part  of  her  study  the  following  work:  Study  the 
ferns  in  their  homes,  make  collections,  study  the  spores 
and  microscopic  structure  of  the  plants.  As  part  of  her 
work,  she  made  a  set  of  drawings  of  the  ferns  of  Jack- 
son county.  111.,  one  plate  or  drawing  for  each  species, 
except  one,  of  all  of  those  that  are  known  to  occur  in 
the  county,  the  single  exception  being  Asplemim  E~ben- 
oides,  that  having  been  found  once  only  in  the  county. 
The  twenty-four  plates  of  drawings  she  made  showed  first 
the  whole  plant,  or  a  frond  natural  size  or  reduced,  second 


447 

a  section  of  this  enlarged  so  as  to  show  the  position 
and  character  of  the  sporangia,  third  a  spore  case  and 
one  or  more  spores  as  seen  by  the  compound  microscope. 
These  drawings,  accompanied  by  notes  on  habits  and 
habitat,  formed  the  third  book  of  the  exhibit. 

ZOOLOGY. 

The  first  paragraph  of  the  explanation  under  zoology 
in  the  "Hand  Book"  contains  an  analysis  of  the  topic 
of  the  text  book  used  in  the  subject.  The  second  para- 
graph contains  a  brief  synopsis  of  the  method  of  treat- 
ing this  study  in  classes. 

The  exhibit  in  this  branch  consisted  of  two  parts,  a 
book  and  a  sample  case  of  specimens  from  the  museum, 
used  in  illustrating  the  subject.  The  book,  after  the 
preface  stating  the  aims  and  methods  in  this  science, 
contained  samples  of  the  written  tests  taken  during  the 
term.  Part  of  these  were  in  the  form  of  essays  on  the 
topics  after  they  had  been  studied  in  class. 

The  sample  case  from  the  museum  consisted  of  a  case 
of  ducks,  and  was  labeled  "Ducks  of  Illinois,"  contain- 
ing twenty-one  species,  nearly  all  the  species  that  have  been 
known  to  have  been  found  in  the  State.  Birds  are  used 
in  the  classes  both  for  illustration  of  the  subject  of  birds 
in  general  and  for  more  detailed  study.  What  is  true  of 
birds  is  true  of  other  groups  of  animals,  and  hence  we 
could  appropriately  use  such  a  case  as  a  representative 
of  what  we  use  in  illustration  in  the  classes  in  zoology. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

The  "Hand  Book"  of  the  work  of  this  school  has  the 
following  brief  digest  of  the  topics  studied  in  this  work 
during  the  single  term  that  is  devoted  to  the  study  of 
physiology : 


448 

"Skeleton;  terms  of  the  science  defined;  tissues;  skin 
and  the  part  pertaining  to  it;  food;  digestion,  including 
organs  and  fluids;  absorption,  lymphatics;  respiration, 
circulation,  heart  and  accessories,  blood  excretion. 
Nervous  system :  brain,  nerves,  sympathetic  system ; 
special  senses;  vocal  organs.  Motatory  organs  in  detail." 

The  next  paragraph  referred  to  manner  of  pursuing 
the  subject  mentioning  the  use  of  the  skeleton  charts, 
microscopes  and  speaking  of  a  regular  course  of  dissec- 
tion in  connection  with  the  subject. 

The  book  on  "A.  Physiology"  gives  a  preface  stating 
the  aim  pursued  in  teaching  the  subject,  the  kind  of 
materials  we  have  to  deal  with  in  the  way  of  students, 
and  the  manner  of  presenting  the  subject  in  detail.  This 
is  followed  by  a  set  of  the  directions  for  dissecting,  to- 
gether with  one  set  of  the  notes  that  were  taken  at  one 
of  the  tables  while  dissecting;  both  the  dissection  and 
the  directions  copied  by  one  of  the  pupils  of  the  class. 
The  instructions  and  notes  on  dissection  occupied  thirty- 
four  pages  of  the  book.  The  remaining  portion  of  the  book 
was  devoted  to  copies  of  the  written  tests  taken  through 
the  term,  enough  of  each  being  given  to  show  the  char- 
acter of  this  work,  and  as  different  pupils  were  asked  to 
copy  their  work  at  the  different  times,  these  tests  were 
taken.  The  work  shows  the  difference  in  style  of  work 
of  the  different  members  of  the  class.  After  studying 
the  parts  relating  to  the  eye  and  the  ear,  the  pupils  were 
asked  to  write  essays  on  these  two  subjects.  Copies  of 
these  appear  in  connection  with  the  tests. 

III. — MATHEMATICS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

The  exhibit  in  this  department  was  intended  to  illus- 
trate the  methods  of  instruction  in  the  more  advanced 
work,  as  the  exhibit  shown  by  the  Training  Department 
sufficiently  set  forth  the  manner  of  presenting  the  sub- 


449 

ject  to  pupils  in  the  first  eight  years  of  their  school  life. 
The  central  thought  in  all  the  work  was  thoroughness 
and  rapidity,  and  a  comprehensive  knowledge  of  under- 
lying  principles. 

ALGEBRA. 

The  method  adopted  in  preparing  material  from  classes 
in  algebra  was  quite  similar  to  that  used  in  the  geome- 
try. Since  the  work  continued  through  the  entire  year 
a  less  per  cent,  of  the  papers  was  selected. 

The  statement  made  regarding  the  selection  of  the 
papers  in  the  exhibit  from  the  geometry  classes  should 
be  made  regarding  the  algebra  classes. 

GEOMETRY. 

The  exhibit  consisted  of  the  best  three- fourths  of  all  ex- 
amination papers  made  by  the  class  in  the  course — two 
terms. 

These  papers  were  in  no  sense  special  efforts,  but  were 
simply  fair  samples  of  the  regular  monthly  examination 
work  of  the  classes.  A  few  dozen  of  these  papers  were 
arranged  in  chart  form,  similar  to  those  of  other  de- 
partments. The  other  papers  were  bound  in  volumes 
of  the  regulation  size  and  style. 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

The  book-keeping  exhibit  consisted  of  book  and  chart 
work.  The  bound  volumes  consisted  of  sets  of  books 
prepared  by  the  pupils  in  their  regular  class  work.  The 
charts  presented  various  business  papers  and  forms  re- 
quired to  be  prepared  by  the  students  completing  the 
course  in  book-keeping. 

The  plan  was   simply  to    show  the   regular   work   re- 
quired of  a  pupil  while  pursuing  the  study. 
-29 


450 
IV.— ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  AND  LITERATURE. 

READING. 

The  written  work  in  reading  presented  in  Vols.  A  and 
B  was  intended  to  represent  examination  work,  illus- 
trating in  but  a  partial  way,  the  manner  of  instruction 
in  this  pleasing  and  highly  profitable  study. 

It  indicated  the  teaching  to  be  in  accord  with  a  simple 
law  of  classification  of  idea,s — grouping  ideas  into  classes; 
Matter  of  Fact,  Earnest,  Noble,  Joyous,  Sad,  Sarcastic, 
Humorous,  Impassioned,  etc.,  studying  their  import 
and  characteristics,  discovering  the  elements, —form, 
quality,  force,  stress,  pitch,  and  rate,  necessary  for  the 
rendition  of  each  class,  and  then  reading  the  selection 
with  expression  as  the  result  of  a  proper  knowledge  and 
culture  regarding  these  elements. 

The  object  of  the  instruction  is  to  secure  the  proper 
elocution  of  reading,  not  an  elocution  of  the  platform. 

The  system  used  is  that  of  Mark  Bailey  of  Yale  Col- 
lege. 

The  scheme  used  to  accomplish  the  work  is  original 
with  the  teacher  of  this  department. 

GRAMMAR. 

The  exhibit  in  this  branch  was  intended  to  show  the 
extent  of  the  work  for  each  term,  and  to  indicate  the 
methods  by  which  it  is  accomplished. 

Four  terms  in  the  Normal  School  course  have  grammar 
as  one  of  the  required  studies.  Language  lessons  and 
the  primary  work  in  grammar  belong  to  the  Training 
Department  and  constitute  a  part  of  that  exhibit. 

In  conducting  the  Normal  classes,  the  aim  is  two-fold — 
first,  to  see  that  these  coming  teachers  have  a  thorough 
mastery  of  the  topics  studied;  second,  that  they  know 
how  to  impart  that  knowledge  to  others.  To  accom- 
plish the  second,  aim,  one  day  in  each  week  is  free  from 


451 

any  assigned  lesson,  and  the  class  is  resolved  into  a 
Teachers'  Institute.  The  members  have  the  time  for 
questions  upon  any  points  not  understood,  or  upon  how 
to  teach  any  topic.  As  the  majority  have  had  some  ex- 
perience in  teaching,  these  exercises  are  among  the  most 
profitable,  but  could  not  well  be  shown  in  the  exhibit. 

The  first  term  is  given  to  the  simple  sentence  in  all  its 
varieties  with  its  proper  capitalization  and  punctuation. 
As  the  elements  are  studied,  the  parts  of  speech  of 
which  they  are  composed  are  reviewed  with  their  prop- 
erties and  inflections.  The  value  of  each  principle  as  a 
guide  to  correct  English  is  tested  as  it  is  applied  in 
answering  the  questions  asked  by  the  class.  The  changes 
in  form  occasioned  by  a  change  in  the  relations  of  a 
word  to  the  other  parts  of  a  sentence  were  illustrated 
by  a  chart  scheme  showing  the  essential  points  in 
English  etymology.  A  volume  of  regular  class  papers 
accompanied  the  chart. 

The  second  term's  study  is  given  to  complex  and  com- 
pound sentences.  In  this  term  abridgement  is  treated 
and  its  grammatical  changes  noted,  with  the  principles 
which  underlie  them.  Essays  are  required  each  month 
upon  topics  assigned.  The  chart  and  book  sent  from 
this  class  was  a  complete  illustration  of  all  correct  forms 
in  abridged  expressions,  with  a  statement  of  the  princi- 
ples governing  the  choice. 

Eight  weeks  are  given  to  a  special  study  of  methods. 
This  class  begins  with  the  first  language  lesson  work 
and  takes  up  grade  by  grade  through  the  grammar  to 
the  close  of  the  Normal  School  course.  What  is  suit- 
able to  each  grade,  and  how  to  adapt  the  teaching  to 
the  capacity  of  the  pupils,  are  the  central  points  for  con- 
sideration. Thus  a  complete  review  of  both  language 
and  grammar  is  incidentally  obtained.  From  this  class 
were  shown  model  lessons  suited  to  each  grade. 


452 

ENGLISH  ANALYSIS. 

In  addition  to  the  work  indicated  above,  a  terra  i» 
used  for  English  analysis.  The  difficult  points  in  gram- 
mar are  studied.  Entire  compositions  are  analyzed 
logically,  the  line  of  thought  discerned  and  the  logical 
sequence  of  paragraphs  of  sentences  perceived.  The  prin- 
ciples of  rhetoric  are  applied  in  rhetorical  analysis,  and 
the  principles  of  grammar  in  a  grammatical  analysis  of 
the  same  composition.  In  this  class,  essays  and  ora_ 
tions  are  required.  The  exhibit  consisted  of  different 
selections  copied  and  analyzed  logically,  rhetorically  and 
grammatically. 

RHETORIC. 

The  work  presented  in  rhetoric  was  designed  to  exhibit 
the  methods  of  culture  in  purity,  propriety  and  precision 
of  diction;  in  concord,  clearness,  unity,  energy  and  har- 
mony of  the  sentence;  in  impressing  upon  the  mind  and 
heart  of  the  student  the  beauty  of  the  style  in  writings  of 
the  best  authors,  as  controlled  by  the  use  of  figurative 
language:  in  cultivating  delicacy  and  correctness  of 
taste,  and  in  reaching  a  high  ideal  of  the  beautiful  and 
the  sublime,  the  novel  and  the  picturesque  as  these  prop- 
erties of  style  and  taste  find  their  parallels  in  nature. 
Method. — The  work  in  this  branch  is  largely  illustrative, 
both  orally  and  in  use  of  the  blackboard,  using  daily 
class  drill  and  written  exercises. 

ENGLISH  LITERATURE. 

We  may  say  that  the  exhibit  relating  to  this  work  in 
this  department,  was  intended  to  present  the  methods 
adopted  to  arouse  students  of  this  branch  of  education 
to  a  study  of  our  best  writers  in  literature,  both  English 
and  American. 


453 

Methods : 

1.  By  means  of  biography. 

2.  By  close  analysis  of  the  thought. 

3.  By  pointing  the  student  to  the  author's  national- 
ity, customs  and  manner  of  life,  and  paralleling  his  work 
with  these  environments. 

4.  By  developing  the  parallel  growth  of  the  literature 
of  a  people  with  the  political  status,   thus  showing  to 
the  student,  in  an  attractive  way,  the  origin  of  much  of 
our  best  literature. 

5.  By  selecting    some    drama,   or  other  work  of   an 
author,   as  a  play  from  Shakespeare,  or  the  best  selec- 
tion from  Longfellow,  etc.,  and  having  studied  it  faith- 
fully, as    above   indicated,  write  out  a  close,  a   severe 
criticism. 

6.  By  comparing  the  best  of  American  and   English 
authors,  noting  their  manner  of  living,  social  and  politi- 
cal standing,  and  quality  of  work. 


ELOCUTION. 

The  work  in  elocution  secures  for  the  students: 

1.  A  study  of  the  best  productions  of   our  best  ora- 
tors, on  the  basis  of  form,   quality,  force,  stress,  pitch 
and  rate  of  utterance. 

2.  A    practical   class-drill,    daily,    in   the   mechanical 
demonstration  of  eloquence — the  very  soul  of  expression 
— by  means  of  general  gesture. 

In  all  this  work  the  teacher's  example  guides,  natural- 
ness is  secured,  and  the  spiritual  rather  than  the  me- 
chanical means  come  to  the  front. 


454 
V.— GEOGRAPHY  AND  HISTORY. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

The  aim  of  the  work  displayed  was  to  illustrate  (a» 
far  as  possible  by  means  of  maps)  the  successive  steps- 
taken  in  each  class. 

The  time  given  to  the  study  of  geography  in  the  Nor- 
mal Department  is  three  terms.  The  classification  is- 
made  under  three  heads,  viz.:  B  Geography,  A  Geogra- 
phy and  Physical  Geography. 

The  B  division  of  this  department  represents  the  work 
of  the  first  term.  The  topics  taken  up  in  the  beginning 
are  embraced  under  the  head  of  mathematical  geography. 
Out  of  the  wide  range  of  topics  comprehended  under  this- 
head,  a  few  were  selected,  as  having  the  most  bearing 
on  the  main  subject,  the  work  on  the  charts  showing 
the  order  in  which  they  were  taken. 

A  knowledge  of  the  influence  of  the  sun  upon  the  earth 
and  the  relations  of  the  two,  is  the  direct  practical  pur- 
pose of  teaching  in  this  stage  of  the  course.  This  implies 
a  good  knowledge  of  the  distribution  of  heat  and  moist- 
ure, and  of  the  modifications  brought  about  by  the  dif- 
ferent degrees  of  atmospheric  pressure.  These  are  the 
essential  factors  in  the  study  of  climate.  Climate  deter- 
mines the  use  of  the  structure,  and  the  structure  in  a 
marked  degree  modifies  climate.  Both  seem  to  be  the 
two  halves  of  a  great  whole  which  nourish  and  support 
life,  plant  and  animal,  and  at  the  same  time  determine 
the  forms  and  modes  of  life. 

The  second  step  is  in  relation  to  continents,  in  respect 
to  their  physical  features. 

A  knowledge  of  structure  being  the  indispensable  foun- 
dation of  all  geographical  knowledge,  without  this 
knowledge,  geography,  as  a  science,  is  impossible.  One 
important  purpose  in  learning  structural  geography  is 


455 

the  acquisition  of  a  concept    which    corresponds  to  the 
surface  structure  of  the  earth. 

A  concept  of  the  earth  with  all  the  factors  of  struc- 
tural geography  organically  arranged  and  related,  is 
the  basis  of  political  geography.  With  a  clear  concept 
corresponding  to  the  continent  political  geography  be- 
comes, to  the  interested  pupil,  the  division  of  real,  men- 
tally pictured  surface  into  its  artificial  regions.  The 
element  of  history  in  geography  is  not  neglected.  Geo- 
graphy is  not  neglected.  Geography  explains  and  illumi- 
nates history;  by  it,  laws,  tendencies,  and  motives  are 
understood. 

As  one  whole  plan  could  not  be  shown  on  charts,  sev- 
eral volumes  accompanied  these.  These  books  con- 
tained essays,  written  by  the  members  of  the  class,  on 
topics  assigned  as  regular  class  work,— these  papers 
taking  the  place  of  the  usual  examination  work. 

The  second  term's  work,  A  division,  is  a  continuation 
of  the  work  as  carried  on  in  B,  except  more  time  is 
given  to  the  discussion  of  methods.  (To  understand  a 
method,  a  teacher  must  know  the  laws  of  mental  devel- 
opment, and  the  means  of  the  development.) 

As  far  as  possible  the  successive  steps  represented  in 
an  accepted  course  of  study  are  discussed. 

On  the  charts  devoted  to  this  division,  the  plan  of 
work  as  carried  on  by  pupil  teachers  in  the  Training 
Department  (under  the  supervision  of  the  teacher  of 
geography)  was  fully  shown.  Beginning  with  color  and 
form,  then  taking  up  the  school  room,  school  building 
and  surroundings,  then  "home  geography,"  and  so  on 
through  the  work  laid  out  for  the  seven  grades. 

The  study  of  physical  geography  proper  covers  the 
work  of  the  third  term.  The  aim  is  to  discuss  the  more 
familiar  physical  features  of  the  earth;  the  character  of 
its  land  surface,  the  nature  and  movements  of  the  water, 


456 

and  of  the  atmosphere,  and  their  relation  to  and  influ- 
ence upon  one  another,  as  well  as  their  combined  effect 
upon  the  different  forms  of  organic  life. 

The  work  of  the  pupils  in  this  class  was  illustrated  on 
charts,  taking  up  the  work  as  presented  in  the  text  book 
(Guyot's).  Maps  of  all  the  grand  divisions  were  pre- 
pared. Our  aim  was  to  have  a  map  of  each  division  as 
follows:  Physical  map;  map  showing  the  characteristic 
trees  and  plants;  maps  showing  principal  minerals; 
drainage  map;  ethnological  map. 

HISTORY. 

The  World's  Fair  exhibit  from  this  department  con- 
sisted of  bound  volumes,  charts  and  photographs. 

The  books  were  made  up  of  papers  upon  various  sub- 
jects studied  by  the  class,  and  of  examination  papers, 
presented  as  written,  unaltered  further  than  by  the 
checking  of  errors. 

The  charts  were  designed  to  illustrate  the  progress  of 
the  United.  States,  by  maps  showing  the  increase  of 
population  and  area;  the  wars,  foreign  and  civil,  in 
which  the  United  States  has  engaged;  by  drawings  show- 
ing the  changes  in  the  flag  of  the  United  States,  etc. 
Similar  charts  were  prepared  to  accompany  the  history 
of  other  countries. 

The  photographs  are  copies  of  work  put  upon  the 
board  by  the  pupils  in  connection  with  daily  recitations. 

VI.— PENMANSHIP  AND  DRAWING. 

PENMANSHIP. 

The  penmanship  display  from  the  Normal  Department 
embraced  charts  and  books.  The  material  for  both  was 
prepared  by  pupils  during  the  recitation  hour.  One  paper 
a  week  was  taken  from  each  student  in  class. 


457 

The  design  was  to  show  the  rate  of  improvement  from 
week  to  week,  and  also  the  character  of  exercise  used  for 
practice. 

There  was  work  upon  movement  exercises,  single  letters, 
single  sentences,  simple  business  forms,  and  letter  writing. 

DRAWING. 

In  the  exhibit  from  the  Drawing  Department,  the  aim 
was  to  show  the  plan  of  work,  as  follows,  through  the 
three  terms,  or  forty-two  weeks  required  by  the  course: 

As  to  its  purpose,  the  drawing  work  is  divided  into 
•construction,  representation  and  decoration.  The  work 
on  the  charts  showed  the  order  of  study  in  each  division. 

Since  so  many  enter  the  school  without  any  knowledge 
of  drawing,  the  work  of  the  first  term  is  necessarily  pre- 
paratory. It  is  entirely  free-hand  and  largely  from  blocks 
and  other  simple  objects.  The  chart  for  this  term  showed 
the  beginning  of  the  work,  views  of  single  blocks,  com- 
mencing with  sphere  and  cube,  the  making  of  patterns 
and  working  drawings  of  objects. 

In  representation  there  were  drawings  from  solids, 
cylindrical  and  rectangular  in  form,  and  simple  groups 
of  two  and  three  objects. 

In  decoration  there  were  shown  the  modification  of 
units,  forms  cut  from  paper  and  combined  in  pleasing 
arrangements.  There  were  also  drawings  from  natural 
leaves,  which  were  afterwards  conventionalized  and  used 
in  design. 

A  book  was  exhibited  showing  dictation  exercises,  writ- 
ten by  the  pupils,  from  forms  which  had  been  given  to 
them  for  blackboard  exercises. 

The  second  term's  work  was  represented  by  instru- 
mental drawings  and  by  working  drawings  of  objects 
found  in  the  school  room,  as  the  door,  table  and  teacher's 
desk. 


458 

Drawings  of  groups  of  familiar  objects  and  of  plants 
were  shown.  There  were  examples  illustrating  some  of 
the  characteristics  of  the  ancient  styles  of  ornament,  as 
the  Egyptian  and  Roman.  There  was  a  chart  of  designs 
for  special  subjects,  among  which  were  found  those  for 
book  covers,  lace,  holiday  cards  and  borders  of  various 
kinds. 

During  the  third  term,  light  and  shade  is  studied,  be- 
ginning with  the  cube  and  cylinder,  then  taking  groups 
of  two  and  three  objects  and  casts.  Examples  of  this 
work  were  shown  in  the  exhibit. 

Considerable  attention  is  paid  during  this  term  to 
blackboard  work,  the  drawing  being  largely  illustrative. 
The  object  is  to  enable  those  who  are  to  teach  to  use 
the  blackboard  in  the  school  room  with  ease  and 
rapidity. 

Two  weeks'  time  is  devoted  to  methods,  which  includes 
the  reason  for  the  study  of  drawing,  a  review  of  the 
plan  of  work,  and  methods  for  teaching  in  the  different 
grades.  A  volume  of  essays  on  "Drawing  in  the  Public 
Schools,"  written  by  members  of  the  class,  formed  part 
of  the  exhibit,  as  did  also  a  book  of  sample  drawing 
lessons  written  for  the  different  grades  by  the  pupil 
teachers  in  the  Training  Department. 

VII.— VOCAL  Music  AND  PHYSICAL,  TRAINING. 
VOCAL  MUSIC. 

In  vocal  music,  one  of  the  fine  arts,  the  instruction  is 
necessarily  limited  by  virtue  of  the  Institution  being  one 
for  the  training  of  teachers  for  efficient  work  in  our 
common  schools,  not  in  the  special  branch  of  music,  but 
in  the  several  branches  of  a  common  education. 

The  endeavor  is  constantly  to  secure  the  following: 

1.  The  simple  knowledge  of  the  elements  of  music. 

2.  The  ready  reading  of  music  at  sight. 


459 

3.  The   simple   and   easy  transposition    of   the   scale 
from  one  key  to  another. 

4.  The  proper  methods  of  breathing  and  vocal  culture, 
Remark. — The  above  are  the  means  used  to  accomplish 

practical  results  from  the  branches  taught  in  this  depart- 
ment of  the  Southern  Illinois  Normal   University. 

In  this  way  only  can  we  feel  that  the  State  gets  value 
received  for  her  outlay,  in  supporting  the  school. 


PHYSICAL  TRAINING. 

The  exhibit  of  this  department  consisted  of  the  course 
of  work  as  outlined  in  the  catalogue  and  "Hand-book," 
and  photographs  of  classes  at  gymnastic  exercises. 

The  aims  of  this  course  are: 

First,  the  personal  health  and  developement  of  the 
students. 

Second,  their  equipment  with  a  system  of  school  gym- 
nastics. 

Both  these  ends  are,  to  a  considerable  extent,  gained 
by  the  same  course  of  training.  The  students  are  first 
drilled  in  simple  graded  exercises  which  may  be  used  in 
any  school;  the  system  is  learned  first  as  free  movement, 
then  with  light  apparatus— dumb-bells,  Indian  clubs,  and 
wands.  Further  variety  and  interest  are  gained  and 
strength  and  dexterity  developed  by  heavy  gymnastics 
in  the  gymnasium  and  by  athletic  sport. 

Parallel  with  the  course  in  practice,  is  a  series  of 
lectures  on  the  history  and  systems  of  gymnastics  and 
on  hygiene,  especially  that  of  the  school  room  and  of 
students'  life. 


460 

VIIL— LATIN  AND  GREEK. 
LATIN. 

The  exhibit  from  this  department  consisted  of  charts, 
bound  volumes  and  photographic  views. 

The  charts  illustrated  the  work  of  each  year  in  the 
Latin  course,  showing  a  gradual  advance  from  the  simple 
forms  of  declension  and  conjugation,  to  combinations 
involving  the  principles  of  analysis  and  syntax.  Maps 
of  the  battle  fields  of  Cesar's  campaigns,  plans  of  his 
-camp,  and  models  of  his  famous  bridge  across  the  Rhine, 
followed  by  exercises  in  scanning  and  translations  from 
different  Latin  authors  further  illustrated  the  purpose 
of  the  work  of  this  department. 

The  bound  volumes  carried  out  in  more  minute  detail 
the  work  suggested  by  the  charts,  copies  of  written  ex- 
ercises, tests,  maps,  essays  on  important  subjects  in 
syntax  and  prosody,  reviews  of  the  different  books  of 
the  jEneid,  and  more  extended  translations  gave  a  gen- 
eral view  of  the  work  of  this  department. 

The  photographs  were  views  of  work  placed  upon 
the  blackboard  of  the  class-room,  by  pupils,  and  used  in 
•daily  recitations. 

GREEK. 

In  Greek  the  display  was  smaller,  but  followed  the 
same  general  plan. 

IX.— GERMAN. 

This  department  was  represented  in  the  exhibit  of  the 
school  by  a  set  of  monthly  examination  papers  of  a 
<3lass  that  had  studied  German  six  months.  This  was 
the  only  class  studying  German,  the  language  having 
just  been  introduced  again  after  an  absence  of  several 
years. 


461 

Written  work  can  show  only  partially  and  imperfectly 
the  results  of  the  study  of  language.  Our  aim  above  all 
is  fluent  and  idiomatic  translation  at  sight ;  subordinate 
aims  are  the  understanding  of  spoken  language  arid 
speaking  it,  and  finally  writing,  reading  for  fullness, 
hearing  and  speaking  for  readiness,  writing  for  exact- 
ness. 

Whatever  else  is  lacking,  our  work  is  not  in  vain  if 
only  the  students  read  enough  to  bring  them  to  that 
point  where  they  will  continue  to  read  for  the  very 
pleasure. 

In  the  papers  exhibited,  the  work  was  set  as  follows : 

1st.  Write  some  verse  of  German  poetry  and  its  trans- 
lation into  English. 

2d.  Write  one  of  the  model  sentences  and  its  English 
translation. 

3d.  Some  sentences  from  a  rather  familiar  German 
story  were  dictated  to  be  written  and  translated. 

4th.  A  few  ex  tempore  sentences  were  spoken  to  the 
class  and  the  translation  into  German  was  written. 

X.— TRAINING  DEPARTMENT. 

The  exhibit  made  by  the  Training  Department  of  the 
Southern  Illinois  State  Normal  University  was  in  three 
divisions,  namely:  (1)  charts  containing  manuscript 
papers  prepared  by  pupils;  (2)  bound  volumes  of  manu- 
script papers  prepared  by  the  pupils;  (3)  materials  for 
illustrating  the  work  in  classes. 

The  aim  of  the  exhibit  was  to  give  samples  of  what 
children  of  the  several  grades  can  do.  There  was  an  ef- 
fort, also,  to  show  the  relation  of  the  work  in  any  branch 
and  grade  to  the  work  in  that  same  branch  in  the  pre- 
ceding grade.  It  was  also  desirable  to  show  the  use  that 
may  be  made  of  each  study  in  the  pursuit  of  any  other 
studv. 


462 

In  both  the  chart-work  and  the  bound  volumes  the 
work  was  arranged  by  months,  terms  and  years;  so  that 
with  little  effort  of  visitors  the  entire  course  in  any 
branch  could  be  seen. 

The  methods  of  preparing  the  exhibit  varied  somewhat 
in  the  different  branches  of  study.  In  general,  the  prac- 
tice teachers  were  asked  to  present  a  sample  page  of 
work  done  by  the  pupils,  at  the  end  of  each  month. 
This  work  was  in  many  instances  the  first  effort  of  the 
child  to  produce  that  particular  exercise.  In  other  words 
the  work  was  "original."  In  other  instances,  as  in  essay 
writing  and  science  work,  the  pupil's  first  paper  was 
criticized  by  the  practice  teacher  or  supervisor,  and  the 
pupil  asked  to  try  again.  Examinations  were  held  three 
times  each  term,  and  the  papers  handed  in  by  the  pupils 
were  often  taken  to  represent  that  month's  work.  The 
entire  work  was  done  by  the  pupils  under  practice 
teachers,  except  a  portion  of  the  work  shown  by  the 
seventh  and  eighth  grades. 

The  corrections  of  all  papers  were  made  in  red  ink. 
Each  paper,  shown  in  the  exhibit,  when  handed  in  by 
the  pupil,  was  corrected  in  spelling,  form  and  punctua- 
tion. 

The  arrangement  of  the  exhibit  was  attractive.  The 
Training  Department  was  given  the  east  half  of  the  space 
allotted  to  the  Southern  Illinois  State  Normal  University. 
This  space  was  rectangular.  Around  the  outer  edge  of 
the  east  half  the  Training  Department  exhibit  was 
placed.  Elegant  oak  cases  with  glass  doors  were  pro- 
vided. In  these  the  charts  were  hung  so  as  to  admit  an 
•easy  inspection.  The  bound  volumes  were  placed  upon 
tables  for  inspection.  The  materials  used  in  class  work 
and  gathered  by  pupils,  practice  teachers  and  instruc- 
tors were  shown  in  show  cases  near  the  center  of  the 
floor  space.  These  materials  included  measures,  weights, 


463 

forms,  patterns,  etc.  Many  articles  gathered  by  pupils 
and  teachers  in  the  science  work  were  shown,  also  charts 
in  reading,  number,  language  and  music,  made  by  prac- 
tice teachers.  Photographs  of  classes  at  work  in  nearly 
every  studjr  and  in  nearly  every  grade  were  shown. 

A  fuller  description  of  the  exhibit  from  the  Training 
Department  and  the  manner  of  preparing  the  work  is 
given  below. 

heading.— In  learning  to  read,  two  objects  are  kept  in 
view:  (1)  Inducing  thought.  (2)  Conquering  mechanical 
difficulties,  the  thought  preceding  the  oral  expression. 
To  this  end  the  words  are  mastered  before  the  sentences 
are  read.  Spelling  is  supplementary  to  reading,  and  is 
taught  through  the  eye  and  hand;  by  seeing  and  writing. 

The  papers  shown  by  the  first  grade  were  selected  from 
the  regular  class  work,  following  the  above  outlines,  and 
was  done  under  the  immediate  direction  of  the  practice 
teachers. 

The  distinctive  work  of  the  second  grade  consists  in 
(1)  sighting  words,  and  (2)  writing  from  dictation. 
Facts  to  be  learned  about  a  word— (1)  letters  needed 
for  writing  the  word,  (2)  their  sounds,  (3)  syllables,  (4) 
the  accent.  Papers  were  shown  in  which  children  of  the 
age  of  seven  and  eight  years  wrote,  syllabicated,  ac- 
cented, and  diacritically  marked,  thirty  two-syllable 
words  in  thirty  minutes.  Simple  poems  and  stories  were 
read  by  the  children,  and  reproduced  with  simple  illus- 
trations. 

The  papers  from  the  third  grade  (two  divisions)  showed 
dictation  exercises  in  spelling,  copied  selections  and  re- 
productions. Those  from  the  fourth  grade  showed  word 
studies,  homonyms,  defining,  sentence- making  and  re- 
productions of  poems  and  illustrations. 

In  the  fifth  grade  the  papers  showed  sentence- making, 
using  the  new  and  difficult  words  of  the  lesson.  The 


464 

work  of  the  next  three  grades  took  on  more  the  form 
of  literary  study.  Some  of  the  selections  studied  were 
Ruskin's  "King  of  the  Golden  River,"  Irving's  'Sleepy 
Hollow,"  "Hiawatha,"  and  complete  selections  from 
Bryant,  Whittier,  Hawthorne,  etc.  Papers  showing  all 
the  above  work  were  shown. 

Language  and  Grammar. — The  work  of  the  first  and 
second  grades  showed  reproductions  and  memory  poems. 
These  poems  were  given  by  the  teachers,  and  the  thought 
and  form  carefully  noted.  Use  was  also  made  of  the 
science  study  as  a  language  exercise.  The  work  had  two 
objects,  (1)  to  secure  habits  of  correct  speaking  and  writ- 
ing, (2)  to  develop  and  to  cultivate  a  taste  for  the  best 
in  literature.  "The  Village  Blacksmith,"  ^Esop's  "Fables" 
and  other  similar  material  was  the  foundation  for  work 
in  the  third  grade.  The  fourth,  fifth,  sixth  and  seventh 
grades  showed  work  in  reproduction,  essay  writing,  ab- 
breviations, descriptions,  homonyms,  quotations,  letters, 
punctuation,  and  the  study  of  changes  in  form  of  words 
to  correspond  to  changes  in  use. 

Writing.— Writing  runs  through  the  first  seven  years 
of  the  course.  In  the  lower  grades  it  is  a  means  rather 
than  an  end.  The  instruction  and  practice  aimed  to 
secure  accuracy  of  form,  ease  and  rapidity  of  execution. 

The  work  shown  was  done  under  practice  teachers 
and  represented  every  month  of  the  year.  Business  and 
social  forms  received  attention  throughout  the  several 
grades. 

Drawing. — This  study  is  helpful  in  developing  the 
child's  perceptive  faculties.  The  type  forms  are  sphere, 
cube  and  cylinder.  The  pupil  models  these.  The  circle, 
square  and  oblong  are  developed  from  the  type  forms. 
Stick-laying  and  color-work  are  a  part  of  the  first  year's 
work.  The  types  of  the  second  and  third  grades  are 
hemisphere,  square  prism,  triangular  prism,  semicircle, 


465 

equilateral  and  isosceles  triangles,  ellipsoid,  ovoid,  cone 
and  pyramid.    These  are  studied,  drawn  and  modeled. 

In  the  following  four  grades  text  books  (blanks)  are 
used,  and  the  work  is  carried  on  under  the  three  heads — 
Construction,  Eepresentation  and  Decoration.  Woik 
under  these  three  heads  for  each  month  was  shown,  also 
sketching  and  work  from  nature. 

History.—  History  is  formally  begun  in  the  sixth  grade. 
A  primary  text  is  used.  The  work  shown  consisted  of 
biographies,  illustrations  copied  from  books,  and  stories 
written  when  the  topics  were  finished.  Attention  was 
also  called  to  the  historical  selections  found  in  the 
rea.ding  lessons. 

In  the  eighth  grade  a  regular  text  was  taken  up.  The 
work  shown  included  maps,  biographies,  outlines, 
abstracts,  essays,  and  drawings  of  forests,  implements, 
clothing,  and  other  objects  peculiar  to  the  various 
stages  of  the  country's  history.  A  very  careful  study 
of  the  Constitution  was  made  near  the  end  of  the  year's 
work.  An  outline  of  the  departments  of  government 
was  shown. 

Music. — Music  is  taught  in  the  lower  grades.  The 
work  shown  representing  this  branch  of  study  consisted 
mainly  of  photographs  of  classes  and  charts  made  by 
practice  teachers. 

Numbers  and  Arithmetic. — The  work  shown  in  first  grade 
numbers  represented  the  child's  power  to  interpret  and 
represent  numbers  below  ten.  Objects  were  used  to  in- 
troduce the  child  to  the  method  of  thinking  in  numbers. 
Papers  by  the  children  were  shown  representing  the  work 
of  each  mouth  of  the  year.  Also  a  chart  made  by  the 
practice  teacher.  The  papers  shown  from  the  second 
grade  showed  work  on  numbers  below  twenty-one.  Those 
from  the  third  grade  showed  operations  on  tens  as  wholes.. 
Some  of  the  simpler  written  forms  were  shown. 
-30 


466 

The  fourth  grade  papers  showed  methods  of  approach- 
ing "fraction,"  both  common  and  decimal.  The  fifth 
grade  work  exhibited  methods  of  procedure  with  the 
" properties  of  numbers."  The  sixth  grade  work  was  on 
the  subject  of  "compound  numbers."  These  papers 
showed  many  illustrations  by  practice  teachers.  These 
were  photographed  and  shown  in  an  album. 

The  work  of  the  seventh  and  eighth  grades  covered  the 
subjects  usually  found  in  "practical  arithmetic,"  namely, 
fractions,  tables,  percentage  and  its  kindred  subjects. 

Geography.—  This  study  is  introduced  into  the  third 
grade  by  developing  the  ideas  of  color,  form,  distance, 
direction,  and  by  requiring  plans  of  the  room  and  yard. 
The  work  exhibited  showed  this  work.  In  the  fourth  and 
fifth  grades  an  elementary  text  is  used.  The  work  of 
these  grades  showed  essays,  drawings,  maps  and  descrip- 
tions of  some  simple  experiments  relating  to  movements 
of  air.  People,  places,  and  things  in  foreign  lands  formed 
subjects  of  much  interesting  study. 

In  the  seventh  grade  a  complete  grammar  school 
geography  is  completed.  The  work  shown  by  this  grade 
consisted  of  maps,  essays  and  drawings  representing 
every  month  of  the  year's  work.  Attention  was  also 
called  to  the  historical  incidents  connected  with  the  sev- 
eral places  studied. 

Field  Work  and  Science. — Work  from  the  first  six  grades 
was  shown  in  a  bound  volume  and  named  "Field  Work". 
It  contained  drawings  and  descriptions  of  such  material 
objects  as  the  children  came  in  contact  with  in  their 
hours  of  recreation. 

Nearly  all  this  work  was  collected  during  the  spring 
term  of  1893.  Some  of  the  things  studied  were  leaves, 
seeds,  roots,  buds,  insects,  flowers  and  birds.  The  pupils 
made  free  use  of  water  colors  and  made  very  neat  rep- 
resentations of  the  objects  studied.  Quite  a  good  deal 


467 

of  the  material  gathered  was  shown  in  a  collection  of 
"material  aids"  from  the  Training  Department. 

In  the  sixth,  seventh  and  eighth  grades  science  work 
was  taken  up  more  formally.  The  work  shown  repre- 
sented a  term  each  on  botany,  zoology,  physics  and 
physiology.  •  Each  study  was  represented  by  a  bound 
volume  of  manuscripts  and  a  chart  of  drawings,  etc. 

Physical  Culture. — Photographs  showing  the  several 
grades  of  the  Training  Department  in  their  daily  work 
in  this  study  were  shown. 


gg 


S  jj 


ILLINOIS  STATE  NORMAL,  UNIVERSITY. 


JOHN  W.  COOK,   PRESIDENT. 


|fC  PRESENT  herewith  a  report  of  the  exhibit  made  by 
m  the  Illinois  State  Normal  University  at  the  World's 
Fair. 

Permit  me  to  express,  in  behalf  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation of  the  State  of  Illinois  and  of  the  faculty  and 
students  of  this  Institution,  our  sincere  thanks  for  the 
distinguished  consideration  shown  us  in  granting  us 
ample  space  for  our  exhibit,  for  the  generous  gift  of 
suitable  cases  for  its  accommodation,  and  for  numberless 
courtesies  received  during  the  progress  of  the  exhibition. 

Through  your  kindness  we  were  permitted  to  remove 
to  the  Institution  such  of  the  cases  as  we  desired.  We 
have  been  able  to  make  very  profitable  use  of  them  in 
exhibiting  various  illustrations  of  our  work,  and  in  indi- 
cating to  the  children  some  of  the  man\7  phases  by  which 
raw  material  is  converted  into  useful  fabrics. 

Early  in  the  year  1892  we  were  informed  that  we 
should  be  offered  an  opportunity  to  make  an  exhibit  of 
the  work  of  this  Institution  in  the  building  to  be  erected 
by  the  World's  Fair  Commissioners  of  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois. Shortly  after  this  notification  the  work  of  the 
preparation  of  the  exhibit  was  begun. 

It  is  extremely  difficult  to  so  set  forth  the  work  of  an 
educational  institution,  by  means  of  objective  exhibits,  as 
to  indicate  with  any  degree  of  accuracy  its  spirit  and 
ecope.  The  theory  of  an  institution  may  be  reduced  to 
propositions  and  thus  made  apparent  to  every  intelli- 

473 


474 

gence  that  is  capable  of  understanding  such  a  statement. 
But  the  every-day  work  of  an  institution  of  this  charac- 
ter, the  spirit  which  pervades  teacher  and  pupil,  the  de- 
tails of  method,  the  skill  of  the  instructors,  the  general 
atmosphere  of  the  institution, — all  of  these  must  of 
necessity,  to  some  degree  at  least,  elude  the  most  pains- 
ta.king  care  of  one  who  should  attempt  to  describe  them. 
Recognizing  the  difficulties  involved  in  such  an  under- 
taking, it  was  thought  advisable  to  indicate,  in  as  strik- 
ing a  way  as  possible,  and  in  a  manner  that  could  be 
readily  grasped,  some  of  the  most  salient  features  of  the 
school  and  of  its  work,  and  to  leave  it  to  a  discriminat- 
ing public  to  supply  the  remainder.  In  the  following  de- 
scription of  this  exhibit  I  shall  substantially  traverse 
the  course  of  study  and  practice,  and  shall  endeavor  to 
show  what  was  done. 

ILLINOIS  STATE  NORMAL  UNIVERSITY. 

It  should  be  said  in  the  beginning  that  this  Institution 
is  in  no  sense  a  university.  It  was  so  called  to  meet 
what  was  deemed  a  technical  necessity  in  order  that  the 
Institution  might  avail  itself  of  certain  congressional 
grants.  Established  in  1857,  the  first  three  years  of  its 
existence  were  spent  in  rented  quarters  in  the  city  of 
Bloomington.  In  1860  it  occupied  the  present  main 
building  which  was  its  exclusive  home  until  the  addition, 
about  three  years  ago,  of  the  Training  School  building. 

THE  BUILDINGS. 

The  main  buildin'g  is  100x150  feet,  three  stories  high 
above  the  basement.  On  the  first  floor  are  the  library, 
dressing  rooms  for  the  ladies,  president's  office,  a  large 
recitation  room  for  the  drawing  classes,  and  the  high 
school  with  its  two  recitation  rooms.  On  the  second 
floor  is  the  large  assembly  room  for  the  use  of  the  Nor- 
mal Department.  It  is  64x74  feet  inside  and  18  feet  high. 


475 

Grouped  about  it  are  eight  recitation  rooms.  On  the 
third  floor  are  the  physical  and  biological  laboratory,  a 
large  hall  used  for  general  convocation,  and  the  rooms 
of  the  two  leading  literary  societies.  In  the  basement 
are  dressing  rooms  for  gentlemen,  the  chemical  labora- 
tory, a  room  used  for  gymnastic  exercises,  and  several 
store  rooms. 

The  Training  School  building  is  a  two-story  structure, 
86x96  feet,  and  arranged  as  hereinafter  described. 

The  boiler-house  is  a  one-story  structure  containing  a 
coal-room  and  boiler-room.  In  the  boiler-room  are  three 
boilers  that  furnish  the  steam  for  the  heating  of  the 
school  buildings.  These  buildings  are  situated  near  the 
northern  end  of  a  campus  of  fifty-six  acres,  which  is  abund- 
antly supplied  with  evergreen  and  deciduous  trees.  But 
little  has  been  done  in  the  way  of  ornamentation  beyond 
the  planting  of  trees,  but  the  enclosure  is  exquisitely 
beautiful  when  robed  in  its  garments  of  green. 

The  Institution  consists  of  three  departments:  The 
Normal  Department,  the  High  School  Department,  and 
the  Training  Department.  The  Normal  Department  ex- 
presses the  central  aim  of  the  Institution.  As  the  name 
implies,  it  was  established  for  the  single  purpose  of  pre- 
paring teachers  for  the  common  schools  of  Illinois.  The 
other  two  departments  owe  their  existence  to  the  fact 
that  they  are  instrumental  in  carrying  out  this  aim. 

When  this  Institution  was  established  there  were  but 
few  normal  schools  in  America.  Germany  had  been  some- 
what active  in  the  organization  of  teachers'  seminaries, 
but  the  modern  movement,  so  significantly  illustrated  in 
England,  France,  Canada,  Japan,  the  Argentine  Repub- 
lic and  the  States  of  the  American  Union,  belonged  to 
the  future.  There  was  a  feeling  that  the  Normal  School 
would  be  sadly  incomplete  without  the  accompaniment  of 
a  school  of  children.  It  was  held  that  this  school  should 


476 

display  all  of  the  grades  of  our  public  school  system. 
Pursuant  to  this  idea  a  Primary  Department  was  estab- 
lished shortly  after  the  organization  of  the  Institution. 
From  this  modest  beginning  a  Model  School,  represent- 
ing all  the  grades  from  the  primary  through  a  four  years' 
High  School  course,  was  finally  developed. 

In  the  course  of  time  the  High  School  became  a  school 
of  observation  and  an  auxiliary  in  the  work  of  instruc- 
tion, and  the  grades  below  it  became  a  practice  school 
in  which  the  Normal  pupils  serve  an  apprenticeship  in 
actual  teaching  under  the  eyes  of  skilled  critics. 

As  will  be  seen  later,  the  Normal  School  curriculum  in- 
cludes only  the  English  branches  in  the  regular  three 
years'  course.  Many  pupils,  however,  desire  instruction 
in  the  classic  and  in  the  modern  languages.  Such  in- 
struction is  given  by  the  principal  of  the  High  School 
and  his  assistants.  A  further  fact  of  interest  should  be 
stated.  The  Model  School  began  as  a  tuition  school,  and 
it  has  so  continued  in  all  of  the  rooms  above  the  Pri- 
mary. It  is  not  only  self-supporting  but  furnishes  a  con- 
siderable revenue  to  the  Institution. 

All  candidates  for  admission  to  the  Normal  Depart- 
ment must  be  not  less  than  sixteen  years  of  age,  if  females, 
nor  less  than  seventeen  if  males.  They  are  required  to  sign 
the  following  pledge:  "I  hereby  solemnly  declare  that 
my  purpose  in  attending  the  Normal  University  is  to  fit 
myself  for  teaching  in  the  schools  of  Illinois,  and  that 
I  will  carry  out  this  pledge  in  good  faith;  and  I  do 
further  pledge  myself  to  report  to  the  president  of  the 
University,  semi-annually,  where  I  am  and  what  I  am 
doing,  for  three  years  after  graduating  at  said  Institu- 
tion." 

Since  the  pupils  have  a  common  aim  there  can  be  no 
excuse  for  introducing  any  work  that  does  not  bear 


477 

directly  upon  the    accomplishment   of  the  one  supreme 
purpose  that  called  the  school  into  existence. 

In  attempting  to  realize  this  purpose  three  lines  of 
work  are  developed: 

1.  The  subjects  of  the  school  curriculum  are  re-exam- 
ined reflectively.     What  is  meant  by  this  statement  may 
be  illustrated  by  the  treatment  of  any  particular  subject, 
as  geography.     The  immediate  purpose  of  this  study  is 
to  enable  the  pupil  to  think  the  world   as  it  really  is. 
He  must  be  equipped,  therefore,  with    a   body    of  ideas 
by  means  of  which   he   can   construct    out  of  ordinary 
description  a  world  that   he   may  never  see,  but  which 
he  is  to  know  almost  or  quite  as  accurately  as  if  it  had 
been  an  object  of  direct  perception. 

This  necessitates  a  careful  analysis  of  the  whole  sub- 
ject in  order  that  these  fundamental  ideas  may  be  dis- 
covered, and  that  a  mental  experience  may  be  secured, 
without  which  geographical  explanations  and  descrip- 
tions would  be  substantially  meaningless. 

This  is  sometimes  called  "academic"  work  and,  conse- 
quently, is  declared  to  be  out  cf  place  in  a  Normal 
School.  It  would  seem  that  but  little  reflection  would 
be  needed  to  discover  that  work  of  this  character  is  in- 
dispensable to  a  Teachers'  Training  School,  and  that  it 
is  radically  different  from  the  ordinary  treatment  of  the 
subject.  It  contains,  mariifestedly,  a  super-added  pro- 
fessional feature  which  sharply  differentiates  it  from  what 
is  understood  by  academic  work. 

2.  A  second  line  of   work   is  purely  professional.    It 
consists  of  a  study  of  the  history  of  education,  of  the 
development  of  general  and  special  method,  of  an  exam- 
ination of  the  science  of  psychology  as  a  basis  of  meth- 
odology, and  of  the  philosophy  of  education  for  a  gen- 
eral view  of  the  problem  and  for  a  suitable  adjustment 
of  its  elements. 


478 

3.  The  third  feature  is  practice  work  in  the  Training 
School.  Each  candidate  for  graduation  is  required  to 
teach  a  class  of  children  one  hour  each  day  for  a  period 
of  about  fifty  weeks.  This  work  is  carried  on  under  the 
guidance  of  critic  teachers  who  supervise  it  with  great 
care. 

It  is  clear  that  the  problem  set  before  us  was  the  dis- 
playing of  these  phases  of  our  work  in  such  an  objective 
way  that  by  looking  at  pictures,  models,  drawings,  ex- 
amination papers,  outlines  of  work,  etc.,  an  observer 
could  come  to  conclusions  that  should  be  fairly  accurate 
respecting  the  aims  and  activities  of  the  school. 

THE   LOCATION   OF  THE  EXHIBIT. 

The  exhibit  was  very  favorably  located  at  the  east  end 
of  the  Illinois  Building,  immediately  adjacent  to  the 
center  aisle  and  opposite  the  admirable  Public  School 
Exhibit.  It  occupied  an  area  of  27x40  feet.  It  was  dis- 
played in  a  series  of  eight  double  cases.  They  were  con- 
structed with  a  view  to  the  largest  possible  wall  space 
rather  than  to  the  production  of  any  aesthetic  effect. 
They  were  arranged  on  opposite  sides  of  four  cross  aisles 
which  permitted  the  freest  access  and  exit.  The  exhibit 
stood  between  the  Women's  Exhibit  and  the  main  aisle, 
and  as  the  cross  aisles  were  fairly  commodious  they  be- 
came thoroughfares  through  which  an  immense  number 
of  people  \vere  passing  almost  constantly.  At  least  a 
casual  glance  was  bestowed  upon  the  contents  of  these 
cases  by  the  average  visitor  who  found  himself  in  this 
part  of  the  Illinois  Building. 

THE    NATURAL   SCIENCE  EXHIBIT. 

This  exhibit  occupied  the  cases  on  the  opposite  sides 
of  the  east  aisle.  The  methods  of  wTork  in  zoology, 
physiology,  botany,  physics  and  chemistry  were  here 
illustrated. 


479 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  the  exclusive  text  book 
method  of  instruction  has  long  since  disappeared  from 
all  schools  that  lay  any  just  claims  to  modern  methods. 
It  is  a  principle  as  old  as  Comenius,  and,  indeed,  as  old 
as  the  race  that  in  the  earlier  stages  of  education  the 
direct  perception  of  objects  is  necessary  to  a  knowledge 
of  them.  The  laboratory  method  has  become  the  method 
of  Natural  Science. 

In  the  arrangement  of  our  curriculum  the  pupil  begins 
the  study  of  zoology  with  the  fourth  term  of  his  course. 
Physiology  follows  with  the  succeeding  term,  and  botany 
continues  the  work  with  the  sixth  term.  The  Natural 
Science  for  the  seventh  and  eighth  terms  is  physics  and 
for  the  ninth  is  chemistry. 

PLAN  OF  WORK  IN  ZOOLOGY. 

In  the  first  place  it  is  held  that  zoology  is  the  study 
of  animals  and  not  of  a  book  about  animals.  Hence 
the  first  step  in  each  group  of  animals  is  the  careful 
study  of  the  best  available  type  of  that  group.  If 
possible,  the  students  are  asked  to  help  collect  the 
material  in  order  that  they  may  know  how  to  collect 
when  they  become  teachers,  and  that  they  may  have  a 
real  knowledge  of  the  habits  of  the  animals  by  seeing 
them  in  their  native  haunts.  They  are  thus  led  to  note 
their  surroundings,  their  mode  of  life,  adaptation  in 
color,  and  other  means  of  escaping  observation  and 
cnpture.  The  animals  are  kept  in  cages  or  aquaria,  in 
as  nearly  natural  conditions  as  may  be,  and  are  care- 
fully observed.  The  most  merciful  mode  of  killing  each 
sort  is  taught  and  the  type  is  selected.  In  connection 
with  all  this,  reading  is  kept  up  in  the  best  books  of 
reference.  But  it  is  firmly  maintained  that  Nature  is 
the  text  book  and  that  the  contents  of  the  library 
furnish  the  illustrations,  that  is,  throw  light  upon  that 


480 

which,  by  itself  (chiefly  on  account  of  the  brief  time 
allotted  to  the  study)  would  not  be  sufficiently  clear. 

In  this  manner  a  series  of  types  is  studied,  represent- 
ing the  different  branches  of  the  animal  kingdom.  Chief 
stress  is  laid  on  the  forms  found  in  the  neighborhood, 
and  to  those  forms  which  are  likely  to  be  of  most  in- 
terest and  profit  in  teaching  the  subject  to  children ;  for 
it  is  all  along  borne  in  mind  that  the  main  object  of  the 
work  is  not  so  much  merely  to  acquire  knowledge  of  the 
animals  themselves,  as  to  prepare  for  guiding  children 
in  the  study  of  these  forms. 

The  6rder  of  study  of  these  types  is  determined  by 
the  season.  Thus,  in  the  fall,  insects  and  birds  are  first 
studied  before  cold  weather  sets  in,  making  these  forms 
scarce  and  hard  to  obtain,  while  mammals,  for  instance, 
can  be  easily  obtained  in  the  winter  (rabbit,  as  a  type). 

Carefully  written  descriptions  and  drawings  are  made 
of  the  types  and  of  their  organs  as  the  work  progresses. 
These  notes  and  drawings  are  usually  made  on  separate 
slips  of  paper,  so  that  at  the  end  of  the  term  they  may 
be  arranged  in  the  order  of  the  accepted  classification. 
The  notes  are  indexed  and  neatly  bound.  Experience 
shows  that  the  students  set  high  value  on  these  notes, 
and  make  use  of  them  later  in  teaching. 

It  is  hoped  that  each  student  will  become  more  ob- 
serving and  more  thoughtful  of  what  he  sees  and  will 
lead  the  children  in  the  same  paths,  and  that  he  will 
develop  in  them  a  closer  intimacy  and  deeper  sympathy 
with  the  manifold  beauties  of  nature. 


PLAN  OF  WORK  IN  PHYSIOLOGY. 

The  plan  of  work  in  physiology  is  essentially  the  same 
as  that  for  zoology.  Of  course  the  students  cannot  dis- 
sect the  human  body,  but  they  take  the  rabbit  or  cat 
as  their  type  and  find  in  it  organs  essentially  like  those 


481 

of  their  own  bodies.  Wherever  possible  the  organs  of 
larger  animals  are  studied,  as  the  heart  and  lungs  of  a 
calf,  pig  or  sheep;  and  from  these  animals  the  eye,  kid- 
ney, larynx,  etc. 

Chemical  and  physical  experiments  illustrating  the 
processes  of  respiration  and  circulation  are  performed  (so 
far  as  possible  by  the  student  himself).  Here,  also,  notes 
and  drawings  are  made. 

Special  stress  is  laid  on  the  order  of  topics  that  a 
natural  sequence  may  be  followed. 

Particular  attention  is  also  paid  to  practical  hygiene, 
as  regards  the  life  of  the  student  or  other  sedentary 
worker. 


ARTICLES  EXHIBITED  TO  ILLUSTRATE  THE  WORK  OF  ZOOLOGY 
AND  PHYSIOLOGY. 

1.  Note  books  of  entire  class  in  zoology  containing 
descriptions  and  drawings  of  animals  studied  during  the 
fall  term  of  1892. 

2.  Enlarged  drawings,  framed.    Samples  of  chart  work 
in  water  colors. 

3.  Series  of  stuffed  birds  and  bird  skeletons.    Models 
of  clams  and  snails,  clam  book. 

4.  Sixty  jars  of  alcoholic  specimens  including  a  series 
of  cats,  showing: — 

1.  Organs  in  natural  positions. 

2.  Pancreatic  and  bile  ducts. 

3.  Thoracic  duct,  two,  (1)  showing  brain  and  spinal 

cord,  portal  vein,  urinary  system,  sympathetic 
system,  arteries  and  veins,  arterial  distribution, 
diaphragm  (2),  sciatic  nerve. 

4.  Twelve  dissections  of  salamanders,  showing  the 

different  organs. 

5.  Twelve  dissections  of  crayfishes. 
-31 


482 

6.    Dissections  of  heart  (4), larynx  (2),  head  (3),  star- 
fish, sea-urchin,  clam,  cat's  tongue,  cat's  brain, 
horse-shoe  crab  (2), earth-worms  (2), eye  muscles 
of  fish,  valves  of  pulmonary  artery. 
5.    Set  of  material  used  by  teacher  and  pupils.  Draw- 
ing materials,  dissecting  instruments,  injecting  appara- 
tus, microscope,  etc. 

PLAN  OF  WORK  IN  BOTANY. 

The  plan  here  is  very  similar  to  that  for  zoology.  A 
series  of  plants  is  selected  for  types  and  carefully  studied. 
Their  external  form,  color,  etc.,  are  considered  and  their 
microscopic  structures  are  brought  out.  The  germina- 
tion of  seeds,  the  functions  of  the  different  parts,  their 
adaptation  to  the  soil,  air,  and  other  surroundings,  are 
all  considered.  Each  pupil  is  required  to  make  a  collec- 
tion of  plants. 

ARTICLES  EXHIBITED. 

Set  of  note  books  of  whole  class  of  spring  of  1893.  A 
number  of  selected  herbariums.  Selected  specimens  from 
these  herbariums  mounted  in  a  wall  case. 

PLAN  OF  WORK  IN  PHYSICS  AND  CHEMISTRY. 

The  work  in  this  department  has  a  double  purpose. 
It  aims: 

(a)  To  give  an  elementary  knowledge  of  the  subjects, 
and, 

(b)  To  furnish  the  student  with  a  scientific  method  of 
arriving  at  truth. 

In  order  to  accomplish  this  end  the  work  must  be 
both  qualitative  and  quantitative;  it  must  furnish  an 
opportunity  for  original  thinking  and  constructing,  and 
it  must  insist  upon  exact  quantitative  results  as  well. 
Accordingly  about  three-fifths  of  the  time  allotted  is 
given  up  to  experimental  work  in  the  laboratory  with 


483 

simple  apparatus.  A  laboratory  manual  is  used  and 
permanent  note  books  are  kept  by  each  student.  This 
work  is  supplemented  by  the  use  of  a  text  book  and  by 
class  recitations. 

The  exhibit  was  prepared  from  the  work  in  physics, 
and  aimed  to  show  not  only  the  plan  of  work  as  carried 
out  here,  but  also  that  physics  can  be  taught  successfully 
by  the  experimental  method  in  schools  of  limited  means. 

THE  EXHIBIT  INCLUDED  THE  FOLLOWING: 

1.  Note  books,  temporary  and    permanent,  showing 
their  construction  and  plan  of  work  used. 

2.  Simple  apparatus  made  in  the  laboratory  to  illus- 
trate and  determine  the  facts  and  laws  studied. 

3.  Measurement — a  balance. 

4.  Fluids. 

(a)  Specific  gravity  by  balancing  columns. 

(b)  A  hydrometer. 

(c)  Boyle's  Law. 

(d)  Capillary  action. 

(e)  The  common  lifting  pump. 

(f)  The  hydro-static  press. 

(g)  A  water  wheel. 
'5.    Dynamics. 

(a)  Composition  of  angular  and  of  parallel  forces. 

(b)  Laws  of  the  lever. 
6.    Heat. 

(a)  Coefficient  of  expansion  of  solids. 

(b)  Coefficient  of  liquids  and  of  gases. 

(c)  The  boiling  point  of  a  thermometer. 

(d)  The  still,  showing  construction  of  parts,  viz.: 

water-jacket,  condensing  tube,  supply  pipe, 
escape  pipe. 

(e)  Latent  heat  of  water. 

(f)  A  differential  thermometer. 


484 

7.    Magnetism. 

(a)  Magnets  and  electromagnets. 

(b)  Electrostatic  induction. 

(c)  Gold-leaf  electroscope. 

(d)  Electrophorous. 

(e)  Electric  condenser. 

( f )  Insulating  stool, 

(g)  Tumbler  cell. 

(h)  Tangent  galvanometer,  showing  construc- 
tion of  parts,  viz.:  the  wooden  circle,  the 
circle  wound  with  wire,  etc. 

( i )    Astatic  galvanometer. 

( j )    Mercury  cups. 

(k)    Current  reverser,  showing  construction. 

(1)    Wire  connecter. 

(m)    Comparison  of  resistances. 

(n)    Induction  coil. 

(o)     Electrolysis  cup. 

(p)    Telegraph. 

(q)    Telephone. 

(r)    Electric  motor. 
9.    Sound— a  sonometer. 
10.   Light — a  photometer. 


GEOGRAPHY. 

The  subject  of  descriptive  geography  is  studied  during 
the  first  and  second  terms  of  the  pupils'  course.  Guyot's 
Lectures  on  "The  Earth  and  Man"  constitute  the  course  in 
physical  geography,  which  is  taken  during  the  sixth 
term. 

The  work  in  geography  commences  with  an  analysis 
of  geographical  ideas  and  a  careful  organization  of  the 
preparatory  work  which  must  be  performed  before  the 
subject  of  real  geography  is  entered  upon.  This  work 
will  include  such  ideas  as  distance,  direction,  slopes,  ele- 


.      485 

vations,  plains,  water  courses,  etc.  Elementary  sketch- 
ing, molding,  sand  modeling,  and  kindred  devices  are 
introduced.  As  illustrating  the  methods  to  be  employed 
in  geography,  and  for  the  purposes  of  knowledge  on  the 
part  of  the  teacher,  the  various  continents  are  examined 
and  a  course  of  geography  carefully  outlined.  The  char- 
acter of  the  work  could  be  very  well  ascertained  by  a 
study  of  the  fifteen  volumes  of  written  work,  the  ten 
bound  volumes  of  maps,  the  twelve  framed  maps,  and 
the  framed  plans  of  study.  The  bound  volumes  included 
outlines  of  a  full  course  in  geography,  study  of  home 
geography,  geography  of  New  England,  of  North  Amer- 
ica, of  Europe  and  of  Asia,  mathematical  geography 
and  physical  geography. 

The  bound  volumes  of  maps  showed  the  results  of  tests 
given  to  the  classes  on  the  memory  of  form  and  posi- 
tion. They  contained  maps  of  Lake  Michigan,  Lake  Supe- 
rior, Lake  Erie,  Lake  Champlain,  Basin  of  the  Delaware, 
Charleston  and  vicinity,  Georgia,  Florida  and  Alabama, 
Kentucky  and  Tennesse,  Washington  City  and  vicinity, 
Italy,  Danube  River,  Norway  and  Sweden,  France,  Spain 
and  Portugal,  Black  Sea,  India,  State  of  Washington, 
and  two  volumes  of  miscellaneous  maps. 


HISTORY. 

To  illustrate  the  methods  in  history  the  following 
work  was  exhibited:  Colonization  period,  two  volumes; 
Burgoyne's  Invasion,  three  volumes;  Washington's  Ad- 
ministration, two  volumes;  From  the  Rapidan  to  the  Ap- 
pomatox,  one  volume ;  History  of  Greece,  three  volumes; 
Charlemagne,  one  volume;  The  Saracens,  two  volumes; 
Henry  VIII,  one  volume. 


486 

CIVICS. 

The  study  of  civics  is  pursued  during  the  fourth  term 
of  the  course.  The  methods  of  instruction  do  not  differ 
in  any  essential  feature  from  those  employed  in  history, 
They  were  illustrated  in  three  volumes:  How  to  Teach 
the  Constitution,  Town  and  County  Government,  and 
Government  of  Illinois. 


READING. 

In  connection  with  the  regular  reading  work  the  pu- 
pils are  'given  a  considerable  amount  of  physical  train- 
ing under  the  direction  of  an  expert  especially  prepared 
for  the  work.  The  character  of  the  work  could  be  learned 
quite  readily  from  a  considerable  number  of  photographs 
showing  classes  of  young  men  and  young  women  in 
various  positions  and  engaged  in  various  drills.  The 
method  employed  in  the  reading  class  was  also  illustra- 
ted by  examination  work  exhibited  in  bound  volumes. 
It  showed  especially  the  course  by  which  a  critical  exami- 
nation of  the  text  is  secured  and  how  an  adequate  ex- 
pression of  the  thought  and  feeling  may  be  obtained  by 
a  series  of  questions  rather  than  by  the  principle  of 
imitation.  The  method  of  teaching  reading  in  this  In- 
stitution is  somewhat  peculiar  in  that  it  has  strongly 
emphasized  that  feature  of  the  work. 


LITERATURE. 

Our  work  in  literature  for  two  terms  follows  three 
lines;  the  history  of  English  literature,  class-room  study 
of  English  masterpieces,  and  private  study  of  special 
works,  chosen  not  from  English  literature  alone  but  from 
the  literature  of  the  world.  A  third  term  is  given  to 
Shakespeare  exclusively.  In  the  historical  study  we  em- 
phasize the  relation  of  English  literature  to  the  life  and 


487 

character  of  the  English  people,  and  seek  to  lead  the 
student  to  see  that  literature  is  not  an  accident,  but  an 
out-growth  of  life.  Accompanying  this  is  a  detailed 
class-room  study  of  representative  authors  from  Chaucer 
to  Tennyson,  in  which  we  are  mainly  concerned  with 
the  ethical,  historical,  and  artistic  aspects  of  literature. 
Further,  the  results  of  the  private  study,  referred  to 
above,  are  presented  to  the  class  in  critical  essays  and 
are  there  discussed.  The  term  given  to  Shakespeare 
completes  our  required  course  in  literature.  It  includes 
class  study  of  two  or  more  plays  and  private  study  of 
three  more,  with  two  essays  for  each  student,  and  sev- 
eral days'  discussion  of  each  play  read  privately.  Most 
of  this  work  cannot  be  presented  in  a  paper  exhibit. 
We  sent  to  Chicago  several  volumes  of  essays,  represent- 
ing the  results  of  private  study,  and,  in  some  measure, 
the  power  acquired  in  the  class  room. 


RHETORIC. 

In  our  work  in  rhetoric  we  seek  three  things;  a  pure 
diction  in  speech;  a  greater  enjoyment  of  good  English 
in  books;  and  an  appreciation  of  the  fundamental  quali- 
ties of  good  composition,— unity,  directness,  and  sim- 
plicity. We  give  more  time  to  problems  of  structure 
than  to  questions  of  ornament.  The  old  text  books 
gave  prominence  to  such  topics  as  grace,  beauty,  and 
sublimity;  we  try  to  work  in  the  spirit  of  the  new,  and  are 
more  concerned  with  the  formation  of  the  sentence,  the 
paragraph,  and  the  composition.  Our  exhibit  in  Chicago 
was  made  up  of  volumes  of  regular  class  exercises  dis- 
cussing such  topics  as,  The  Paragraph  in  General;  In- 
troductory Paragraphs;  Transitorial  Paragraphs;  Sum- 
maries; Unity;  Distinguishing  Features  of  Narration  and 
Description,  and  Types  of  Arguments. 


488 

MATHEMATICS. 

The  exhibit  in  mathematics  was  intended  to  set  forth 
some  characteristic  features  of  the  work  in  arithmetic 
and  geometry.  The  general  method  in  arithmetic  is 
first  to  present  every  process  as  a  process  with  numbers 
of  objects,— then  to  teach  the  process  with  figures  as 
representing  the  real  operation  with  things.  To  exem- 
plify this  method  there  was  a  series  of  papers  in  the 
several  stages  of  the  development  of  fractions,  and  an- 
other showing  the  manner  of  dissecting  the  prism,  pyra- 
mid, and  sphere,  to  derive  the  formulae  for  the  mensu- 
ration of  those  forms.  All  these  papers  were  prepared 
by  the  students,  and  each  set  included  the  work  of  the 
entire  class. 

In  our  work  in  geometry  especial  attention  is  given 
to  the  logical  mechanism  of  the  demonstration,  to  ac- 
curacy and  elegance  of  form  in  oral  recitation,  and  to 
exercises  in  geometrical  invention.  The  work  prepared 
consisted  of  about  thirty  original  demonstrations  by  each 
member  of  the  class,  and  a  series  of  pasteboard  figures 
and  wooden  blocks  illustrating  the  leading  propositions 
of  solid  geometry. 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ANCIENT  LANGUAGES. 

In  this  department  the  exhibit  was  naturally  one  of 
manuscripts.  A  liberal  number  of  papers  prepared  by 
the  pupils— partly  the  result  of  class  room  tests  and 
partly  the  fruits  of  home  labor — bound  in  handy  vol- 
umes, revealed  the  extent  to  which  the  pupils  had  mas- 
tered each  of  the  eleven  terms'  work  in  Latin  and  the 
seven  terms'  work  in  Greek  in  the  High  School  Course. 

It  was  not  the  aim  of  the  exhibit  to  vent  new  and 
startling  theories.  It  was  not  so  much  its  purpose  to 
display  any  hitherto  untried  modes  of  instruction  as  to 
redemonstrate  the  effectiveness  which  may  attend  the 


489 

faithful  pursuance  of  the  more  conservative  and  better 
approved  methods  now  actually  practiced  in  many  of 
our  best  schools.  The  "induction  method"  in  its  full 
scope,  has  not  been  adopted;  simplified  texts  are  not 
used;  Caesar  is  still  regarded  as  good  reading  for  third 
term  pupils  in  Latin. 

The  volumes  of  manuscript  were  prepared  for  the  fol- 
lowing ends: 

(1).  To  show  by  the  character  and  the  amount  of 
work  written  in  a  limited  time,  that  both  exactness  and 
facility  had  been  acquired  in  handling  the  fundamental 
inflections.  (2).  To  show  that  the  main  principles  of 
syntax  had  been  mastered.  (3).  To  show  an  ability  to 
translate  Latin  and  Greek  into  good,  forcible  English, 
and  to  do  so  without  the  ordinary  needless  wanderings 
from  the  literal.  (4).  To  show  an  aptness  in  writing 
Latin  and  Greek.  (5).  To  show  that  the  pupils  had 
learned  how  to  translate  at  sight.  An  increasing  effort 
is  being  made  to  bring  the  student  to  the  habit  of  ap- 
proaching an  assignment  for  translation  with  more  re- 
liance upon  his  thought  and  less  upon  his  vocabulary. 
(6).  To  show  a  fairly  complete  acquaintance  with  the 
immediately  related  history,  geography,  mythology,  bi- 
ography, etc.  (7).  To  show  some  appreciation  of  the 
real  value  of  the  masterpieces  of  classical  literature  read 
in  the  class  room.  A  special  effort  is  made  to  study 
strictly  from  a  literary  standpoint,  and  quite  extensively, 
a  limited  portion  of  each  author  read;  while  every  lesson 
in  translation  is  aimed  to  be  also  an  exercise  in  English 
composition.  (8).  To  show  that  the  pupils  have  some 
ideas  at  least  of  the  lineal  and  cognate  relationship  of 
the  English  language  to  the  Latin  and  to  the  Greek. 
The  researches  of  men  like  Diez,  Littre,  and  Brachet, 
into  the  origin  of  French,  coupled  with  those  of  Skeat, 
Morris,  Sweet— into  the  development  of  modern  English 


490 

from  Anglo-Saxon,  have  at  length  made  possible  a  scien- 
entiflc  treatment  of  Latin  as  the  mother  of  more  than 
two-thirds  of  our  English  vocabulary;  while  in  the  wider 
field  of  Indo-European  philology,  the  brilliant  work  of 
Bopp,  Grimm,  Verner,  Brugmann  and  a  host  of  others, 
has  rendered  just  as  fruitful  the  study  of  Latin,  Greek, 
and  native  English  as  cognate  or  sister  tongues. 

GERMAN. 

Manuscripts  covering  two  years'  work  in  German 
showed  that  hard  work  had  been  done  all  along  the  line 
of  quite  an  extensive  course  in  grammar,  simple  prose, 
classics  and  conversation. 

DRAWING. 

In  our  work  in  drawing  we  seek  to  do  three  things: 
to  teach  drawing  as  a  language,  to  lead  pupils  to  seek 
culture  from  the  beautiful  in  nature  and  in  art,  and  to 
promote  mental  development.  The  characteristic  feature 
of  the  work  in  the  Normal  School  is  picture  drawing 
(perspective  representation). 

The  course,  which  extends  over  a  period  of  two  years, 
two  lessons  per  week,  may  be  outlined  as  follows:  Ten 
lessons  in  form  study— expression  in  clay;  fourteen  lessons 
in  construction  drawing,  noting  only  the  elementary  facts 
of  orthographic  projection;  twenty  lessons  developing 
the  principles  of  free-hand  perspective ;  twenty  lessons  in 
light  and  shade;  twenty  lessons  in  representation  with 
water  color;  twenty  lessons  in  illustrative  drawing  in 
which  an  effort  is  made  to  acquire  skill  in  rapid  blackboard 
work ;  twenty-six  lessons  from  the  history  of  art,  pupils 
noting  the  styles  of  architecture  and  sketching  freely  the 
characteristic  features. 

The  exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair  was  arranged  to  show, 
so  far  as  we  could,  the  results  of  the  above  outline.  It 
consisted  of  thirty-six  portfolios  containing  the  home  and 


491 

class  work  in  quantities  to  suggest  the  average  work  of 
the  pupils.  There  were  also  eight  volumes  of  essays  arid 
drawings  compiled  from  the  papers  of  the  pupils  written 
in  connection  with  the  history  lectures.  Fifty  tablets 
were  on  file  showing  the  work  from  day  to  day  in  the 
class  room.  The  made  work  in  clay  and  paper  was  ex- 
hibited in  two  glass  cases. 

In  the  collection  of  photographs  were  pictures  showing 
the  class  room,  the  pupils  at  work,  and  the  equipment 
in  the  way  of  casts,  models,  etc. 

With  the  exception  of  about  a  dozen  large  drawings, 
there  was  no  work  in  the  exhibit  which  was  not  the  work 
of  the  pupils,  it  being  the  aim  to  have  our  exhibit  sug- 
gestive, not  only  in  theory  but  in  practical  results. 

PURELY  PROFESSIONAL  WORK. 

The  purely  professional  work  begins  with  the  pupil's 
admission  to  school.  For  the  first  term  it  consists  of 
two  exercises  each  week.  After  developing  an  outline  of 
the  general  ideas  of  pedagogics,  the  pupils  begin  the 
study  of  educational  ideals  as  illustrated  in  the  history 
of  various  peoples  and  of  the  successive  attempts  made 
by  reformers  to  improve  existing  educational  conditions. 
China,  Japan,  Greece,  Rome  and  the  modern  European 
world  are  examined  with  more  or  less  minuteness.  The 
movement  introduced  by  Comenius  is  studied  with  con- 
siderable care  as  it  may  be  regarded  as  the  introduction 
of  realism,  or  the  study  of  the  external  world,  into  the 
methods  of  education  then  prevalent.  Rousseau,  Pesta- 
lozzi  and  Froebel  are  examined  for  the  purpose  of 
rendering  clear  the  ideas  for  which  they  stood,  and 
the  progressive  movement  which  has  been  going  forward 
with  more  or  less  steadiness  since  the  Revival  of  Learning. 

With  the  beginning  of  the  second  term  the  pupils  take 
up  the  subject  of  special  method  which  occupies  them  for 


492 

two  terms,  five  hours  a  week.  History  and  literature  for 
the  first  six  grades  are  first  discussed,  and  they  are  fol- 
lowed by  geography,  reading,  language  lessons,  and  arith- 
metic. The  work  is  preceded  J3y  a  discussion  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  attention  and  apperception  especially.  The  gen- 
eral ideas  brought  out  in  the  first  term's  work  also  become 
a  basis  for  the  work  of  the  second  and  third  terms.  Space 
will  not  permit  a  detailed  account  of  the  method  of  pro- 
cedure. In  passing,  however,  it  should  be  said  that  in 
history  and  literature  fairy  tales  are  made  use  of  in  the 
first  grade,  Robinson  Crusoe  in  the  second  grade,  The 
Tales  of  Troy  in  the  third  grade,  American  History 
stories  in  the  fourth  and  fifth  grades,  and  the  study  of 
Colonial  History  especially  in  the  sixth  grade. 

THE  EXHIBIT 

Contained  several  volumes  showing  the  character  of  this 
work.  These  volumes  were  prepared  during  the  ordinary 
recitation  period  in  answer  to  certain  questions  written 
upon  the  board.  They  were,  in  effect,  examination  papers 
upon  topics  covering  the  successive  stages  of  a  develop- 
ment of  the  subject. 

PSYCHOLOGY 

Is  introduced  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  year.  An  at- 
tempt is  made  to  have  it  constitute  the  basis  of  a  rational 
methodology.  The  method  work  of  the  first  year  is 
necessarily  simple  and  cannot  be  made  to  rest  upon  the 
truths  of  psychology  in  a  highly  conscious  way.  Owing 
to  the  fact  that  the  demand  for  even  partially  trained 
teachers  is  so  great  the  average  pupil  remains  with  us 
only  a  little  over  three  terms.  A  special  effort  is  made, 
as  soon  as  the  study  of  psychology  is  begun,  to  show 
its  close  and  vital  relation  to  teaching.  Consequently, 
we  study  Applied  Psychology  at  first.  As  soon  as  any 


493 

phase  of  mental  activity  has  been  discussed  the  educa- 
tional principles  to  be  derived  from  it  are  at  once  con- 
sidered. Another  reason  for  introducing  elementary 
psychology  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  year  is  the 
fact  that  the  practice  work  in  the  model  school  regularly 
begins  with  the  second  term  of  the  second  year  and  all 
possible  preparation  is  needed  for  that  experience. 
Psychology  is  again  taken  up  at  the  beginning  of  the 
third  year  and  is  continued  for  seven  months.  Here  the 
work  is  pursued  far  more  vigorously,  the  more  difficult 
phases  of  the  subject  receiving  attention. 

At  the  conclusion  of  this  work  three  months  are  de- 
voted to  the  study  of  the  Philosophy  of  Education  as 
developed  by  Dr.  Rosen kranz.  This  necessitates  the  re- 
view and  application  of  certain  principles  of  psychology. 

Three  hours  a  week  during  the  third  year  are  devoted 
to  the  study  of  general  method,  including  apperception 
and  kindred  topics,  and  to  the  criticism  of  class  exercise. 

THE  EXHIBIT 

Of  this  work  consisted  of  a  number  of  bound  volumes 
containing  the  results  of  examinations  upon  the  differ- 
ent topics,  extending  over  a  considerable  part  of  the 
course. 

THE  PRACTICE  SCHOOL. 

The  school  is  accommodated  in  a  two-story  brick 
building  just  north  of  the  main  building.  It  has  six 
rooms  on  the  first  floor,  and  nine  on  the  second  floor. 
Five  of  those  down  stairs  are  large  rooms,  capable  of 
serving  as  regular  school  rooms  with  desks.  One  is  an 
office.  On  the  second  floor,  all,  except  the  large  assembly 
room  for  the  grammar  school,  are  for  recitation  purposes 
for  small  or  medium-sized  classes.  Three  of  the  rooms 
are  sub-divided  by  partial  partitions  so  as  to  secure 
room  for  more  classes.  Two  of  the  halls  or  dressing 


494 

rooms  are  also  used  for  small  classes.  There  are  several 
times  in  the  day  when  every  available  space  in  the  build- 
ing must  be  used  for  class-room  purposes. 

In  the  basement  are  four  well-lighted  play-rooms,  two 
for  the  boys  and  two  for  the  girls,  which  are  very  freely 
used  by  the  children  in  bad  weather.  The  noon  pupils 
also  take  their  dinner  in  the  basement.  The  closets 
for  both  the  boys  and  the  girls  are  in  distinct  parts  of 
the  basement,  the  dry  closet  system  being  in  use.  The 
ventilation  of  the  building  is  excellent,  there  being  a 
constant  influx  of  fresh  air  which  passes  over  hot  coils 
and  into  the  school  room,  about  eight  feet  from  the 
floor,  and  the  bad  air  being  constantly  drawn  off  through 
openings  near  the  floor.  On  the  campus  are  ample  play- 
grounds near  the  building. 

The  purpose  of  the  practice  school  is  to  furnish  oppor- 
tunities under  good  conditions  for  Normal  School  students 
to  observe  good  instruction  in  classes  and  to  partici- 
pate in  the  work  of  managing  and  instructing  children. 

Before  beginning  the  work  of  teaching,  Normal  students 
usually  complete  the  first  year  of  studies  in  the  Normal 
course.  Besides  a  thorough  drill  in  the  common  English 
branches,  this  includes  three  terms  of  special  study  of 
the  history  and  methods  of  teaching.  Those  having 
charge  of  these  classes  in  the  Normal  Department  are 
accustomed  to  illustrate  their  ideas  of  teaching  with 
classes  of  children.  The  recitations  are  held  with  children 
in  the  presence  of  the  Normal  students  and  then  a  close 
criticism  of  the  class  work  follows. 

About  one  hundred  and  thirty  Normal  students  are 
regularly  employed  in  teaching  classes  in  the  Model 
School.  Each  student  takes  full  charge  of  a  class  in  one 
subject  for  a  term  of  twelve  or  fifteen  weeks,  and  is  re- 
quired to  teach  for  four  such  terms  before  graduation. 
He  is  fully  responsible  for  the  instruction  and  success  of 


-       495 

the  class.  His  work  is  carefully  scrutinized  by  the  regu- 
lar critic  teacher  who  examines  the  plans  of  his  work, 
carefully  arranged  beforehand,  and  encourages  or  criti- 
cises his  methods  and  bearing  before  the  class.  There 
are  four  such  critic  teachers  who  devote  their  entire  time 
to  the  work  of  supervising  the  recitations  of  Normal 
student-teachers,— one  critic  teacher  for  first  and  second 
grades,  one  for  intermediate  grades,  and  one  for  the 
grammar  school,  and  one  superintendent,  whose  duties 
are  to  organize  and  unify  and  manage  the  instruction 
throughout  all  the  grades.  The  superintendent  also  meets 
all  the  teachers  regularly  once,  often  twice,  a  week,  for 
the  discussion  of  problems  in  teaching,  for  general  criti- 
cism, and  for  keeping  up  the  right  spirit  in  the  school. 

Besides  the  critic  teachers  there  is  a  principal  of  the 
Grammar  School  who  has  general  charge  of  the  discipline 
and  management  in  that  department  and  teaches  several 
classes,  especially  the  preparatory  classes  for  the  Normal 
and  High  Schools. 

There  are  also  four  assistant  teachers  whose  duty  it  is 
to  take  charge  of  the  general  discipline  and  control  of 
the  rooms  in  the  four  primary  and  intermediate  schools. 
They  are  really  room  teachers  who  teach  part  of  the 
time  and  are  responsible  for  the  studies  and  conduct  of 
a  single  room  each. 

A  Model  School  of  this  kind  has  some  peculiar  difficul- 
ties and  problems.  It  is  called  upon  to  secure  system- 
atic, good  teaching  by  young  teachers,  and  can  succeed 
only  by  close  and  watchful  criticism.  Such  a  school  is 
also  expected  to  stand  well  to  the  front  in  advanced 
and  improved  methods  of  teaching,  at  the  same  time 
that  it  prepares  teachers  daily  for  the  schools  as  they 
really  are,  and  not  as  one  might  wish  them  to  be. 


496 

EXHIBIT. 

I.    Literature  as  used  in  first  grade. 

Books  of  fairy  stories — from  Andersen  and  the  Grimms, 
changed  in  form  only  so  far  as  necessary  in  order  to 
adapt  them  to  the  understanding  and  highest  apprecia- 
tion of  the  children. 

These  stories  are  given  to  the  little  ones  orally  by  the 
teachers  after  which  they  are  reproduced  by  the  children. 

Only  so  much  of  the  story  is  given  at  one  recitation  as 
can  be  well  learned  and  told  by  the  children  at  that  reci- 
tation. In  these  reproductions  the  children  express  them- 
selves freely,  the  teacher  correcting  errors  in  grammar 
and  pronunciation. 

These  stories  are  chosen  because  we  consider  them  the 
best  classical  literature  for  children  of  the  age,  for: — 

1.  They  are  readily  comprehended  and  thoroughly  en- 
joyed by  the  children,  they  being  fitted  for  the  children 
of  their  age  in  that 

(a)  The  child  is  imaginative  to  a  high  degree  and  the 
stories  are  very  fanciful. 

(b)  They  deal  with  objects  in  nature  with  which  the 
child  is  familiar  and  in  which  he  is  already  interested. 

(c)  In  form  the  language  is  such  as  the  child  under- 
stands and  likes — not  always  just  the  language  that  he 
would  use,  but  he  sees  in  it  a  better,  more  beautiful  ex- 
pression of  his  own  thoughts,  hence: — 

2.  The  child's  own   vocabulary   is  increased  and  en- 
riched by  their  study. 

3.  They  supply  the  mind  of  the  child  with  an  abund- 
ance of  good  thoughts  of  the  best  writers. 

4.  With  such  food  for  thought  a  taste  for  the  best 
literature  is  encouraged,  a  taste  which  leads  him  to  re- 
ject the  mediocre  or  bad. 

5.  Great  moral   truths  underlie  most  of  the  stories. 
These  truths  do  not   thrust   themselves  above  the  sur- 


497 

face  in  such  a  way  as  to  annoy  and  hinder  the  child  in 
his  onward  progress  in  the  story,  but  his  feelings  are 
thoroughly  stirred  and  judgments  are  voluntarily  and 
unconsciously  passed  which  he  applies  to  his  own  ac- 
tions. 

II.  (a)  In  connection  with  these  stories  a  large  num- 
ber of  drawings  made  by  the  children,  illustrating  dif- 
ferent passages  in  the  stories,  were  sent  to  the  Fair. 

These  drawings,  besides  serving  as  training  to  the 
hand  and  eye,  give  vividness  to  the  story.  They  give 
the  child  a  chance  to  express  himself  in  another  way 
than  by  oral  reproduction.  They  also  show  the  teacher 
whether  or  not  she  has  been  successful  in  getting  before 
the  child  a  clear  and  accurate  mental  picture. 

(b)  Pictures  illustrating  "Robinson  Crusoe,"  in  second 
grade,  and  Hawthorne's  "Tanglewood  Tales"  and  "Won- 
der Book",  in  third  grade,  were  sent;  also  a  number  of 
sketches  were  made  by  the  children  while  studying  the 
Pioneer  History  stories  in  the  intermediate  grades. 

III.  Written    Language.      Papers    written    by   pupils 
from    the   first    to    the    eighth   grades,  inclusive,   based 
upon  literature,  science,  history,  and  geography.     These 
papers  showed  the  progress  made  by  the  pupils  in  ability 
to  express  their  ideas,  also    the   improvement    made  in 
penmanship,  punctuation,  etc.    This  is  the  third  method 
of  expressing  themselves. 

IV.  Science,     (a)   Bottles  of  alcoholic  specimens  show- 
ing the  different  stages    of   development  in  the  buds  of 
box  elder,  soft  maple,  ash,  horse  chestnut,  balm  of  gilead, 
Austrian  pine  and  Norway  spruce. 

(b)  Pressed  specimens  showing  the  above,  also  collec- 
tions of  grasses  and  sedges,  and  common  wild  flowers. 

(c)  Collections  of  insects. 

(d)  Drawings  of  the  animals  and  plants  studied,  also 
of  parts,  as  of  the  eye  and  stomach  of  the  ox. 

—32 


498 

These  drawing  were  made  by  the  pupils  of  all  grades, 
from  first  to  eighth,  inclusive.  Besides  training  the  eye 
and  hand,  they  lead  the  child  to  observe  more  carefully 
than  he  otherwise  would. 

V.  Beading.    A  set  of  reading  books  used  in  the  first 
primary.     The  stories  were  short  ones  which  had  been 
given  by  the  children  in  answer  to  questions  put  by  the 
teacher,  based  on  the  literature  and  science  work.    These 
sentences  were  placed  on  the  board  by  the  teacher.    After 
the  children  recognized  a   written   sentence  as  identical 
With  the  one  they    had    given    orally,  the  words  in  the 
sentence  were  learned  from  their  position,  and  afterwards 
recognized  wherever  found. 

VI.  Writing.    Children's  books  showing  the  work  for 
a  year  in  the  different  grades. 

VII.  Number,    (a)   Children's  books  showing  a  year's 
written  work  in  the  first  three  grades. 

(b)  Charts  picturing  the  tables  of  liquid  and  dry  meas- 
ure. Much  concrete  work  is  given  in  these  three  grades. 
These  concrete  stories  are  based  upon  the  science  and 
literature. 

VIII.  Geography  and  History.    Sketches  made  in  the 
class  from  memory. 

IX.  Clay  Molding.    Many  pieces  made  by  children  in 
the  primary  department,  of   objects  studied    in  science 
and  literature:  e.  g.,  leaves    and    buds   of   trees,  beans 
and  peas  in  pod,  in  science;  and  in  literature,  Robinson 
Crusoe's  canoe,  his  dishes,  fire-place,  etc. 

X.  Paper-cutting,  based  also  on  science  and  literature: 
e.  g.,  fruits,  leaves  and  flowers  in  science;   and  in  litera- 
ture, "The  Ugly  Duckling,"  "The  Coal  of  Fire,"  "Bean 
and  Straw  out  Walking,"  etc. 

XI.  Collections  of  poems  and  songs  for  primary  grades. 

XII.  Daily  plans  of  pupil  teachers,  as  prepared  by  them 
each  week.    These  plans  are  criticised  by  the  critic  teach- 


499 

ers  and  suggestions  made  to  the  teachers  whose  work, 
as  planned,  is  not  satisfactory,  before  they  hear  the  reci- 
tation. By  so  doing  many  mistakes  are  avoided. 

XIII.  Observation  notes  made  on  pupil  teachers'  class 
work,  by  Normal  students  observing  the  work  done. 

These  notes  are  read  by  the  one  whose  work  is  thus 
under  scrutiny  and  he  is  given  a  chance  to  reply  before 
the  critic  teacher  reads  the  notes  and  replies. 

This  work,  if  well  done,  is  very  helpful,  (a)  to  the  teacher 
of  a  class,  whose  faults  each  day  are  set  in  order  before 
him;  (b)  to  the  observer  himself  who  must  give  clear 
and  sound  pedagogical  reasons  for  his  criticism  ;  and  (c) 
to  the  critic  teacher  who  finds  out  without  visiting  the 
class  every  -day,  how  the  work  is  being  done  and  what 
control  the  pupil  teacher  has  over  his  class. 

FURTHER  EXHIBITS. 

In  addition  to  the  exhibits  noted,  a  large  number  of 
photographs  were  presented  showing  exterior  and  in- 
terior views  of  the  building,  views  of  the  campus  from 
the  cupola  of  the  main  building,  and  views  of  the  im- 
mediately adjacent  portions  of  the  town  and  surrounding 
country.  The  purpose  of  these  pictures  of  the  environ- 
ment of  the  school  was  to  show  to  observing  students 
of  our  exhibit  the  physical  setting  of  the  institution. 
Planted  in  the  midst  of  an  agricultural  region  of  mar- 
velous fertility,  inhabited  by  a  thrifty  and  intelligent 
race,  it  must  receive  from  its  surroundings  influences 
which  cannot  be  ignored  in  determining  its  character. 

In  order  that  our  exhibit  might  be  more  clearly  under- 
stood we  published  a  carefully  prepared  pamphlet  giving  in 
considerable  detail  the  course  of  study,  careful  outlines  of 
special  work,  and  a  great  many  explanatory  paragraphs 
all  of  which  were  intended  to  supplement  the  objective 
exhibit.  This  pamphlet,  was  paid  for  by  the  Institution. 


500 

CONCLUDING  REMARKS. 

I  desire  to  acknowledge  the  assistance  of  the  heads  of 
the  several  departments  in  the  preparation  of  this  report. 
In  several  instances  their  contributions  are  introduced 
without  modification. 

Recalling  again  the  statements  with  wrhich  this  report 
was  begun,  that  peculiar  difficulties  attend  any  effort  to 
show  objectively  the  work  of  educational  institutions  not 
devoted  especially  to  the  production  of  skill  in  the  arts, 
and  expressing  anew  our  appreciation  of  the  numerous 
courtesies  on  the  part  of  the  Board  of  Management,  the 
foregoing  is  respectfully  submitted. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS. 


f;HE  University  of  Illinois  has  its  seat  in  Champaign 
county  in  the  eastern  central  part  of  the  State, 
between  the  twin  cities  of  Champaign  and  Urbana,  within 
the  corporate  limits  of  the  latter.  It  is  one  hundred 
and  twenty-eight  miles  southward  from  Chicago,  at  the 
crossing  of  the  Illinois  Central  railroad  by  the  Cleve- 
land. Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis  and  Wabash  rail- 
ways. The  Institution  has  made,  during  recent  years, 
rapid  advancement  in  all  that  constitutes  a  great  state 
university,  and  in  several  respects  now  stands  unrivaled 
among  kindred  institutions  of  learning  in  the  country. 
It  has  large  endowments  and  is  further  generously  sup- 
ported through  appropriations  by  the  State  Legislature. 

The  land  occupied  by  the  University  and  its  several  de- 
partments embraces  about  two  hundred  and  eleven  acres, 
including  campus,  experimental  farm,  orchards,  forest 
plantation,  arboretum,  and  military  parade  grounds.  The 
six  main  buildings  are  situated  upon  a  very  beautiful 
campus  kept  in  excellent  order. 

University  Hall,  designed  wholly  for  public  uses,  occu- 
pies three  sides  of  a  quadrangle,  measuring  two  hun- 
dred and  fourteen  feet  in  front  and  one  hundred  and 
twenty-two  feet  upon  the  wings.  The  library  wing  con- 
tains in  spacious  halls  the  museum  of  natural  history, 
the  library,  the  art  gallery,  and  the  museum  of  indus- 
trial art.  The  chapel  wing  contains  the  chapel,  the 
physical  and  electrical  laboratories  and  lecture  room, 
and  rooms  occupied  by  the  departments  of  architecture 
and  of  art  and  design.  In  the  main  front  are  conven- 
ient class  rooms,  and  on  the  upper  floor  elegant  halls 
for  literary  societies. 

505 


506 

The  Chemical  Laboratory  is  a  building  seventy-nine  by 
one  hundred  and  twenty  feet,  and  two  stories  high,  be- 
sides well  lighted  basement  and  mansard  stories.  It  con- 
tains the  general  laboratories  for  students,  instructors' 
laboratories,  lecture  rooms,  store  rooms  and  various 
departments  for  special  purposes. 

Machinery  Hall  is  of  brick,  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
six  feet  in  length  and  eighty-eight  feet  in  width.  It  con- 
tains a  boiler  room,  a  machine  shop  furnished  for  prac- 
tical use  with  a  steam  engine  and  lathes,  and  other 
machinery,  pattern  and  finishing  shop,  testing  labora- 
tory, shops  for  carpentry  and  cabinet  work,  and  is 
furnished  with  wood-working  machinery.  The  black- 
smith shop  contains  sixteen  forges  with  anvils  and  tools, 
and  a  cupola  for  melting  iron. 

Natural  History  Hall  is  a  handsome  building  one 
hundred  and  thirty-four  by  ninety-four  feet,  with  base- 
ment, two  main  stories  and  an  attic.  It  is  occupied 
by  the  departments  of  botany,  zoology,  mineralogy, 
geology,  and  physiology,  for  each  of  which  there  are 
ample  laboratories,  lecture  rooms  and  offices.  Here  also 
are  the  offices  of  the  State  Laboratory  of  Natural  His- 
tory, of  the  State  Entomologist,  and  of  the  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station. 

Military  Hall,  one  hundred  by  one  hundred  and  fifty 
feet  in  one  grand  hall,  gives  ample  space  for  company 
and  battalion  maneuvers  and  for  large  audiences  upon 
special  occasions.  It  is  also  used  as  a  gymnasium,  for 
which  there  are  dressing  rooms  with  lockers.  A  bath 
room  is  provided. 

Engineering  Hall,  now  in  course  of  erection,  is  to  be 
the  best  building  among  the  group  of  good  ones.  It 
was  designed  by  a  graduate  of  the  school  of  architecture 
and  is  now  under  his  general  superintendence  in  con- 
struction. It  is  T  shaped,  with  an  extreme  frontage  of 


507 

two  hundred  and  eight  feet  and  depth  of  one  hundred 
and  forty  feet.  It  is  four  stories  high,  including  utilizable 
basement  and  attic.  It  is  designed  to  accommodate  the 
work  in  mechanical,  electrical,  civil  and  municipal  en- 
gineering, in  architecture  and  in  physics.  For  these  pur- 
poses there  are  full  suites  of  rooms  intended  for  offices, 
lecture  rooms,  drawing  rooms  and  laboratories. 

There  are,  in  addition,  several  smaller  buildings  for 
various  special  purposes. 

The  University  consists  of  four  colleges  devoted  to 
undergraduate  work,  and  of  a  graduate  school.  There 
is  also  a  preparatory  school.  The  organization  is  as 
follows: 

I.  The  College  of  Agriculture. 
Regular  course  in  Agriculture. 
Junior  course  in  Agriculture. 
Course  in  Horticulture. 

II.  The  College  of  Engineering. 
Course  in  Mechanical  Engineering. 
Course  in  Electrical  Engineering. 
Course  in  Civil  Engineering. 

Course  in  Municipal  and  Sanitary  Engineering. 

Course  in  Architecture. 

Course  in  Architectural  Engineering. 

III.  The  College  of  Science. 
Natural  Science  group. 
Chemical  group. 
Mathematical  group. 
Philosophical  group. 

IV.  The  College  of  Literature. 
Elective  Courses,  such  as: 

Classics, 

English  and  Modern  Languages, 

Mathematics, 

Philosophy, 

Pedagogy,  etc. 


508 

V.    Graduate  School: 
Courses  for  Masters'  and  Doctors'  degrees. 

Vocal  and  Instrumental  Music  are  also  taught,  but  not 
as  parts  of  any  regular  course. 

Preparatory  School:  A  preparatory  school  with  a 
course  of  two  years  exists.  In  this  are  taught  the  sub- 
jects necessary  for  entrance  to  the  University. 

The  undergraduate  courses  of  study  extend  through 
four  years  and  lead  to  appropriate  degrees.  In  the  Col- 
lege of  Engineering  the  curriculum  in  each  department  is 
prescribed  and  in  order  to  graduate  students  are  obliged 
to  complete  the  work  as  laid  down,  but  in  all  other  de- 
partments great  freedom  in  choice  of  studies  is  permitted. 
Aside  from  the  few  required  subjects,  and  upon  condition 
of  following  chosen  lines  long  enough  to  make  them  of 
recognized  value,  all  courses  of  instruction  are  freely  open 
to  those  who  are  prepared  by  previous  training  to  take 
up  the  work.  Instruction  is  by  the  research  or  laboratory 
method,  in  whole  or  in  part,  whenever  this  is  practicable, 
so  that  students  are  trained  to  do  things  as  well  as  to 
memorize  and  to  comprehend  what  others  say;  to  find 
facts  as  well  as  to  learn  facts.  In  the  shops  they  be- 
come expert  with  their  hands,  while  in  the  class  rooms 
they  gain  knowledge  and  discipline  of  mind.  In  the 
scienee  laboratories  they  deal  with  objects  rather  than 
with  books,  though  the  latter  are  by  no  means  neglected. 
In  the  libraries  they  study  literature,  history,  etc.,  from 
original  sources,  in  correlation  with  the  lecture  room  re- 
quirements and  opportunities.  For  the  so-called  practi- 
tical  side  of  instruction  extensive  equipment  exists; 
otherwise  it  would  have  been  impossible  to  have  shown 
at  the  World's  Fair  the  very  large  amount  of  material 
exhibited  and  at  the  same  time  have  carried  forward 
the  regular  work  of  the  University. 


509 

In  the  graduate  school  instruction  and  facilities  of  re- 
search work  are  offered  to  those  who  have  satisfactorily 
completed  undergraduate  work  in  this  or  in  other  col- 
legiate institutions. 

For  the  year  1892-93  there  were  enrolled  seven  hun- 
dred and  fourteen  students — an  advance  of  one  hundred 
and  thirty-one  over  that  of  the  preceding  year,  and  of 
nearly  40  per  cent,  over  the  enrollment  for  the  year 

1890-91. 

• 

THE   UNIVERSITY  EXHIBIT. 

The  exhibit  made  by  the  University  was  divided  into 
six  general  departments,  viz.:  a  small  general  exhibit, 
one  for  the  school  of  art  and  design,  and  one  for  each 
of  the  four  colleges.  The  general  office  or  headquarters 
faced  north  on  the  central  aisle  of  the  building  and  was 
entered  under  festooned  national  flags  draped  over  stands 
of  Springfield  rifles  on  either  side,  representing  the  equip- 
ment of  the  military  school.  Within  the  enclosure  were 
shown,  in  frames,  large  exterior  views  of  the  University 
buildings  and  sixteen  interiors;  one  frame,  photographs 
of  the  members  of  the  board  of  trustees;  one  frame, 
photographs  of  members  of  the  faculty;  life-size  por- 
traits of  the  three  regents;  one  large  frame  containing 
photographs  of  four  athletic  teams;  three  frames,  pro- 
gram of  instruction;  one  framed  list  of  periodicals. 

COLLEGE  OF  LITERATURE. 

The  exhibit  joined  that  just  described  on  the  south  and 
extended  to  the  aisle  next  to  the  Women's  Department. 
Here  were  large  reproductions  of  photographs  of  interiors 
of  the  University  library,  lecture  rooms,  halls  for  literary 
societies,  etc.,  and  a  series  of  large  photographs  of  Gre- 
cian and  Roman  architecture  and  scenery,  used  in  con- 
nection with  instruction  in  the  ancient  classics.  There 


510 

were  thirty-six  volumes  of  examination  papers,  twenty- 
two  volumes  of  essays,  orations  and  translations,  and 
nine  volumes  of  graduating  theses,  illustrating  work 
done  by  students  of  the  college.  Here,  also,  were  maps 
and  charts  illustrating  methods  of  instruction,  collec- 
tions of  periodicals  and  text  books,  and  a  case  of  appa- 
ratus and  models  used  in  class  work  in  elocution  and 
oratory. 

The  exhibit  of  the  department  of  pedagogics,  also  in 
this  space,  consisted  chiefly  of  a  very  full  collection  of 
the  periodical  literature  of  the  world  upon  the  subject. 
Of  the  four  hundred  and  eighty-three  educational  peri- 
odicals shown,  one  hundred  and  twelve  were  from  the 
United  States,  one  hundred  and  eight  were  in  the  German 
language  (Germany,  Switzerland  and  Austria),  and  one 
hundred  and  fifty-eight  were  from  Spain.  All  the  Central 
and  South  American  states  were  represented,  as  was 
every  country  of  Europe  and  Asia  except  China. 

ART  AND  DESIGN. 

The  exhibit  was  shown  in  one  hundred  and  nine  frames, 
including  work  from  the  six  courses,  though  the  greater 
amount  came  from  the  regular  course  in  art  and  design 
and  the  special  course  prepared  for  students  in  architec- 
ture. Less  than  five  per  cent,  of  the  pupils  entering  this 
department  received  previous  instruction  in  free-hand 
drawing,  and  the  exhibit  covered  work  from  the  first  ex- 
ercise of  the  first  term  to  the  last  work  of  the  third  year. 
The  exhibit  consisted  of  three  parts:  That  of  the  first 
year's  work — (a)  pencil  drawing  from  geometric  solids, 
common  objects  (as  books,  vases,  tables,  chairs,  etc.), 
interiors  (as  the  corner  of  the  room),  casts  and  flowers 
and  foliage  from  nature;  (b)  the  light  and  shade  of  com- 
mon objects,  and  plant  and  animal  form  from  casts. 
That  of  the  second  year's  work— (a)  modeling  in  clay,  orna- 


511 

ment  and  detail  of  the  human  face;  (b)  oil  painting  from 
groups  of  still  life;  (c)  water  color  painting  from  groups 
and  flowers  from  nature.  That  of  the  third  year's  work 
—(a)  modeling  from  the  antique  and  from  life;  (b)  oil 
and  water  color  painting;  (c)  drawing  from  the  antique 
and  from  life. 

AGRICULTURE  AND  HORTICULTURE. 

The  College  of  Agriculture  and  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station  had  a  joint  exhibit.  There  were  framed 
photographs,  representations  of  the  building  and 
grounds,  plats  and  maps  of  the  farm,  and  six  glass 
cases  of  cereals  in  their  various  states  of  preservation, 
showing  size  and  manner  of  growth  as  well  as  yield  and 
quality.  A  chemist's  work  desk  and  outfit  were  shown 
illustrative  of  this  department  of  the  Experiment  Station 
and  of  the  work  accomplished,  including  a  number  of 
special  contrivances  invented  by  those  in  charge.  Hor- 
ticulture was  represented  by  a  large  show-case  of  wax 
casts  of  orchard  and  garden  fruits,  vegetables,  etc..  a 
collection  of  tree  trunks  from  the  artificial  forest  tree 
plantation,  and  by  specimens  of  grafts,  trained  fruit 
trees  and  root  developments.  A  large  series  of  ears  of 
sweet  corn  mounted  on  exhibition  boards,  showing  origi- 
nals and  the  results  obtained  by  cross-fertilization,  at- 
the  tracted  much  attention.  The  botanical  department  of 
Experiment  Station  showed  a  collection  of  seeds  of  eight 
hundred  Illinois  plants,  a  herbarium  collection  of  speci- 
mens of  introduced  plants  (by  birds)  from  the  college  forest- 
tree  plantation  and  a  collection  of  specimens  illustrating 
all  the  most  destructive  diseases  of  cultivated  plants  in 
the  State  due  to  parasitic  fungi.  The  diseased  plants 
were  pressed  and  mounted  on  card  boards  on  which 
were  also  magnified  representations  of  parasites.  Be- 
sides the  names  of  the  host  plants  and  fungi,  there  were 
also  attached  directions  for  combating  the  attack  of 


512 

the  latter.  The  veterinary  department  showed  a  life- 
sized  dissected  model  of  a  horse,  skeletons  of  the  horse 
and  cow,  models  showing  the  age  of  horses  by  their 
teeth,  and  tools,  apparatus  and  drugs  used  in  practice. 
This  College  and  Station  exhibit  taken  together  was  a 
very  large  one  of  its  kind  and  was  abundantly  inspected. 
The  space  adjoined  on  the  west  those  of  the  general  ex- 
hibit and  of  the  College  of  Literature,  south  of  the  cen- 
tral aisle. 

COLLEGE  OF  SCIENCE. 

The  department  of  chemistry  showed  a  work  desk  with 
fittings,  apparatus  and  chemicals  complete,  as  furnished 
to  students  for  the  prosecution  of  their  work  in  the 
various  branches  of  pure  and  applied  chemistry  in  the 
University.  Many  sets  of  apparatus  arranged  as  they 
are  employed  in  the  actual  chemical  processes  were  ex- 
hibited, and  some  of  these  were  in  operation,  thus  illus- 
trating more  fully  the  precise  use  made  of  them.  A  set 
of  one  hundred  and  fifty  finely  crystallized  inorganic 
compounds  made  by  students  in  the  course  of  their 
laboratory  practice  was  shown,  together  with  several 
lots  of  laboratory  waste  mixtures  from  which  chemically 
pure  substances  had  been  made.  A  set  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty-two  organic  compounds  prepared  by  stu- 
dents, and  including  a  number  of  such  substances  as 
saccharine  and  indigo,  made  synthetically,  illustrated 
the  scope  of  the  student's  work  and  the  care  and  skill 
exercised  in  manipulation.  There  were  also  other  sup- 
plementary organic  and  inorganic  substances,  not  pre- 
pared by  students,  but  forming  with  the  others  com- 
plete and  valuable  collections  of  the  chemical  elements 
and  their  combinations,  which  are  used  in  the  class 
room  in  illustration  of  the  subjects  there  discussed.  The 
work  in  quantitative  analysis  was  represented  by  the 
actual  apparatus  used,  including  a  fine  balance,  and  by 


513 

sets  of  constituents  giving  graphic  illustration  of  the 
quantitative  chemical  composition  of  such  ordinary  sub- 
stances as  milk,  butter,  wheat,  corn,  clay,  coal,  feldspar, 
glass,  cast  iron,  brass,  etc.,  which  had  been  prepared  in 
correspondence  with  the  results  of  analyses  made  by 
students  in  the  ordinary  course  of  work,  the  students' 
reports  of  the  analyses  being  exhibited  together  with  the 
illustrative  material.  Thus:  A  quart  of  milk  was  ex- 
hibited and  adjacent  to  it,  in  bottles  plainly  labeled, 
were  shown  the  quantities  of  water,  butter  fat,  albumi- 
noids, sugar  and  mineral  matters  contained  in  the  quart 
of  milk,  as  determined  by  the  student  in  his  analysis; 
and  besides  the  set  of  bottles  with  their  contents  was 
the  tabular  statement  of  results  which  the  student  is 
required  to  make  when  each  analysis  in  duplicate  is 
completed.  The  exhibit  of  each  of  the  other  substances 
in  this  set  was  in  all  respects  similar  to  that  of  the  milk. 
The  course  in  pharmacy  was  represented  by  the  sets 
of  apparatus  and  material  supplied  to  the  student  and 
by  a  small  set  of  samples  of  the  crude  drugs  which  are 
used  in  the  instruction  of  pharmacognoscy.  The  actual 
work  of  the  course  was  exhibited  in  a  collection  of  one 
hundred  specimens  of  various  galenical  preparations  which 
had  been  made  by  students  in  the  ordinary  course  of  their 
pharmaceutical  practice.  In  illustration  of  the  progress 
made  in  the  development  of  skill  and  knowledge,  and  as 
an  indication  of  the  students'  ability  in  conducting 
partially  independent  investigations,  there  were  exhibited 
a  number  of  those  which  are  required  and  which  had 
been  prepared  by  students  who  were  candidates  for  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in  chemistry.  Sets  of  pho- 
tographs of  the  various  lecture  rooms,  laboratories, 
balance  room,  storerooms,  etc.,  served  to  indicate  some- 
what the  facilities  for  chemical  work  at  the  University. 

-33 


514 

The  exhibit  of  the  department  of  geology  included: 
(a)  laboratory  table  like  those  in  use  at  the  University 
with  a  set  of  apparatus  similar  to  that  furnished  to  each 
student  in  mineralogy  and  lithology;  a  series  of  polished 
granites  and  one  of  marble  to  represent  the  collections 
in  economic  geology;  a  small  collection  of  Illinois  build- 
ing stones  with  results  of  a  series  of  tests  upon  them  by 
a  senior  student  during  the  preparation  of  his  graduat- 
ing thesis  on  "The  Properties  of  Some  Illinois  Building 
Stone;"  a  relief  map  of  Leadville  to  represent  the  series 
of  such  maps  available  for  the  study  of  regions  especially 
interesting  to  the  geologist;  a  series  of  charts  prepared 
at  the  University  to  illustrate  the  action  of  dynamic 
forces;  a  series  of  lantern  slides  from  photographs  of 
localities  in  which  the  operations  of  these  forces  are  well 
displayed;  a  model  showing  the  actual  movement  of  a 
point  in  the  earth's  surface  during  an  earthquake  which 
occurred  in  Japan ;  a  lathe  for  cutting  and  grinding  thin 
sections  for  the  microscopic  study  of  rocks,  minerals  and 
fossils;  a  microscope  adapted  to  the  study  of  such  sec- 
tions; small  series  of  each  of  the  groups,  corals,  crinoids 
and  cephalopods,  to  represent  the  collection  of  fossils; 
six  large  casts  of  mesozoic,  tertiary  and  quaternary  fos- 
sils; antlers  of  an  Irish  elk  taken  from  a  peat  bog  in 
Ireland. 

In  the  botanical  department  there  were  numerous  pho- 
tographs and  bromide  enlargements  showing  interiors  of 
the  laboratories  and  various  views  of  the  facilities  and 
accommodations  for  the  work  at  the  University.  In  the 
exhibit  there  were  a  student's  and  an  instructor's  labora- 
tory desk,  each  fitted  out  with  the  apparatus  and  mate- 
rials used  in  study  and  research.  A  long  desk  with  closets 
and  drawers  and  a  glass  case  with  a  display  of  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  apparatus  represented  the  provisions 
for  work  in  bacteriology,  while  cultures  of  the  organisms 


515 

in  tubes,  microscopical  preparations,  and  photomicro- 
graphs illustrated  results  obtained.  In  one  case  were 
shown  a  series  of  ten  microscopes  which  well  illustrated 
the  progress  made  in  the  construction  of  this  instrument 
since  it  came  into  use  in  the  laboratory  twenty-three 
years  ago.  Here,  also,  were  apparatus  and  articles  used 
in  vegetable  histology,  and  prepared  specimens.  In  the 
same  case  were  shown  equipments  for  photography  and 
photomicrography  with  illustrative  specimens  of  the  arts. 
A  third  case  contained  various  models  of  flowers,  fruits, 
etc.,  for  use  in  instruction;  also  botanical  specimens  of 
different  kinds  showing  method  of  preparation  for  the 
herbarium  and  museum.  A  herbarium  case  containing 
twelve  hundred  species  of  Illinois  plants  properly  mounted, 
was  exhibited,  together  with  a  card  index  from  which 
might  be  obtained  an  idea  of  the  herbarium  collection  at 
the  University.  In  another  case  were  to  be  seen  a  full 
set  of  text  and  reference  books,  bound  volumes  of  notes, 
and  theses  by  students,  and  published  contributions  from 
the  laboratory. 

The  exhibit  of  the  zoological  department  was  made 
up  from  the  museum  of  the  University,  the  models  and 
charts  used  in  class. work,  the  apparatus  used  in  collect- 
ing, studying  and  preserving  specimens,  by  both  instruc- 
tors and  pupils,  and  from  work  actually  done  by  in- 
structors and  pupils.  The  exhibit  contained  a  small 
collection  of  mammalia,  among  which  were  a  buffalo,  an 
elk,  a  puma,  a  porcupine,  a  young  wolf,  an  ornithorhyn- 
cus, a  civet  cat,  a  moose  deer,  a  proboscis  monkey,  a 
gibbon  and  its  skeleton,  a  flying  squirrel  and  its  skeleton, 
and  a  bat.  Seven  species  of  birds  were  shown,  among 
them  being  an  apteryx  and  its  skeleton,  and  an  owl 
parrot  with  its  skeleton.  From  the  class-room  appara- 
tus were  shown  eighty-five  wax  models  illustrating  seg- 
mentation and  gastrulation  of  the  ovum,  the  embryology 


516 

of  amphioxus,  the  embryology  of  the  star  fish,  and  the 
embryology  of  cheironomus.  Fifteen  charts  illustrated 
various  portions  of  the  animal  kingdom,  and  a  full  out- 
fit of  compound  and  dissecting  microscopes,  reagents, 
stains,  dissecting  tools,  parafine  baths,  glassware,  etc.t 
from  the  students'  laboratories,  were  brought  together. 
Sixty-three  dissections  of  insects,  starfish  and  other  radi- 
ates, crayfish,  lobsters,  salamanders,  frogs,  fish,  serpents, 
turtles,  birds  and  mammals,  made  by  instructors  and 
pupils,  were  arranged  to  show  the  anatomy  of  those 
animals.  The  insects  on  exhibition  here  were  part  of  a 
students'  reference  collection.  The  collection  contained 
of  Orthoptera  ninety- one  specimens,  Neuroptera  twenty- 
eight,  Hemiptera  three  hundred  forty-seven,  Coleoptera 
one  thousand  eighty-seven,  Lepidoptera  three  hundred 
ninety-six,  Diptera  eighty,  and  Hymeneptera  one  hun- 
dred nineteen  specimens.  There  were  also  in  this  depart- 
ment a  case  containing  slides  of  minute  crustaceans, 
Daphnia,  Cyclops,  Diaptomus  and  others,  together  with 
photographs  of  the  same;  and  there  were  enlarged  photo- 
graphic views  of  the  laboratories. 

The  purpose  of  the  exhibit  of  the  department  of  psy- 
chology was  to  show,  among  other  things,  the  labora- 
tory method  of  teaching  the  subject  as  employed  in  the 
University  classes.  The  exhibit  consisted  chiefly  of:  I. 
Charts  showing  the  results  of  the  most  recent  researches 
in  the  field  of  cerebral  localization;  models  of  the  brain; 
and  prepared  tissue.  II.  Apparatus*  (a)  such  as  is  used 
in  investigating  the  field  of  sensation  with  a  view  to 
determine  the  exact  conditions  under  which  sensa/tions 
arise;  (b)  such  apparatus  as  is  employed  in  the  meas- 
urement of  the  time  rate  of  the  mental  processes;  (c)  appa- 
ratus made  use  of  in  determining  the  exact  relation  that 
obtains  between  mind  and  body;  (d)  apparatus  used  in 
testing  and  measuring  the  memory,  attention,  and  other 


517 

psychical  functioDS.  During  three  months  of  the  time  in 
which  the  exhibit  was  in  place,  the  instructor  in  this  de- 
partment at  the  University  was  in  attendance  much  of 
the  time,  and  at  certain  hours,  appropriately  advertised, 
performed  a  number  of  the  more  simple  experiments  to 
make  clear  to  visitors  the  methods  and  purposes  of 
using  the  various  pieces  of  apparatus.  Those  who  were 
especially  interested  were  met  by  appointment  and  shown 
in  a  more  thorough-going  way  the  value  of  this  work 
as  undertaken  at  the  University.  A  descriptive  pamphlet 
was  also  distributed  in  large  numbers. 


COLLEGE  OF  ENGINEERING. 

The  exhibit  by  the  mechanical  engineering  department 
showed  work  done  by  the  students  in  the  shops,  in  the 
drawing  and  class  rooms,  and  illustrated  the  methods 
of  instruction.  Shop  work  was  shown  in  groups  begin- 
ning with  plain  exercises  in  wood  and  continuing  through 
the  entire  course  to  the  construction  of  complete  ma- 
chines. There  were  joint  work  in  wood,  exercises  in  turn- 
ing, pattern  work  and  core  boxes.  Work  from  the  foundry 
was  shown  consisting  of  rough  castings  of  simple  and 
complicated  designs.  Forge  work  was  illustrated  by  ex- 
amples  of  welding  in  wrought  iron  and  steel,  as  well  as 
by  tool  construction  and  tempering.  The  showing  from 
the  machine  shop  was  the  most  extensive  and  consisted 
of  numerous  examples  of  work  done  in  the  drill,  lathe, 
shaper,  milling  machine  and  grinding  machine.  Many 
complete  models  were  shown  that  had  been  made  to 
illustrate  principles  in  kinematics,  gearing,  belt  transmis- 
sion and  steam  engine  design.  In  addition  to  the  above 
exhibit  of  students'  work,  a  portion  of  the  space  was 
devoted  to  machine  tools  in  motion.  Lathes,  a  shaper 
and  a  milling  machine  were  set  up  and  were  run  three 
hours  each  day,  being  operated  by  a  graduate  of  the 


518 

mechanical  engineering  department  of  the  University. 
This  proved  to  be  an  interesting  feature  of  the  exhibit 
and  brought  out  many  inquiries  that  would  not  other- 
wise have  been  made.  Several  cases  contained  appara- 
tus from  the  laboratory  of  the  department  and  were  in- 
tended to  illustrate  the  methods  of  instruction  in  con- 
nection with  laboratory  work.  The  work  in  the  drawing 
and  designing  rooms  was  shown  by  means  of  a  series  of 
framed  drawings  taken  from  each  subject  in  which,  this 
formed  an  important  part.  Beginning  with  samples  of 
machine  drawings,  such  as  vises,  anvils,  chucks,  lathe  and 
planer  parts,  the  work  extended  through  the  elementary 
work  in  machine  design,  including  connecting  rod  ends, 
gears,  belt  diagrams  and  bearings  for  rotating  pieces,  to 
a  series  of  problems  in  kinematics  and  valve  gears,  and 
to  a  design  for  a  complete  steam  engine.  In  addition  to 
the  work  shown  on  the  walls  and  in  the  cases,  a  more 
extended  collection  of  materials  and  illustrations  was 
kept  in  the  drawers  and  portfolios  accessible  for  inspec- 
tion and  to  which  attention  was  called  by  numerous 
cards  posted  conspicuously  with  the  exhibit.  Graphical 
charts  showed  at  a  glance  much  data  compiled  from  the 
records  of  the  University  as  to  the  growth  and  relative 
standing  of  the  several  departments. 

The  apparatus  and  materials  comprising  the  joint  ex- 
hibit from  the  two  departments  of  physics  and  electri- 
cal engineering  were  selected  with  the  purpose  of  show- 
ing the  general  nature  of  the  experimental  work  under- 
taken, the  kind  of  apparatus  with  which  this  work  is 
carried  on,  and  the  character  of  the  results  obtained. 
In  so  far  as  the  space  allowed,  the  exhibit  was  arranged 
in  such  a  way  that  a  visitor  approaching  would  have 
his  attention  first  called  to  the  most  elementary  work 
given  in  the  department  of  physics,  and  then,  as  he 
passed  along  the  main  aisle,  he  would  see  the  logical 


519 

development  of  the  entire  course  precisely  as  he  might 
see  it  were  he  to  visit  the  laboratory  from  week  to  week 
throughout  the  year.  Besides  each  group  of  apparatus 
and  materials,  arranged  as  for  actual  experiment,  was 
placed  a  student's  note  book  held  open  so  as  to  show 
the  record  of  observations,  the  computations  and  dis- 
cussions of  results  for  the  particular  experiment  which 
the  apparatus  illustrated.  The  note  books  were  selected 
at  random  from  the  notes  of  students  for  the  years 
1891-93,  inclusive.  There  were  thirty-six  groups  of  ap- 
paratus showing  the  work  done  in  mechanics,  sound, 
heat,  light  and  elementary  electricity  and  magnetism. 
Immediately  adjoining  the  collection  of  apparatus  for 
general  physics  was  arranged  the  apparatus  for  advanced 
measurements  and  original  research  in  magnetism  and 
electricity.  The  collection  was  made  up  of  pieces  repre- 
senting the  highest  grade  of  work  by  American  and 
European  manufacturers.  Next  to  this  collection  was  a 
model  dynamo  laboratory  which  was  in  active  opera- 
tion three  hours  each  day  under  the  immediate  charge 
of  a  graduate  of  the  University.  The  plant  was  oper- 
ated by  a  Jenney  motor,  which  received  current  from 
the  intramural  electric  railway.  This  motor  drove  an 
Edison  compound  dynamo.  A  model  switchboard,  fully 
equipped  with  switches,  rheostats,  voltmeters,  ammeters 
and  plugs  enabled  the  operator  to  connect  the  dynamo 
with  the  incandescent  and  arc  lamps  of  the  plant,  or 
with  the  storage  batteries,  motors,  or  other  appliances 
which  found  place  in  the  exhibit.  This  "line"  exhibit 
was  especially  attractive  to  visitors.  A  series  of  twenty 
large  bromide  prints,  arranged  on  the  walls  enclosing 
the  space,  showed  the  chief  rooms  in  the  laboratories 
and  some  of  the  most  important  parts  of  the  University 
equipment  not  possible  to  represent  in  the  exhibit. 


520 

The  equipment  of  the  department  of  civil  and  munici- 
pal engineering  consisted  chiefly  of  drawings,  manuscript 
problems,  and  designs  showing  the  nature  of  the  in- 
struction and  the  character  of  the  work  in  subjects  pe- 
culiar to  the  courses  in  civil  and  municipal  engineering. 
The  exhibit  showed  the  work  done  in  the  classes  in  land 
surveying,  transit  surveying,  topographical  surveying 
and  drawing,  mapping,  leveling,  railroad  engineering, 
road  engineering,  sewerage,  bridge  analysis  and  design, 
water  supply  engineering,  geodesy  and  practical  astron- 
omy, and  masonry  construction.  Several  volumes  of 
theses  were  exhibited  to  show  the  nature  of  the  work  re- 
quired in  this  line.  The  text  books  and  a  few  of  the  re- 
ference books  were  shown.  The  following  inventory  will 
give  farther  details  concerning  the  exhibit: 

Land  and  Topographical  Surveying:  Eleven  frames  con- 
taining manuscript  problems  and  drawings;  three  frames 
containing  photographs  of  apparatus  and  classes  at 
work;  fourteen  bound  volumes  of  students'  work;  three 
volumes  of  text  books;  one  glass  floor  case  containing 
transit,  level  compass,  tapes,  poles,  etc.  Railroad  and 
Road  Surveying:  Ten  frames  containing  maps,  profiles, 
cross  sections,  etc.;  three  frames  containing  photographs 
of  classes  at  work  in  the  field;  eleven  volumes  of  students' 
field  books;  five  volumes  of  students'  library  note  books; 
seven  volumes  of  text  and  reference  books.  Masonry  Con- 
struction: Six  photographic  views  in  museum  and  in 
laboratory;  six  frames  of  problems,  designs,  and  dia- 
grams; four  volumes  of  students'  laboratory  notes;  one 
collection  of  test  specimens  with  results;  one  large  folio 
of  drawings  and  designs;  one  text  book. 

Geodesy  and  Practical  Astronomy:  Three  frames  con- 
taining manuscript  problems;  three  photographs  of 
equipment  and  students  at  work;  four  volumes  of  stu- 
dents' class  work;  six  volumes  of  test  and  reference 


521 

books;  .one  glass  floor  case  containing  alt-azimuth  in- 
strument, sextant,  chronometer.  Water  /Supply  Engi- 
neering: Nine  frames  of  diagrams,  drawings  of  stand 
pipes,  distribution  systems,  etc.;  Four  volumes  of 
students'  lecture  notes;  Two  volumes  of  text  books. 
Sewerage:  Twelve  frames  containing  drawings  of 
sewers  and  sewer  appurtenances,  designs  of  filtration 
plants,  disposal  works,  etc.;  one  text-book.  Bridge  An- 
alysis and  Design:  Six  volumes  of  students'  problems;  ten 
frames  of  designs  with  details;  three  photographs  of  lec- 
ture room,  museum,  and  bridge  models;  two  volumes  of 
text-books;  one  folio  containing  designs  by  students; 
three  bridge  models.  Miscellaneous:  Seven  volumes  of 
students'  graduating  theses;  seven  annual  numbers  of 
papers  of  students'  engineering  society;  three  diagrams 
showing  courses  of  study,  number  of  students  and  grad- 
uates. 

The  facilities  and  methods  of  instruction  in  mining 
engineering  were  illustrated  by  drawings,  photographs 
and  models,  and  by  specimens,  and  apparatus.  The 
extensive  machinery  used  by  instructors  and  students 
in  this  department  could  not,  of  course,  be  included  in 
the  exhibit. 

The  exhibit  of  the  architectural  department  was  chiefly 
arranged  to  show  the  present  course  of  study,  illustrated 
by  examples  selected  from  the  regular  work  of  the  dif- 
ferent classes  in  shop  practice,  drawing  and  designing. 
It  consisted  of  the  following  articles:  A  complete  series 
of  specimens  of  architectural  shop  practice  with  addi- 
tional examples  of  advanced  work  on  stairs,  roofs,  cabi- 
net work,  etc.;  the  complete  series  of  drawings  and  de- 
signs made  by  each  student  during  the  entire  course  of 
study,  selected  from  the  ordinary  work  of  the  classes, 
framed  and  arranged  in  proper  sequence;  numerous 
bound  volumes  with  additional  specimens;  all  the  text- 


522 

books,  both  printed  and  blue  printed,  used  in  the  archi- 
tectural classes;  the  complete  classification  employed  in 
the  architectural  cabinet  of  mounted  plates,  together 
with  several  portfolios  of  examples;  bound  volumes  of 
students'  tracings  illustrating  history  of  architecture; 
bound  volumes  containing  working  drawings  of  Military 
Hall  and  Science  Hall,  the  designs  and  drawings  being 
entirely  the  work  of  graduates  and  students  of  this  de- 
partment; an  original  chart  illustrating  the  derivation, 
continuance  and  inter-relation  of  the  different  architec- 
tural styles;  charts  showing  the  courses  of  study  in 
architecture  and  architectural  engineering  and  also  the 
numerical  and  relative  attendance  in  the  department 
since  its  establishment;  photographic  views  in  architec- 
tural shops  and  class  rooms.  Several  instruments  be- 
longing to  the  College  of  Engineering,  in  addition  to  the 
exhibits  of  the  several  departments,  were  Thacher's 
computing  scale,  Thomas'  arithmometer,  Amsler's  plani- 
meter  and  integrator  and  Coradi's  rolling  planimeter. 

The  exhibit  of  the  department  of  theoretical  and  ap- 
plied mechanics  comprised  a  full  set  of  test  specimens  of 
the  tests  of  materials  made  by  the  class  in  resistance  of 
materials;  apparatus  used  in  tests  of  materials  and  in 
hydraulics,  whose  nature  permitted  exhibition;  sets  of 
students'  problems  and  reports  in  analytical  mechanics, 
resistance  of  materials  and  hydraulics,  and  text-books 
used  in  instruction  in  these  branches.  Among  the  test 
specimens  were  twenty-one  tensile  tests  of  wrought  iron 
and  steel,  including  both  round  and  flat;  wrought  iron 
bolts,  tensile  and  flexure  tests  of  cast  iron,  tensile  tests  of 
aluminum ;  tensile  compression  and  flexure  tests  of  wood, 
and  sample  tests  of  stone.  Among  the  instruments  exhib- 
ited were  the  following:  hook  gauge,  trapezoidal  weir,  ori- 
fice, water  motor,  extensometer,  micrometers.  Three  en- 


523 

larged  photographic  views  in  the  laboratory  of  applied 
mechanics  and  forty  sets  of  students'  problems  were  ex- 
hibited. 

The  preparation  of  this  great  exhibit  required  and  re- 
ceived an  immense  amount  of  thoughtful  planning  and 
self-imposed  labor  on  the  part  of  the  University  profess- 
ors and  assistants,  all  of  whom,  however,  cheerfully  made 
the  contribution  to  the  successful  result.  A  special  com- 
mittee of  the  faculty,  appointed  for  the  purpose,  had  a 
very  large  share  in  the  labor  and  should  share  largely 
in  the  credit. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

SPRINGFIELD,  ILL.,  Jan.  6,  1894. 

I  beg  to  acknowledge  having  received  from  the  Illinois 
Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners  the  collection  of 
stuffed  animals  and  minerals,  Lippincott's  Gazetteer  and 
the  school  statistics  exhibited  in  the  Model  School  Room. 

HENRY  RAAB, 
Supt.  Pub.  Instruction. 

NORMAL,  ILL.,  Dec.  17,  1893. 

Received  from  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Com- 
missioners the  following  objects  constituting  the  exhibit 
of  the  Illinois  State  Normal  University  at  the  recent 
Columbian  Exposition: 

Sixty-six  pictures. 

Thirty-six  picture  frames  and  glass  (packed  separ- 
ately). 

Sixteen  framed  maps. 

Eighteen  framed  outlines  of  school  work. 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  pieces  of  clay  work. 

One  hundred  and  eighty  pieces  of  form  work  in  paper. 

Twenty-eight  portfolios  of  drawings,  picture  stories 
and  color  work  in  grade. 

Sixteen  books  of  bound  maps. 

Four  hundred  and  ninety-five  books  of  student  work 
in  school  subjects. 

Sixteen  framed  science  drawings. 

Seventy-five  pieces  of  physical  and  chemical  apparatus. 

Two  hundred  pieces  of   dissections  and   specimens  in 

zoology  and  physiology. 

JOHN  W.  COOK. 

524 


525 

CHICAGO,  ILL.,  May  14,  1894. 

The  entire  exhibits  (save  loss  in  thefts,  breakage,  etc.,) 
made  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  (Illinois 
Building)  by  the  University  of  Illinois,  whether  such 
material  was  previously  owned  by  the  University  or  was 
made  or  purchased  for  the  purpose  at  the  expense  of 
the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners,  were 
received  by  the  Universit}7  after  the  close  of  the  Exposi- 
tion. 

In  addition  to  the  above  many  cases  in  which  the  ex- 
hibits were  made,  together  with  ten  cases  in  which  geo- 
logical specimens  were  shown,  were  received  by  the  Uni- 
versity. 

T.  J.  BURRILL, 

Acting  Regent. 

Received  of  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Com- 
missioners the  following  articles,  the  same  constituting 
the  entire  exhibit  of  the  Southern  Illinois  State  Normal 
University  at  the  Illinois  State  Building,  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition. 

CHARTS. 

READING. 

(3  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  each  month  of 
the  1st  three  years  of  school. 

(3  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  each  month  of 
the  4th  and  5th  years. 

(3  leaves) .  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  each  month  of 
the  6th  and  7th  years. 

Reading  Chart.— Representing  blackboard  and  slate 
work  preparatory  to  taking  up  a  first  reading  book. 

(4  leaves).  7th  grade  reading,  1st  term.  Showing 
work  of  pupils  for  the  2d  three  months. 


526 

(3  leaves).  7th  grade  reading,  2d  term.  Showing  work 
of  pupils  for  the  2d  three  months. 

(4  leaves).  8th  grade  reading,  1st  term.  Showing  work 
of  pupils  for  the  1st  three  months. 

LANGUAGE. 

Language  and  Literature  Chart. — Sample  lessons  from 
work  of  1st  year. 

(3  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  each  month 
of  the  1st  three  years  of  school. 

(3  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  each  month  of 
the  4th  and  5th  years. 

(3  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  each  month  of 
the  6th  and  7th  years. 

Language  Chart.— Sample  lessons  from  work  of  2d 
year. 

(3  leaves).  7th  grade  language.  Leaf  1  shows  sample 
work  of  pupils  for  the  1st  three  months;  leaf  2,  for  the 
2d  three  months;  and  leaf  3,  for  the  3d  three  months. 

(3  leaves).  Language,  Isfc  term.  Showing  work  of 
pupils  for  the  Isfc  three  months. 

(3  leaves).  8th  grade  grammar,  2d  term.  Showing 
work  of  pupils  for  the  2d  three  months. 

NUMBER. 

Number  Chart.— 1st  year  number  chart. 

(3  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  each  month  of 
the  1st  three  years  of  school. 

(2  leaves).  3d  term.  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  the 
3d  three  months.  (Arith.) 

(3  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  each  month  of 
the  4th  and  5th  years. 

(3  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  each  month  of 
the  6th  and  7th  years. 

(4  leaves).  Arithmetic,  1st  term.  Showing  work  of 
pupils  for  the  1st  three  months. 


527 

(1  leaf).  Arithmetic,  2d  term.  Showing  work  of  pupils 
for  the  2d  three  months. 

(2  leaves).  1st  term.  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  the 
1st  three  months.  (Arithmetic.) 

(2  leaves.)  2'd  term.  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  the 
2d  three  months.  (Arithmetic.) 

FORM  AND  COLOR  STUDY  AND  DRAWING. 

(4  leaves).  3d  grade  drawing.  Showing  construction, 
representation  and  decoration. 

(4  leaves).  A  3d  grade  drawing.  Showing  construc- 
tion, representation  and  decoration. 

Shelves.  Samples  of  clay  modeling,  1st  and  2d  grades, 
and  some  materials  for  language  work.  (Case  6). 

(6  leaves).  4th  grade  drawing.  Showing  construction, 
representation  and  decoration. 

(6  leaves).  5th  grade  drawing.  Showing  construction, 
representation  and  decoration. 

(6  leaves).  6th  grade  drawing.  Showing  construction, 
representation  and  decoration. 

(3  leaves).  Leaves  1,  2  and  3  show  work  of  pupils  in 
construction  for  the  1st,  2d  and  3d  terms,  respectively, 
8th  grade. 

(3  leaves).  Leaves  1,  2  and  3  show  work  of  pupils  in 
representation  for  the  1st,  2d  and  3d  terms,  respectively, 
8th  grade. 

(3  leaves).  Leaves  1,  2  and  3  show  work  of  pupils  in 
decoration  for  the  1st,  2d  and  3d  terms,  respectively, 
8th  grade. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

(3  leaves).  3d  and  A— 3d  grades  geography.  Showing 
work  of  pupils  for  each  month  of  the  3d  and  4th  years. 

(3  leaves).  4th  and  5th  grades  geography.  Showing 
work  of  pupils  for  each  month  of  the  5th  and  6th  years. 


528 

(3  leaves).  6th  grade  history.  Showing  work  ol  pupils 
for  each  month  of  the  7th  grade. 

(3  leaves).  7th  grade,  1st  term.  Showing  map  and 
manuscript  work  of  pupils  for  the  first  three  months. 

(3  leaves).  7th  grade,  2d  term.  Showing  map  and 
manuscript  work  of  pupils  for  the  2d  three  months. 

(3  leaves).  3d  term.  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  the 
3d  three  months,  7th  grade. 


HISTORY. 

(3  leaves).  6th  grade  history.  Showing  work  of  pupils 
for  each  month  of  the  7th  year. 

(3  leaves).  8th  grade  history,  1st  term.  Showing  work 
of  pupils  for  the  first  three  months. 

(2  leaves).  8th  grade  history,  2d  term.  Showing  work 
of  pupils  for  the  2d  three  months. 

(4  leaves).  8th  grade  history,  3d  term.  Showing  work 
of  pupils  for  the  3d  three  months. 


ELEMENTARY  SCIENCE. 

(3  leaves).  Showing  representation  in  water  colors  of 
home  birds.  (This  work  followed  a  study  of  the  birds). 

(3  leaves).  Plants,  6th  grade.  Illustrations  and  de- 
scriptions drawn  and  colored  from  the  objects. 

Shelves.    Mounted  specimens  of  birds  studied. 

(1  leaf).  7th  grade  botany,  1st  term.  Showing  work 
of  .pupils  for  the  1st  three  months. 

(3  leaves).  Physiology.  Showing  work  of  the  pupils 
for  the  1st  three  months,  8th  grade. 

(3  leaves).  Zoology.  Showing  work  of  the  pupils  for 
the  1st  three  months,  8th  grade. 

(3  leaves).  Physics.  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  the 
1st  three  months,  8th  grade. 


529 

WRITING. — 7th  grade. 

(3  leaves).  1st  term.  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  the 
1st  three  months. 

(3  leaves),  2d  term.  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  the 
2d  three  months. 

(3  leaves).  3d  term.  Showing  work  of  pupils  for  the 
3d  three  months. 

NORMAL  DEPARTMENT. 

PHYSICS,   CHEMISTRY  AND   GEOLOGY. 

(4  leaves).  Drawings  and  manuscripts,  exhibiting 
method  used  in  teaching  physics. 

(4  leaves).  Drawings  and  manuscripts,  exhibiting 
method  used  in  teaching  chemistry. 

(4  leaves).  Drawings  and  manuscripts,  exhibiting 
method  used  in  teaching  geology. 

(3  leaves).  Showing  drawings  and  manuscripts,  exhib- 
iting method  used  in  teaching  chemistry. 

(3  leaves).  Showing  drawings  and  manipulation  of 
apparatus  used  in  teaching  physics. 

ASTRONOMY. 

(3  leaves).  Showing  sketches  made  by  pupils  of  heav- 
enly bodies  while  using  telescopes. 

(4  leaves).  Showing  original  designs  representing  the 
solar  system. 

GEOMETRY. 

(5  leaves).  1st  term.  Showing  examination  papers  of 
pupils  as  written  in  the  hour  of  fort3~-five  minutes,  with- 
out revision. 

(3  leaves).    2d  term.    Showing  examination  papers  of 
pupils,  as  written  in  the  hour,  forty-five  minutes,  with- 
out revision. 
—34 


530 

DRAWING.— 1st  Term. 

(6  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  in  constructive 
free-hand  drawing,  objects. 

(6  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  in  decorative  work 
free-hand  drawings. 

(6  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils'  2d  terra  in  instru- 
mental drawing,  construction  from  objects. 

(7  leaves.)  Showing  work  of  pupils  in  free-hand  draw- 
ing, representation  from  objects. 

(6  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  in  Egyptian  deco- 
ration. 

(7  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  in  applied  de- 
sign (decoration). 

(6  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils'  3d  term  in  draw- 
ing from  casts,  representative. 

(7  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  in  representative 
drawing  from  blocks  and  objects. 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

(6  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  in  writing  business 
letters. 

(6  leaves).  Showing  specimens  of  account  current 
papers. 

(6  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  in  the  transaction 
of  business. 

PENMANSHIP. 

(6  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  in  making  a  grand 
balance. 

(6  leaves).  Showing  work  of  pupils  in  writing  practi- 
cal business  letters. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

First  Term. — This  case  contained  three  charts  of  three 
leaves  each,  showing  work  of  pupils  in  map  drawing  and 
manuscript  work. 


531 

Second  Term.—  Two  charts  of  four  and  five  leaves  re- 
spectively, showing*  work  of  pupils  in  map  drawing  and 
illustration.  Physical  Geography. 

HISTORY. 

(5  leaves).  2d  term.  Showing  work  of  pupils  in  illus- 
trating some  of  the  interesting  facts  in  the  study  of 
United  States  History. 

(4  leaves).  English  History.  Showing  work  of  pupils 
in  illustrating  different  periods  in  English  History  by 
means  of  map  drawing. 

Two  charts  containing  6  and  5  leaves  respectively, 
showing  drawings  by  pupils  illustrating  the  principal  facts 
in  1st  term  of  United  States  History. 

(3  leaves).  2d  term.  Showing  map  and  manuscript 
work  of  pupils  in  civil  government. 

GRAMMAR. 

(1  leaf).  Showing  outline  of  work  done  by  pupils  in 
the  2d  term  in  English  Grammar. 

(1  leaf).    Showing  method  of  teaching  abridgement. 

GREEK  AND  LATIN. 

(3  leaves).  Greek.  Showing  work  of  pupils  in  1st  and 
2d  years  of  Greek, 

(6  leaves).  Latin.  Showing  map  and  manuscript  work 
of  class  in  ''Csesar." 

K.  Latin,  1  book. 

Review  Books,  Virgil,  1  book. 

Prosod}',  Virgil,  1  book. 

Caesar  \  1   h     i 

Sallust3 


1  book. 
Cicero  / 

J.  Latin,  1  book. 


532 

MANUSCRIPT  BOOKS. 
TRAINING  SCHOOL. 

Reading:— 1st  and  2d  grades,  1  book;  3d  and  4th 
grades,  1;  4th  grade,  1;  5th  grade,  1;  6th  grade,  3;  7th 
grade,  1;  8th  grade,  1. 

Language: — 1st  and  2d  grades,  1  book;  3d  grade,  1; 
A-3d  grade,  1;  4th  grade,  1;  5th  grade,  1;  7th  grade,  1. 

Writing:— 1st,  2d  and  3d  grades,  1;  A-3d  and  4th 
grades,  1;  5th  and  6th  grades,  1;  7th  grade,  1. 

Drawing:— 8th  grade,  1  book. 

Number:— 1st  grade,  1;  2d  grade,  1;  3d  grade,  1;  A-3d 
grade,  1;  4th  grade  arithmetic,  1;  5th  grade  arithmetic, 
1;  6th  grade  arithmetic,  1;  7th  grade  arithmetic. 

Miscellaneous  collection  of  work  done  by  pupils  in  the 
geography  classes  ranging  from  3d  grade  to  6th  grade, 
1  book;  A-3d  grade  geography,  1  book;  7th  grade  1. 

History: — 7th  grade,  1  book;   8th  grade,  1. 

Botany: — 7th  grade,  1. 

Physiology  and  zoology:— 8th  grade,  1  book. 

Science:— 6th  grade  1. 

Representative  work  from  7  grades,  1  book;  1  book  in 
field  work. 

NORMAL  WORK. 

C  pedagogy,  1  book;  B  pedagogy,  1;  history  of  edu- 
cation, 1;  observation  in  training  school,  2  books. 

Ps3rchology  A,  1  book. 

Ethics,  1  book. 

Physics  A,   1  book. 

Astronomy,  1  book. 

Botany  A,  1  book;  plant  analysis,  1  book. 

Zoology  A,  1  book. 

Physiology  B,  1  book;  A,  1  book. 

Arithmetic  B,  1  book;  A,  1  book. 

Algebra  A,  1  book. 

Geometry, 


533 

Book-keeping,  3  books. 

Grammar  C,  1  book;   B,  1  book;  A,"l  book. 

Literature: — American  B,  1  book;  American  A,  1  book; 
English  B,  1  book;  English  A,  1  book. 

Reading,  1  book. 

Rhetoric,  2  books. 

Geography  A,  2  books;  B,  1  books. 

History: — B,  2  books;  A,  1  book;  general,  2  books; 
English,  2  books;  Roman,  1  book. 

Civil  Government,  2  books. 

Drawing: — Specimen  lessons,  1  book;  A,  1  book. 

Writing,  2  books. 

English  Analysis,  1  book. 

Latin,  1  book,  Csesar. 

German,  1  book. 

Greek,  1  book,  1st  and  2d  year's  work. 

HIGH  SCHOOL. 
Geography,  1  book. 
Algebra  E,  1  book;  D,  1  book. 

CASES. 

Nos.  22  and  23.  Sample  cases  from  museum,  showing 
ducks  of  Illinois. 

No.  39.  Material  used  in  language,  number,  color  and 
form  study. 

No.  40.  Material  used  in  the  study  of  geography,  some 
mounted  plans  a/nd  photograph  album  of  board  work 
done  by  students. 

Nos.  41-52.  Photographs  of  buildings,  rooms,  appa- 
ratus and  students. 

No.  47.  Photographs  of  blackboard  drawing  and  ap- 
paratus in  the  Science  Department. 


534 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Framed  photographs  of  buildings,  rooms,  faculty,  etc. 
Hand-book   giving   history,  general    information  and 
syllabus  of  work  in  the  different  departments. 
Box  of  solids. 
1  microscope. 

71  photographs  building  and  grounds. 
26  photographs  illustrating  class  work  and  apparatus. 
1  case  of  (dry)  liquid  measures. 
1  Graphoscope. 
Mounted  specimens  (plants.) 


REPORT  OF    THE  COMMITTEE  ON    STATE  CHARIT- 
ABLE INSTITUTIONS. 


f'HE  act  creating  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair 
Commissioners,  required  of  them,  among  other  things, 
"An  Exhibit  of  the  Educational  and  Industrial  work  as 
conducted  in  the  State  Charitable  Institutions." 

Upon  the  organizing  of  your  honorable  body,  the  fol- 
lowing members  were  appointed  as  the  Committee  on 
State  Charitable  Institutions,  and  charged  with  the  duty 
of  performing  or  securing  the  performance  of  the  above 
statutory  requirement,  to-wit:  James  M.  Washburn, 
A.  B.  Hostetter,  B.  F.  Wyman,  J.  W.  Judy  and  W.  D. 
Stryker. 

The  control  of  the  very  liberal  appropriation  of 
$800,000.00  was  diminished  by  the  sum  of  $80,000.00, 
specially  appropriated  to  the  Woman's  Board  and  by 
the  further  sum  of  $40,000.00,  devoted  to  the  Illinois 
exhibits  of  live  stock,  leaving  but  $620,000.00  under 
the  control  of  your  honorable  board. 

The  pre-determined  purpose  to  invest  between  $250,- 
000.00  and  $300,000.00  in  the  building  and  its  furnish- 
ings and  the  ornamentation  of  its  grounds,  left  less  than 
$350,000.00  with  which  to  prepare,  collect  and  maintain 
all  the  exhibits  required  by  the  law,  to  pay  the  salaries 
and  expenses  of  the  Board,  and  to  entertain  hospitably 
all  the  visitors  to  our  Building.  In  order  to  secure  equal- 
ity between  the  various  committees  and  economy  in  the 
expenditure  of  the  moneys  devoted  to  securing,  prepar- 
ing and  maintaining  exhibits,  a  committee  was  appointed 
to  apportion  the  moneys  to  be  expended,  to  the  several 

557 


558 

committees,  and  under  this  apportionment,  the  sum  of 
$20,000.00  was  assigned  to  the  Committee  on  State 
Charitable  Institutions  with  which  to  make  their  exhibits. 

This  sum  was  so  unsatisfactory  to  the  Superintendent 
of  the  Institution  for  the  Education  of  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb,  who  desired  more  than  that  sum  to  enable  him  to 
maintain  a  school  of  seventy-five  or  eighty  of  his  pupils 
at  the  Fair  to  demonstrate  the  methods  of  teaching  and 
the  progress  of  the  pupils,  that  he  declined  to  make  any 
personal  exhibit.  Your  Committee  decided  that  it  was 
not  desirable  to  have  a  personal  exhibit  from  any  of  the 
Charitable  Institutions  except  the  Blind  and  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb.  Upon  a  consultation  with  the  superintend- 
ents of  the  several  charitable  institutions,  and  at  their 
request,  the  sum  of  $6,000.00  was  set  apart  for  the  ex- 
hibit of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb;  a,  like  sum  for  the  Blind,  and 
$1,000.00  for  the  exhibit  of  the  Asylum  for  Feeble-Minded 
Children.  Thereupon  the  Superintendent  of  the  Institu- 
tion for  the  Blind  decided  to  make  a  personal  exhibit 
with  twelve  or  fifteen  of  his  pupils.  The  Committee  also 
decided  to  have  taken  and  put  on  exhibition,  photo- 
graphic views  of  the  several  charitable  institutions,  and 
to  have  prepared  and  published  in  pamphlet  form  for 
judicious  gratuitous  distribution  during  the  Fair  a  brief 
history  of  each  of  the  State  Charitable  Institutions. 

These  photographs  were  taken  in  two  sizes,  one  18x22 
inches;  the  other  24x36  inches,  and  framed  with  quarter 
sawed  oak.  The  size  of  these  frames,  lesser  frame  24x28 
inches,  moulding  3  inches  wide,  size  of  larger  frames  30x40 
inches,  moulding  4  inches  wide.  They  were  tastefully 
suspended  around  the  walls  of  the  rooms  occupied  by 
the  exhibits  of  the  Charitable  Institutions  in  the  Illinois 
Building,  prominently  in  view  of  all  visitors,  and  at- 
tracted much  attention  and  many  compliments.  There 
were  taken  and  framed  one  hundred  and  forty  photo- 


559 

graphs  18x22  inches  and  seventy-nine  photographs 
24x36;  the  frames  of  the  former  cost  $8.50  each,  the 
latter  $11.00,  besides  the  expenses  of  the  artist  while 
taking  the  negatives,  amounting  to  $170.00. 

The  Committee  have  thought  these  photographs  (which 
were  the  only  exhibits  made  by  six  out  of  ten  State 
Charitable  Institutions)  worthy  of  being  catalogued  in 
this  report. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC  VIEWS  OF  OUR  STATE  CHARITABLE  INSTI- 
TUTIONS. 

VIEWS  TAKEN  AT  THE  ILLINOIS  CHARITABLE  EYE  AND  EAR 
INFIRMARY,   AT  CHICAGO. 

No.  View.  Size. 

4545.  Operating  room 18x22  inches 

4546.  Ear  dispensary  room 18x22      " 

4547.  Main  sitting  room 18x22      " 

4548.  Refraction  room...  ..18x22      " 


VIEWS  TAKEN  AT  THE  SOLDIERS'   ORPHANS'  HOME  A.T 
NORMAL,   ILL. 

No.  View.  Size. 

3584.    School  and  children 24x36  inches 

3588.  School  room 18x22  " 

3589.  Dynamos 18x22  " 

3590.  Chapel 24x36  " 

3591.  Dining  room  and  children 18x22  " 

3591%  Reception  room 18x22  " 

3592.  Kitchen 18x22  " 

3592%  Kindergarten  dormitory 18x22  " 

3593.  Library 24x36  " 

3593.    Clothing  and  repair  room ..18x22  " 

3597.    Main  entrance...  ...24x36  " 


560 

VIEWS  TAKEN  AT  THE  SOLDIERS'  AND  SAILORS'  HOME  AT 
QUINCY,   ILL. 

No.  View.  Size. 

00.  Group  of  old  soldiers.. 18x22  inches 

3524.  Chapel 18x22      " 

3525.  Boiler  room 18x22      " 

3526.  Old  men's  dormitory 18x22      " 

3527.  Upper  hospital  ward 18x22      " 

3528.  Heading  room 18x22      " 

3529.  Kitchen 18x22      " 

3530.  Amusement  room 18x22      " 

3531.  Laundry 18x22      " 

3533.  Quartermaster's  store  room 18x22      " 

3534.  Guests'  chamber 18x22      " 

3535.  Grounds  and  flower  beds 24x36      " 

3536.  Battery 24x36      " 

3537.  Farm  buildings 24x36      " 

3538.  Superintendent's  office 18x22      " 

3539.  Cow  barn 24x36      " 

3540.  Trustee's  room.... 18x22      " 

3541.  Sitting  room 18x22      " 

3543.  Old  men's  dining  room 24x36      " 

3548.  Bird's  eye  view  of  street  of  cottages.. 24x36      " 

VIEWS  TAKEN  AT    THE  ASYLUM    FOR    FEEBLE-MINDED 
CHILDREN  AT  LINCOLN,   ILL. 

No.  View.  Size. 

3560.  Tailoring  room 18x22  inches- 

3561.  Main  entrance 18x22      •* 

3562.  Amusement  hall 18x22      " 

3563.  Dormitory,  asylum  department 18x22      " 

3564.  Day  room,  asylum  department 18x22      " 

3565.  Laundry " 18x22      " 

3566.  Dormitory 18x22      " 


" 


" 


561 

Asylum  for  Feeble  Minded  Children—  Concluded. 
No.  View.  Size. 

3567.  Gymnasium  .......................................  18x22  inches 

3571.  Dynamo  room  ...................................  18x22  " 

3574.  Reception  room  .................................  24x36  " 

3575.  Main  kitchen  ..........  ..........................  24x36  " 

3576.  Dormitory  .........................................  18x22  " 

3577.  Infirmary  ward,  asylum  department.  18x22  " 

3578.  Dining  room  annex  ...........................  18x22  " 

3579.  Kindergarten  school  .........................  18x22  " 

3580.  Main  dining  room  .............................  24x36 

3581.  Lace  workers  .....................................  18x22 

3582.  Emergency  hospital  room  ................  18x22 

3583.  Sewing  room,  south  wing  .................  18x22  " 

3584.  Wood  carving  room  .........................  18x22  " 

3585.  Ironing  room  ....................................  18x22  " 

3586.  General  office  .....................................  18x22  l< 

3587.  Boiler  room  .......................................  24x36  u 

3588.  Band  room...                                        ..18x22  u 


VIEWS  TAKEN  AT  THE  INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  BLIND 
AT  JACKSONVILLE,  ILL. 

No.  Yiew.  Size. 

4395.  Bowling  alley 18x22  inches 

4396.  Chapel  with  pupils 18x22      " 

4397.  Dining  hall 18x22      " 

4398.  Dormitory,  1  of  16 18x22      " 

4399.  Girls'  cottage... 18x22      " 

4400.  Band  wagon  and  hospital 18x22      " 

4401.  Military  companies 18x22      " 

4402.  Orchestra 18x22      " 

4405.  Chapel,  front  view 18x22      " 

4406.  Main  hall,  main  building .18x22      " 


-36 


562 

Institution  for  the  Blind— Concluded. 

No.  View.  Size. 

4407.  Store  room,  broom  dept 24x86  inches 

4408.  Printing  room 24x36      " 

4409.  Sitting  room,  men's  dormitory 24x36      " 

4410.  High  school 24x36      " 

4412.  Kindergarten 24x36  " 

4413.  Sewing  room 24x36  " 

4414.  Main  hall,  girls'  cottage 24x36  " 

4415.  Hospital,  girls'  ward 24x36  " 

4416.  Type  writing  room 24x36  " 

4417.  Broom  shop,  sewing  room 24x36  " 

4418.  Kitchen 24x36  " 

4419.  Broom  shop,  tying  room 24x36  " 

4420.  Bakery 24x36  " 

At  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Jackson- 
ville, there  were  sixty-four  photographic  views  taken 
(thirty  at  the  instance  of  your  Committee  and  thirty- 
four  at  the  instance  of  Dr.  Gillett).  Of  these,  thirty 
were  selected  and  framed  as  follows,  the  remainder  put 
on  stretchers: 

No.  View.  Size. 

4191.    Dairy  herd 24x36  inches 

4197.    Girls  going  to  school 24x36      " 

4200.  School  room,  1  of  28 24x36      " 

4201.  Boys'  class,  Alma  Gillette 24x36      " 

4204.    Articulating  class,  Lyde  Kent 18x22      " 

4209.    Front  view  of  main  building 24x36      " 

4213.    Garden  walk,  etc 24x36      " 

4216.    Girls'  gymnasium  class  with  poles. ..24x36      " 
4218.    Articulation  class,  Grace  Higgins... .18x22      " 

4220.  Store  room  of  cabinet  shop 18x22      " 

4221.  School  building  and  grounds 24x36      " 

4223.  Articulating  class,  Jane  Russell 18x22      " 

4224.  Cadets:    Stack  arms...  ...24x36      " 


563 

Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb — Concluded. 
No.  View.  Size. 

4225.  Articulating  class,  Alma  Gillett 18x22  inches 

4226.  "  "  18x22  " 

4228.  Swinging  room  and  class 18x22  " 

4229.  Little  girls  at  play 24x36  " 

4232.    Articulation  class   (2d  year),  Mary 

Haider 18x22  " 

4237.    General  store,  counting  room,  etc. ...18x22  " 

4243.    Shoe  shop 18x22  " 

4247.  Girls'  gymnasium  with  dumb  bells. .18x22  " 

4248.  Cabinet  shops 18x22  " 

4249.  Chapel  with  pupils,  520 18x22  " 

4250.  Printing  office 18x22  " 

4261.    Class  No.  1,  sign  department 18x22  " 

4263.  Garden  view— boys  at  work 18x22  " 

4264.  Art  room  and  drawing  class 18x22  *' 

4265.  Articulation  class,  Helen  Waite 18x22  " 

4268.    Articulation  class,  Jane  Gillette 18x22  4< 

4292.    Back  view  of  store,  library,  bakery, 

cold  storage,  kitchen,  boiler  house, 

etc 24x36  " 

PHOTOGRAPHS  TAKEN  AT  THE  CENTRAL  HOSPITAL 
FOR  INSANE  AT  JACKSONVILLE,   ILL. 

No.  View.  Size. 

3620.  Trustees'  room,  main  building 18x22  inches 

3621.  Associate   dormitory  —  annex  build- 

ing  18x22  " 

3622.  Dining  room,  1  of  24 18x22  " 

3623.  View  of  grounds 24x36  " 

3624.  Laundry,  ironing  room 24x36  " 

3625.  Swimming  pool 24x36  '• 

3626.  Offices  in  main  building 18x22  "• 

3627.  Patient's  bed  room,  1  of  300 18x22  '4 

3628.  Ward  No.  7,  main  building 18x22  " 


564 

Central  Hospital  for  Insane — Concluded. 

No.  View.  Size. 

3629.  Kitchen  in  annex 24x36  inches 

3630.  Farm  building 24x36      " 

3632.  Grounds  and  main  building 24x36      " 

3633.  Reservoir 24x36      " 

3634.  Engine  room 24x36      " 

3635.  Associate  dining  room  in  annex 24x36      " 

3636.  Alcove  in  ward  7,  main  building 18x22      " 

3637.  Cross  ward,  main  building 24x36 

3638.  Machine  and  repair  shop 24x36 

3639.  Sitting  room  in  main  building 18x22 

3640.  Chapel  in  main  building 18x22 

3641.  Amusement  hall,  seats  400 18x22 

3642.  Amusement  hall  annex,  seats  530. ..18x22 

3643.  Laundry  and  wash  room 18x22 

3644.  Officers  and  employes 18x22      " 

3645.  Alcove  and  ward  in  annex 18x22      " 

3646.  Chapel  in  annex,  seats  530 18x22      iC 

3647.  Bird's  eye  view  to  westward 18x22      " 

3658.  Bird's  eye  view,  includes  reservoir 24x36      " 

3659.  Bird's  eye  view  of  annex  building. ...24x36      " 
3661.  Band...  ...24x36      " 


PHOTOGRAPHS  TAKEN  AT  NORTHERN  HOSPITAL  FOR 
INSANE  AT  ELGIN,  ILL. 

No.  View.  Size. 

3294.  Superintendent's  office 18x22  inches 

3295.  Associate  dining  hall 24x36      " 

3296.  Associate   dining  hall,    alcove    and 

conservatory 24x36  " 

3298.  Boiler  room 24x36  " 

3299.  Dormitory  in  annex 18x22  " 

3300.  Officers  and  employes 18x22  " 

3301.  Engine  and  dynamo  room 18x22  " 


565 

Northern  Hospital  for  Insane— Concluded. 

No.  View.  Size. 

3302.  Associate  dining  hall,  male  patients.. 18x22  inches 

3303.  Ward  A,  2d  floor,  male  patients'  halL18x22  " 

3304.  Conservatory 18x22  " 

3305.  Main  entrance  and  stairway,  center 

building 18x22  " 

3306.  Chapel  in  center  building 18x22  " 

3307.  Disturbed  ward  D,  male  patients 18x22  " 

3308.  Superintendent's  hall,  center  building!8x22  " 

3309.  Alcove  and  hall,  ward  A 18x22  " 

3310.  Associate  dining  hall,  female  patients!8x22  " 

3311.  Lake  and  summer  house 24x36  " 

3312.  Tennis  grounds 18x22  " 

3313.  Disturbed  ward  C,  female  patients... 24x36  " 

3314.  Disturbed  ward  south,  annex  building24x3 6  " 

3316.    Croquet  grounds 18x22  " 

3318.    Summer  house 24x36  " 

PHOTOGRAPHS  TAKEN  AT  THE  SOUTHERN  HOSPITAL  FOB 
INSANE  AT  ANNA,  ILL. 

No.  View.  Size. 

3660.  Ward  A-l,  north  wing,  male  patients.!8x22  inches 

3661.  Disturbed  ward  E-3,  south  wing 18x22  " 

3662.  Main  hall-way  in  center  building 18x22  " 

3663.  Ward  No.  3  and  alcove 18x22  u 

3664.  Amusement  hall,  center  building 18x22  " 

3665.  Laundry  room... 18x22  " 

3666.  Cottage  ward 18x22  " 

3667.  Bird's  eye  view  of  lawn  front,  main 

building 18x22  " 

3668.  Ward  E-l,  south  wing 18x22  " 

3669.  Bird's  eye  view,  annex  building .24x36  " 

3670.  Bird's  eye  view,  annex  southeast 18x22  " 

3671.  Farm  buildings 24x36  " 

3672.  Main  building  from  north 24x36  " 


566 

Southern  Hospital  for  Insane — Concluded. 
No.  View.  Size. 

3673.  Dining  room,  main  building 18x22  inches 

3674.  Alcove  in  north  wing,  main  building.. 24x36  " 

3675.  Kitchen  in  annex 24x36  " 

367^6.    Superintendent's  office,  main  build- 
ing  18x22  " 

3677.  Clothes  room  in  annex ......18x22  " 

3678.  Dining  room  in  annex 24x36  " 

3679.  Dining  room  in  disturbed  ward 18x22  " 

3680.  Hall-way  on  2d  floor,  main  building.24x36  " 

3681.  Boiler  room  in  annex 18x22  " 

3682.  Ward  in  main  building 18x22  " 

3683.  Ward  4  in  annex,  females 24x36  " 

3684.  Ironing  room 18x22  " 

3685.  Dynamo  room 18x22  " 

3685£  Hall  way  in  annex 18x22  " 

3686.  Dormitory  in  ward  3 24x36  " 

3687.  Physician's  office,  annex 18x22  " 

3689£  Billiard  room,  ward  A,  1 24x36  " 

PHOTOGRAPHS  TAKEN  AT  THE  EASTERN  HOSPITAL 
FOR  INSANE  AT  KANKAKEE. 

No.  View.  Size. 

3500.  Cottage  dining  room 18x22  inches 

3501.  Fire  department 18x22  " 

3502.  Ladies'  ward,  room  2  north 24x36  " 

3503.  Main  dining  room 24x36  " 

3504.  Business  manager's  office 18x22  " 

3505.  Supply  clerk's  office 18x22  " 

3506.  Sitting  room 24x36  " 

3507.  Mattress  and  rug  room 24x36  " 

3508.  Laboratory 24x36  " 

3509.  Bakery .*. 18x22  " 

3510.  Water  tower  and  engine  house 18x22  " 

3511.  Kitchen...  ...-. 24x36  " 


567 

Eastern  Hospital  lor  Insane — Concluded. 
No.  View.  Size. 

3512.  Printing  and  shoe  room 18x22  inches 

3513.  Boiler  room 24x36  " 

3514.  Cottage  sitting  room 18x22  " 

3515.  Carpenter  shop 18x22  " 

3516.  Dormitory 24x36  " 

3517.  Waterworks,  pumps,  fire  engine 18x22  " 

3518.  Laundry  room,  washing  machines... 24x36  " 

3519.  Soap  factory 18x22  " 

3520.  Machine  shop 24x36  " 

3521.  Slaughter  and  packing  house 18x22  " 

3522.  Cottage  infirmary 18x22  " 

3523.  Associate  dining  room 18x22  " 

3532.  Amusement  hall 18x22  " 

In  all,  there  seem  to  be  one  hundred  and  forty  photo- 
graphs 18x22  inches,  framed  24x28  inches;  and  seventy- 
nine  photographs  24x36  inches,  framed  30x40  inches; 
total,  two  hundred  and  nineteen  photographs  framed, 
and  thirty-four  photographs  on  stretchers,  not  framed. 

Another  highly  interesting  and  important  exhibit  made 
by  each  of  the  State  Charitable  Institutions  was  a  brief 
history  (largely  statistical)  of  each  institution,  prepared 
by  the  Superintendent  thereof,  which  your  Committee 
had  printed  in  pamphlet  form  and  illustrated  with  a 
number  of  photographic  views  taken  at  the  several  in- 
stitutions for  judicious  free  distribution  during  the  Expo- 
sition to  the  visitors  most  interested  in  the  work  of 
charitable  institutions. 

Of  these  histories  10,000  copies  of  the  history  of  the 
Institution  for  the  Blind;  8,000  copies  of  the  history  of 
the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb;  and  5,000  copies 
of  the  history  of  each  of  the  other  State  Charitable  In- 
stitutions were  printed  and  most  of  them  distributed 
during  the  Exposition  by  those  in  su  peri  n  ten  dance  of 
the  exhibits  of  these  institutions. 


568 

Copies  of  those  histories  were  bound  in  more  perma- 
nent form  and  distributed  as  follows : 

One  copy  to  the  office  of  each  county  clerk  in  the  State, 

One  copy  to  each  of  the  State  officers, 

One  copy  to  each  State  Charitable  Institution, 

One  copy  to  each  member  of  this  Commission  and  to 
its  secretary. 

The  cost  of  making  and  framing  and  hanging  the  pho- 
tographs taken  at  the  State  Charitable  Institutions,  in- 
cluding the  supervision  and  assistance  of  members  of 
this  Committee,  was  approximately  the  sum  of  $3,000.00, 
and  the  cost  of  the  histories  of  the  several  Institutions 
was  approximately  $1,000.00. 

These  photographs  and  histories  were  the  only  exhibits 
made  by  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home;  the  Soldiers' 
Orphans'  Home;  the  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  and  the 
Hospitals  for  Insane,  except  the  Northern  Hospital  at 
Elgin. 

This  Institution  made  a  most  beautiful  and  interesting 
exhibit  of  fine  art  and  handiwork  (made  by  the  patients) 
consisting  of  eighteen  oil  paintings,  chiefly  of  various 
kinds  of  flowers,  book-marks,  handkerchiefs,  glove-boxes; 
twenty-one  specimens  of  fine  needlework  of  various  arti- 
cles, including  pin-cushions,  chair  tidies,  photograph 
holders,  handkerchiefs,  mats,  etc.,  and  thirty  specimens 
of  crochet-work  of  different  articles,  including  sofa-pillows, 
paper-holders,  ladies'  aprons  and  skirts,  chair  tidies,  and 
about  one  dozen  bunches  of  lace. 

EXHIBIT  OF  THE  ASYLUM  FOR  FEEBLE-MINDED  CHILDREN. 

The  Asylum  for  Feeble-Minded  Children  made  a  most 
wonderful,  extensive  and  varied  exhibit,  consisting  of 
forty-five  specimens  of  hand  carved  wood-work.  Among 
the  more  prominent  of  these,  and  worthy  of  special  men- 
tion are  two  large  door  shutters,  one  mantel,  one  book- 


569 

case,  a  what-not  and  a  settee  or  sofa,  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  picture  frames,  thirteen  pieces  of  hammered  brass 
work,  six  oil  paintings,  thirty  specimens  of  paper  and 
needlework  of  different  articles,  thirty-nine  specimens  of 
lace,  embroidery  and  crochet  work  of  various  articles, 
fifteen  specimens  of  needlework  on  various  articles  of 
dress,  pillows,  rugs  and  mats,  boots,  and  seven  pairs  of 
shoes. 

EXHIBIT  MADE  BY  THE  INSTITUTION  FOB  THE  DEAF 
AND  DUMB. 

As  described  by  the  Superintendent,  Prof.  S.  T.  Walker: 
First,  the  school  represented  by  complete  sets  of  lesson 
papers  from  each  class  bound  in  attractive  volumes. 
Second,  the  art  department  was  represented  by  a  large 
number  of  pictures,  the  work  of  our  students  in  this  de- 
partment, including  pen  and  ink  work  in  black  and  white, 
water  color  and  oil  work,  one  piece  being  a  very  credit- 
able oil  painting  of  Rev.  Thomas  Gallaudet,  the  founder 
of  deaf  education  in  America. 

The  industrial  department  of  this  Institution  which  is 
co-important,  was  represented  by  several  pieces  of  furni- 
ture from  the  cabinet  shop,  including  a  bedstead,  dresser, 
wash-stand,  book-case,  office  desks  and  a  very  elabo- 
rately carved  sideboard.  The  furniture  was  the  work  of 
the  pupils.  The  carving  on  the  sideboard  was  the  work 
of  the  art  pupils.  There  was  also  a  carved  chair,  carved 
bench  and  carved  easel.  The  shoe  shop  was  represented 
by  several  pairs  of  both  men's  and  women's  shoes,  the 
work  of  pupils  in  this  department,  and  the  printing  office 
was  represented  by  bound  volumes  of  the  weekly  paper 
published  at  the  Institution  called  The  Deaf  Mute  Ad- 
vance, and  by  a  large  album  of  samples  of  job  printing 
done  in  the  office  by  pupils;  also  a  very  handsome  illus- 
trated twenty-eight  page  prospectus  of  the  school  printed 
in  the  printing  office. 


570 

The  room  set  aside  for  the  exhibition  was  also  embel- 
lished by  very  large  sized  photographs  of  the  building 
and  grounds  of  the  Institution.  And  what  attracted 
most  of  the  public  attention  was  the  photographs  illus- 
trating the  methods  of  teaching  the  dumb  to  talk. 

EXHIBIT  MADE  BY  THE  INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  BLIND, 

As  described  by  Frank  H.  Hall,  Superintendent  of  the  In- 
stitution  and  of  the  exhibit  prior  to  the  1st  of  July,  1893. 

Machinery  and  type  for  printing  embossed  characters; 
operated  by  a  blind  boy;  thousands  of  slips  printed  for 
free  distribution. 

Machinery  for  making  brooms;  operated  by  a  blind 
man;  hundreds  of  whisk  brooms  made  and  sold  at  10 
cents  each. 

Sewing  machines;  operated  by  a  blind  girl;  a  great 
variety  of  articles  made  and  sold  as  souvenirs. 

Remington  typewriter;  operated  by  a  blind  bo}T;  wrote 
large  numbers  of  slips  for  free  distribution,  and  occasion- 
ally wrote  letters  from  dictation  for  pay. 

The  Braille-writer;  operated  sometimes  by  a  blind  boy, 
at  other  times  by  a  blind  girl;  slips  prepared  for  free 
distribution. 

The  stereotype-maker;  operated  by  a  blind  man;  from 
six  to  ten  pages  of  copper  stereotypes  of  standard  music 
prepared  each  day.  These  plates  are  now  the  property 
of  the  Illinois  Institution  for  the  Blind,  and  from  them 
music  is  printed  for  use  in  the  school. 

The  "New  York  Point  Slate"  was  in  constant  use  by 
the  side  of  the  "Illinois  Braille-writer/'  thus  bringing 
the  old  and  the  new  into  striking  contrast. 

Several  girls  were  employed  in  making  bead  work,  in 
crocheting,  knitting,  hammock  making,  etc. 

One  or  two  pupils  were  kept  constantly  busy  illustrat- 
ing the  method  of  reading  by  touch. 


571 

At  stated  intervals  music  was  provided;  a  piano,  cor- 
net, violin,  violoncello,  clarionet,  euphonium  and  trom- 
bone being  the  principal  instruments  used. 

A  great  variety  of  work  from  the  shops  and  sewing 
rooms  of  the  Institution  was  also  on  exhibition. 

Twenty-two  blind  persons  took  part  in  the  exhibition, 
the  usual  number  present  at  any  one  time  being  thir- 
teen. 

LIST  OF  ARTICLES  MADE  BY  THE  BLIND  AND  EXHIBITED 
IN  THE  ILLINOIS  BUILDING. 

Shop-work. — Brooms  of  all  kinds,  caned  chairs. 

Needle-work. — Aprons,  handkerchiefs,  dress,  bed  quilt,, 
embroidered  doylies. 

Knitting  and  Crochet. — Pillow  sham,  laces,  mats,  head- 
rests, carriage  afghan,  cushions,  dressed  dolls,  capes,, 
fascinators,  shawls,  skirts,  mittens,  holders. 

Netting.— Hammocks,  horse  nets,  throws,  bead  work,/ 
rope  table,  paper  and  cloth  flowers. 

Machinery  and  Appliances. — Sewing  machine,  Reming- 
ton typewriter,  Braille-writer,  stereotype  maker,  Braille 
and  New  York  point  slates,  printing  press,  books  and 
music  in  embossed  characters,  broom  machine,  map  of 
Jackson  Park.  Thirteen  pupils  at  work  in  the  foregoing. 

The  personal  exhibit  made  of  twelve  to  fifteen  of  the 
students  of  the  Institution  for  the  Education  of  the 
Blind  under  the  direct  supervision  of  Prof.  Frank  H. 
Hall,  Superintendent  of  that  Institution,  and  of  his  suc- 
cessor in  office,  Dr.  W.  F.  Short,  was  by  far  the  most 
interesting  and  attractive  of  all  the  exhibits  made  by 
the  State  Charitable  Institutions  and  one  of  the  most 
attractive  made  in  the  Illinois  State  Building. 

And  this  Committee  desires  to  pay  the  tribute  of  their 
high  regard  and  admiration  of  the  consummate  ability 
and  fidelity  of  Prof.  Hall  in  organizing  and  superintend- 
ing this  personal  exhibit,  and  especially  to  the  equani- 


572 

mity  and  good  humor  shown  by  him  under  his  retirement 
from  the  position  of  Superintendent,  which  in  no  wise 
dampened  or  diminished  his  energy  in  making  his  ex- 
hibit a  grand  success,  and  which  was  in  marked  contrast 
with  the  conduct  of  the  superintendents  of  two  or  three 
of  the  other  institutions,  under  this  discouraging  ordeal. 

And  this  Committee  would  come  short  of  its  duty  did  it 
fail  to  express  its  disapprobation  of  the  withdrawal  of 
this  most  interesting  and  attractive  personal  exhibit  by 
the  Trustees  of  that  Institution  soon  after  the  attendance 
at  the  Exposition  had  grown  to  very  large  proportions. 
For  this  unfortunate  withdrawal,  we  believe  that  the 
Superintendent,  Dr.  Short,  was  in  no  wise  responsible. 

This  Committee  may  be  excused  for  congratulating 
itself  and  the  Commission  and  the  State  Charitable  In- 
stitutions upon  the  general  success  of  the  exhibits  made 
by  them,  and  especially  upon  the  fact  that  this  exhibit 
was  made  at  an  expenditure  of  less  than  half  the  amount 
of  money  apportioned  to  them  for  making  it,  and  that 
of  the  $20,000  apportioned  for  this  purpose,  more 
than  half,  nearly  three-fifths,  yet  remain  in  the  State 
treasury. 

Kespectively  submitted, 

JAMES  M.  WASHBURN,  Chairman; 

A.  B.   HOSTETTER, 

B.  F.  WYMAN, 
W.  D.  STRYKER. 

Committee. 


REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  LIVE  STOCK. 

Y  virtue  of  Division  (f)  of  Section  2  of  "An  act 
to  provide  for  the  participation  of  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois in  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  etc.,"  it  is 
provided  that  "Five  per  cent,  of  the  amount  appro- 
priated by  this  act  shall  be  devoted  to  the  encourage- 
ment of  an  exhibit  of  the  live  stock  owned  in  the  State 
of  Illinois." 

In  the  organization  of  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's 
Fair  Commissioners,  to  carry  out  the  mandate  of  the 
Legislature  in  this  respect,  a  committee  on  "Live  Stock 
Exhibit"  was  appointed,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Fulkerson, 
Chairman;  Chester,  Virgin,  Wyman  and  Johns. 

On  December  3,  1891,  the  Committee  called  a  meeting 
at  Springfield,  Illinois,  to  which  were  invited  "all  persons 
interested  in  the  exhibit  of  Illinois  live  stock  at  the 
World's  Fair,"  together  with  a  delegate  representative 
from  each  of  the  different  live  stock  associations  of  the 
State,  to  consider  the  most  satisfactory  method  of  mak- 
ing and  managing  the  exhibit  and  disbursing  the  ap- 
propriation. 

After  full  consideration  of  the  subject  at  the  meeting 
above  referred  to,  and  at  subsequent  conferences,  the 
following  schedule  and  rules,  adopted  by  the  Committee 
and  approved  by  the  Board,  were  published : 

To  the  Live  Stock  Exhibitors  of  the  State  of  Illinois: 

The  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners  have 
made  the  following  rules  and  schedule  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  sum  set  apart  by  the  Act  of  June  17,  1891, 
for  the  encouragement  of  an  exhibit  of  live  stock  owned 
in  the  State  of  Illinois  and  exhibited  at  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition. 

573 


574 

First.  The  freight  charges  will  be  paid  on  all  horses, 
cattle  (including  cows  in  the  Dairy  School),  swine  and 
sheep  from  all  points  in  Illinois. 

Second.  The  express  charges  will  be  paid  on  poultry 
from  all  parts  of  Illinois. 

Third.  Receipted  bills  of  lading  only  will  be  accepted 
as  evidence  of  charges  paid. 

Fourth.  After  the  payment  of  charges  as  provided  for 
in  rules  1,  2  and  3,  the  balance  of  the  appropriation  so 
set  apart  for  the  encouragement  of  live  stock  exhibit  for 
the  State  of  Illinois  will  be  divided  as  follows: 

To  horses,  37  per  cent., 

To  eattle,  30  per  cent., 

To  swine,  15  per  cent., 

To  sheep,  12  per  cent., 

To  poultry,  6  per  cent., 

A  catalogue  of  the  exhibits  made  and  by  whom,  also 
an  itemized  statement  of  disbursements  to  exhibitors,  is 

hereunto  appended. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

W.  H.   FULKERSON, 

Chairman. 

BALANCE  SHEET. 
Dr. 

To  amount  State  appropriation $40,000  00 

Cr. 

By  amount  charged  administra- 
tion   $3,000  00 

By  amount  freight  on  live  stock.     3,308  78 

By  amount  horses,  37% 12,404  29 

By  amount  cattle,  30% 10,10617 

By  amount  hogs,  15% 5,053  09 

By  amount  sheep,  12% 4,042  47 

By  amount  poultry,  6% 2,021  23 

Balance  on  hand...  3  97 


$40,000  00-$40,000.00 


EXHIBIT  OF  LIVE  STOCK. 


Division  A.— Cattle. 

CLASS  I.— SHORT-HORN. 

SECTION  1. 
J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Thistlewood 

SECTION  2. 


J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville 

L,  W.  Brown  &  Sou,  New  Berlin 

Yeodor's  Mazurka 

Green  Bros.,  Indianola 

O.  W.  Fisher,  Assumption Mary's  Waterloo  Earl, 

SECTION  3. 


J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Lavender  King. 
L.  W.  Brown  &  Son,  New  Berlin. .King  Richard... 
Green  Bros,  Indianola 


SECTION  4. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Lavender  King  6th 

L.  W.  Brown  &  Son,  New  Berlin. .Gold  Dust 

J.  D.  Varner,  Indianola Red  Knight 

Columbus  (not  shown). 

O.  W.  Fisher,  Assumption Clear-the-Way 

T.  W.  Hunt,  Ashton Springing  Star 

575 


576 

SECTION  5. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Sempstress  of  Oakland 

5th 

U  (C 

L.  W.  Brown  &  Son,  New  Berlin.. Account  of  Maplewood 
"                               "             16th  Nelly  Bly  of  River- 
dale 

Green  Bros.,  Indianola Scottish  Lady 


0.  W.  Fisher,  Assumption Lovely  Pride 

"  "  17th  Scottish  Lady 


SECTION  6. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. 


Fannie  Airdrie  25th 

L.  W.  Brown  &  Son,  New  Berlin.. Fannie  Oxford  4th 

Green  Bros.,  Indianola Sharoness      of      Maple 

Grove  3d 

0.  W.  Fisher,  Assumption Rose  Montroth  4th 

"  "          Jessie  Hopewell 

SECTION  7. 
J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville 


"  Caroline  of  Oakland  6th 

L.  W.  Brown  &  Son,  New  Berlin.. Marguerite  5th 

Green  Bros.,  Indianola Easter   Day    of    Maple 

Grove  3d 

"  "        Lucille  5th 

0.  W.  Fisher,  Assumption Glen    Ythan    5th    (not 

shown) 

"  Maid  of  Atta  2d 

T.  W.  Hunt,  Ashton 


577 

SECTION   8. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. 


Fannie  Airdrie  35th 

L.  W.  Brown  &  Son,  New  Berlin.. Lady  Mason  of  Berlin 

10th 

"  2d    Cordelia  of   Maple- 

wood  (not  shown).... 

Green  Bros.,  Indianola Young  Mary  of  Maple 

Grove  4th 

J.  D.  Varuer,         "        Claribelle 


. . 


0.  W.  Fisher,  Assumption Ruth. 

T.  W.  Hunt,  Ashton 


SECTION  9. 
J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. 


4<  tt 

U  it 


L.  W.  Brown  &  Son,  New  Berlin. .Young  Marshall 

u             Acomb  of  Maplewood 
"  "  Fannie  Oxford  4th 

tl  it 


II  It 

Green  Bros.,  Indianola 


Scottish  Lady  18th 

"          Sharoness      of      Maple 


Grove 

"          Luella  5th 

tl  1C 


-37 


578 

SECTION  10. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Lavender  King  4th 

«  u 

u  »« 

"  Sanspareil  of   Oakland 

6th 

"  "  Emma  13th 

Green  Bros.,  Indiauola 

"  "          Easter   Day   of    Maple 

Grove  2d 

u  « 

"  "  Young  Mary  of  Maple 

Grove  3d 

"  "  Sharoness  of  Maple 

Grove  5th 

J.  D.  Varner,  " 

"  " Red  Princess 

U  (( 

New  Year's  Gift 

Isabelle 

0.  W.  Fisher,  Assumption (not  shown) 


SECTION  11. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. King  of  Aberdeen 

Chancellor 

"  "  Emma  llth 

Surprise  of  Oakland  3d 
Surprise  of  Oakland  4th 

L.  W.  Brown  &  Son,  New  Berlin.. ..(not  shown) 

Green  Bros.,  Indianola Royal  Britton 

Royal  Phillis  3d 

Royal  Consul  2d 

M  "  ...Roulette... 


579 

Green  Bros.,  Indianola Sharoness     of      Maple 

Grove  2d 

J.  D.  Yarner,  Indianola (not  shown) 

T.  W.  Hunt,  Ashton "  

SECTION  12. 
J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville. .Emma  7th... 


Emma  14th. 
"  Surprise 


«  u 

it  u 

T.  W.  Hunt,  Ashton.. Hattie  Bell 

Beautiful  Bell 

Silver  Flower 

(Sweepstakes  animals  shown  in  above  sections.) 

CLASS  II.— HEREFORD. 

SECTION  1. 
Thos.  Clark,  Beecher Sanhedrim 


SECTION  2. 

H.  J.  Fluck,  Goodenow Sitting  Bull  .. 

Todd  Benjamin,  Sugar  Grove Wilton  Grove 


SECTION  3. 
Thos.  Clark,  Beecher Lars 

SECTION  4. 
H.  J.  Fluck,  Goodenow Monitor  F 


SECTION  5. 

Thos.  Clark,  Beecher Bess., 

...Plum. 


580 

SECTION  6. 

Thos.  Clark,  Beecher Jingle. 


SECTION  7. 

H.  J.  Fluck,  Goodenow Sarah  Bernhardt. 

Thos.  Clark,  Beecher Evergreen  Fairy.. 

"  u  ...Juvenile.., 


SECTION  8. 
Thos.  Clark,  Beecher Beauty. 


.Sunflower  2d 


SECTION 
Thos.  Clark,  Beecher 

<(  it 


a  u 

tt  n 


SECTION  10. 

Thos.  Clark,  Beecher (not  shown) 


SECTION  11. 
Thos.  Clark,  Beecher Peerless  Wilton 


U  It 

IS  It 

it  u 


SECTION   12. 

Thos.  Clark.  Beecher (not  shown)... 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  above  shown). 


581 

CLASS  III.— ABERDEEN  ANGUS. 

SECTION  1. 
B.  K.  Pierce,  Creston (not  shown). 


SECTION  2. 
J,  J.  Eodgers,  Abingdon Young  Wellington. 

SECTION  3. 
J.  J.  Eodgers,  Abingdon Columbian  Prince.. 


SECTION  4. 
B.  R.  Pierce,  Creston Blackbird  June. 


SECTION  5. 

B.  R.  Pierce,  Creston Heather  Bloom 

Bell  of  Cottage  Grove... 

J.  J.  Rodgers,  Abingdon Myrtle  Pride 

SECTION  6. 

B.  R.  Pierce,  Creston Princess  of  Woodland.. 

J.  J.  Rodgers,  Abingdon Nell  of  Cottage  Grove.. 

SECTION  7. 

B.  R.  Pierce,  Creston Blackbird  of  Woodland 

Pride  2d  of  Woodland.. 

J.  J.  Rodgers,  Abingdon Little  Belle 

"                     "        Princess  Martha  Wash- 
ington  

SECTION  8. 

B.  R.  Pierce,  Creston ...Young  Pearl 


J.  J.  Rodgers,  Abingdon Lola  Pride. 

"  "  ...Edith  Belle. 


582 


SECTION  9. 

B.  R.  Pierce,  Creston (not  shown) 

J.  J.  Rodgers,  Abingdon 


U  it 


It  it 

u  (I 


SECTION  11. 

B.  L.  Pierce,  Creston Wellington, 


J.  J.  Rodgers,  Abingdon Prince  Regnant 


« 


"  "        ..............  Columbus,  Jr.... 

'*  "        ..............  Mino  Columbia 

(t  t< 


(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above.) 

CLASS  IV.— GALLOWAY. 

SECTION  1. 
S.  P.  Clarke,  Dover Crusader  King. 

SECTION  2. 
S.  P.  Clarke,  Dover Dixon  Dixie 


SECTION  3. 
S.  P.  Clarke,  Dover Dixie's  King. 


583 

SECTION  4. 

S.  P.  Clarke,  Dover, 


SECTION  5. 

S.  P.  Clarke,  Dover Florence  Dixie 

"  "  ...Victoria  2d... 


SECTION  6. 

S.  P.  Clarke,  Dover Tobey  2d  of  Dover 

SECTION  7. 


S.  P.  Clarke,  Dover Nancy  of  Dover. 

«  (4 


SECTION  8. 

S.  P.  Clarke,  Dover 


SECTION  9. 

S.  P.  Clarke,  Dover 

"  "       Victoria  2d  of  Closeburn 

«  it 

"  "       Glen  of  Ivy  Gate 

"  *'        Laurigg  8th 

SECTION  10. 

S.  P.  Clarke,  Dover Prince  Mark 


"  "       Nannie  Dover 

*t  « 

»*  "       Rose  of  Joy  Gate. 


584 

SECTION  11, 


S.  P.  Clarke,  Dover. 


t(  U 

U  U 

it  « 


SECTION   12. 

S.  P.  Clarke,  Dover 

"  "  ...Dixon's  Dixie  3d 


(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 

CLASS  V.— DEVON. 

SECTION  1. 
John  Hudson,  Moweaqua Royal  Somerset. 


(C  II 


SECTION  2. 

John  Hudson,  Moweaqua Lord  Birkley 


U 


SECTION  3. 

John  Hudson,  Moweaqua 

"  "          Walter  Farthing. 

SECTION  4. 

John  Hudson,  Moweaqua Gladstone 

"  "          Fragrant  Lad 

SECTION  5. 

John  Hudson,  Moweaqua Picture  7th 


585 

SECTION   6. 

John  Hudson,  Moweaqua 


SECTION  7 

John  Hudson,  Moweaqua 


tt  it 


SECTION  8. 

John  Hudson,  Moweaqua Duchess  of  Woodland  2d 

"          Honey    Dew    of  Wood- 
land 6th 

SECTION  9. 
John  Hudson,  Moweaqua 


tt  n 

tr  if 

tt  (t 

tt  tt 

«  {( 

«  tt 

tt  t( 

tt  (t 

tt  (t 


.Fancy  Kobin 


SECTION  10. 
John  Hudson,  Moweaqua ,, 


Honey  Dew    of   Wood- 
land 4th 

"  "          Myrtle  18th 


586 

SECTION  11. 

John  Hudson,  Moweaqua Quebec , 

u  k<         Tulip  of  Woodland  4th. 

Sarah  of  Woodland 

1  {         Heartsease  of  Woodland 

"  "         Duchess  of  Woodland.... 

"  "         Milverton 

Ben  Eldridge 

"  "         Myrtle  17th 

"         Tulip  of  Woodland  7th, 

"  "        Tulip  of  Woodland  8th. 

SECTION  12. 


John  Hudson,  Moweaqua Myrtle  15th , 

"  "         Prince  of  Woodland 

<t  u 


............  Heartsease  of  Woodland 

2d  ................................ 


"         ..........  Heartsease  of  Woodland 

3d  .....................  .  ......... 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 


CLASS  VI.— JERSEY. 

SECTION  1. 
Latimer  &  Miller,  Abingdon Queen's  Dandy 


SECTION  2. 
Latimer  &  Miller,  Abingdon Turbigo's  Best 


587 

SECTION  3. 

Latimer  &  Miller,  Abingdon Queen's  Christmas  Gift. 

SECTION  4. 
Latimer  &  Miller,  Abingdon Hilarious  Jim 


SECTION  7. 

Latimer  &  Miller,  Abingdon Image 

"  ...Pack's  Hallie. 


SECTION  8. 

Latimer  &  Miller,  Abingdon.. Kittie  King's  Princess. 

"  "          Queen's  Katisho 


SECTION  9. 


Latimer  &  Miller,  Abingdon Queen's  Zora. 

"  "          Bonnie  Hallie 

SECTION  11. 

Latimer  &  Miller,  Abingdon 


u  « 


(t  <( 

It  « 


SECTION  13. 

Latimer  &  Miller,  Abingdon Bonanza 


(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 


588 
CLASS  XII. — POLLED  DURHAM. 

SECTION   1. 

Burleigh  &  Dewey,  Mazon Red  Duke.,. 


SECTION  3. 

Burleigh  &  Dewey,  Mazon Royal 

"  "     Superb 


SECTION  4. 

Burleigh  &  Dewey,  Mazon Triumph 

"  "     Duke  of  Hedge  Lawn. 

SECTION  5. 


Burleigh  &  Dewey,  Mazon Pride  18 

"  "  ...Pattie  8. 


SECTION  6. 
Burleigh  &  Dewey,  Mazon....... Bonnie  Pride.. 

SECTION  7. 

Burleigh  &  Dewey,  Mazon Pattie's  Pride. 

"  "  ...Pride  2d.. 


SECTION   8. 

Burleigh  &  Dewey,  Mazon Carnation 

SECTION  9. 
Burleigh  &  Dewey,  Mazon 


Pattie 


589 

SECTION   10. 

Burleigh  &  Dewey,  Mazon 


ll  II 


Moss  Kose  2d. 

"  "  ...Fossite... 


SECTION  11, 

Burleigh  &  Dewey,  Mazon 


it  U 

u  u 

«  U 

u  u 

u  u 

«  a 

u  u 


SECTION  12. 

Burleigh  &  Dewey,  Mazon 


(i  U 

ll  U 

"  "      Lady  May 

"  "      Grover 

"      Codo 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above), 

CLASS  XIV.— BROWN  Swiss. 
SECTION  1. 


E.  M.  Barton,  Hiusdale. 

u  u 


SECTION  2. 

A.  Bourquin,  Nokomis 


590 


SECTION  3. 


E.  M.  Barton,  Hinsdale. 

U  « 


SECTION  4. 

A.  Bourquin,  Nokomis 

E.  M.  Barton,  Hinsdale Hemrick, 


SECTION  5. 

A.  Bourquin,  Nokomis Brienz... 

"        Cornelia 

E.  M.  Barton,  Hinsdale Nancy... 


SECTION  6. 

A.  Bourquin,  Nokomis 


E.  M.  Barton,  Hinsdale Zoe. 


SECTION  7. 

A.  Bourquin,  Nokomis Lelia  B 

E.  M.  Barton,  Hinsdale May  Stauffacher. 


SECTION  8. 

A.  Bourquin,  Nokomis 


E.  M.  Barton,  Hinsdale. 


591 

SECTION  9. 


A.  Bourquin,  Nokomis... 

t .  tt 

E.  M.  Barton,  Hinsdale. 


it  iC 


SECTION  10. 

A.  Bourquin,  Nokomis 


« 


if  if 

tt  U 


E.  M.  Barton,  Hinsdale. 


<c  U 

"  "  Gabrielle 

"  "  Werner  Stauffacher 

"  "  Nightingale 

«  "  Mollie  Garfield 

«  "  Stiefnittecher 

"  "  Rosebud  Blanc 

"  "  ...Nocola... 


SECTION  11, 

A.  Bourquin,  Nokomis Teddy 

"  "          ....Ermia 

«*  "          Amito 

"  "          Boxy.. 

"  "  ...Edith. 


592 
E.  M.  Barton,  Hinsdale Richard  Stauffacher 


it  (( 

11          Echo 

U  (i 

Cl  « 


.Virgilia 


SECTION  12. 

A.  Bourquin,  Nokomis Frederick  Stauffacher. 

"  " Muggins 

Gertie 

"        Cloe 

Lelia 

E.  M.  Barton,  Hinsdale 

"  "          Tess... 

>c  u 


U  tt 

......  .........  Mount  Blanc 


...............  Leap  Year  Blanc, 

"          .......  ........  Grover  Blanc  ....... 


4t 


SECTION  13. 

A.  Bourquin,  Nokomis Margis— Dam, 


t(  U 

U  U 

U  U 

ti  U 

U  U 


E.  M.  Barton,  Hinsdale. 

It  U 


»(  U 

...Biber. 


C(  U 

"  " Bernhard 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above) 


593 
Division  B.— Horses. 

CLASS  XXL— STANDARD  TROTTER. 
SECTION  1. 

L.  A.  Davis,  Geneva Boy  Wilkes 

J.  R.  Peak  &  Son,  Winchester Kentucky  Peak 

E.  B.  Smith,  Chicago Keswick 


SECTION  7. 
Crum  Bros.,Literberry Nannie 


SECTION  8. 
J.  R.  Peak  &  Son,  Winchester Flossie  Fletcher. 

SECTION  9. 
J.  R.  Peak  &  Son,  Winchester Ardarth 


SECTION  10. 
J.  R.  Peak  &  Son,  Winchester Nelly  Marshall. 

SECTION  11. 

Crum  Bros.,  Literberry Algerda 


SECTION  13. 
J.  R.  Peak  &  Son,  Winchester Marion  N. 


CLASS  XXIII.— FRENCH  COACH. 
SECTION  1. 

Ed.  Miller,  Ancona Jongleur... 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Perfection. 

Kervella.... 

-38 


594 

SECTION  2. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Lord  Fritz  Graft. 

SECTION  3. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Rapid 

"  ...Urbin.. 


SECTION  4. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Nunphar 

"       Monaco., 

J.  P.  Me  Williams,  Dwight General.. 


SECTION  5. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Patrician 

...Prince  Colbri 


SECTION  6. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Partisan. 

"  " Prospero. 


SECTION  7. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Sopha.... 

u  "       Elegance 

"  "  ...Gabrielle 


SECTION  8. 


T.  Butterworth,  Chicago Fugitive.. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Liberta... 

"      Ecletante 

SECTION  9. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Tempest.. 

...Modestin. 


595 

SECTION  10. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Vereine 

SECTION  11. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Mignonne. 

J.  P.  McWilliams,  Dvvight Beauty 

Daisy 


SECTION  12. 

J.  P.  McWilliams,  Dwight Estella 

SECTION  13. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Gabrielle... 

"  ...Marrianne, 


SECTION  14. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Perfect 

"       ....Idole 

J.  P.  McWilliams,  Dwight Dandola 

(Sweepstakes  not  shown  above). 


COLLECTION, 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Barbarianna. 

"       Parthean 

"  "  ...Peruvian... 


Esmeralda >. 

...Heroine... 


596 
CLASS  XXIV. — OLDENBUKG,  HANOVERIAN,  TRAKEHNEN 

AND   HOLSTEIN   COACH. 
SECTION   1. 

Olt mantis  Bros.,  Agent,  Watseka. .Emmo  695 

T.  Boekhoff,  Watseka Phillipp 

Oltmanns  Bros.,   "        Wochtmister  942 

"  "  ...Hero., 


SECTION   2. 

Oltmanns  Bros.,  Agent,  Watseka.. Mons  950 

Ulfert  Poppen,  German  Valley Young  Alexandria. 

SECTION  3. 

Oltmanns  Bros.,  Watseka Maninngo  945 

Oltmanns  Bros.,  Agent,  Watseka. .Hobbo  948 


SECTION  4. 

Oltmanns  Bros.,  Agent,  Watseka.. A j ax  949... 
"  "        ...Bertus  947 


SECTION  5. 


Ulfert  Poppen,  German  Valley Felix  747 

"  "  Ferdinand  749 

SECTION   6. 

Ulfert  Poppen,  German  Valley Magnet  751 


SECTION  7. 
Ulfert  Poppen,  German  Valley Young  Alexander  585. 


41  <l 

"  ...Clara. 


597 

SECTION  8. 

OltmannsBros.,  Watseka Else  22 

Anna  20 

Ulfert  Poppen,  German  Valley Angusto  62 


SECTION  10. 
Oltmaims  Bros.,  Watseka Henrietta  297 


SECTION  11. 

Oltmanns  Bros.,  Watseka Bell  of  Watseka 

Ulfert  Poppen,  German  Valley Frederick  64 


SECTION  12. 
Oltmanns  Bros.,  Watseka Columbia.. 

SECTION  13. 

Ulfert  Poppen,  German  Valley Clara  100. 

u  ...Sarah  102 


SECTION  14. 

Oltmanns  Bros.,  Watseka Anna 

Ulfert  Poppen,  German  Valley Mari  Angusto. 

"  Frederick 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 


CLASS  XXV.— CLEVELAND  BAY. 

SECTION  1. 
Geo.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Eclat  486... 


Escort  765 

Stericker  Bros  ,  Springfield !High  Cliffe  555. 


« 


IngmanthorpeBaron754 


598 

SECTION  2. 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Marion .. 

"  "         Conquest 

Stericker  Bros.,  Springfield Sir  James  668 

Magnet  858 

B.  F.  Dorsey,  Sons  &  Co.,  Perry.,Rillington  Kaiser  1100 

SECTION  3. 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Sir  Christopher 

Stericker  Bros.,  Springfield Paragon 

B.  F.  Dorsey,  Sons  &  Co  ,  Perry..Lord  Lytton  1190 


SECTION  4. 
G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Harkaway  1007. 

SECTION  5. 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Ruby  1009 

Stericker  Bros.,  Springfield Paul  Pry  957 


SECTION  7. 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Gloucester  26 .. 

"  "          Sir  Christopher  942 

Stericker  Bros.,  Springfield Lord  Chief  Justice 

Poppy 

"  "  Primrose 

SECTION  8. 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Trinket  5 

Stericker  Bros.,  Springfield Dewdrop  4 


SECTION  10. 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Eveline  247 .... 

Ester  248 

Stericker  Bros.,  Springfield Primrose  175. 


599 

SECTION   13. 

Stericker  Bros.,  Springfield Poppy  286 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  above). 

CLASS  XXVI.— PERCHERON. 
SECTION  1. 


E.  Stetson  &  Son,  Neponset Victor 

"       Hercules 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Farfoit 

"       Fier-a-Brass. 

J.  P.  McWilliams,  Dwight Valseur 


SECTION  2. 
M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Introvable  16875. 

SECTION  3. 


M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Argentine. 

"  "  ...Cocardos.. 


SECTION  4. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Tsaure..., 

"  u  ...Endonni, 


SECTION  5. 

Ed  Hodgson,  El  Paso Duncan 

"      Maces... 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Moreri.. 

"  ...Boissv.. 


600 

SECTION   6. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Boabdil, 

..Alcalde.. 


SECTION   7. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Aiglo 

"  "      Ballantine. 

"  "      ....Alcalde 

"  "      Elphin 


SECTION  8. 

Ed  Hodgson,  El  Paso Estelle 

"  "       Animore 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Bertha 

"  ...Etoile  de  Perche. 


SECTION  10. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Fontine. 


SECTION  11. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Jeanne  d'Arc 

"  "  ...Viola... 


SECTION  12. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Voltine .... 

"  "      Joy 

SECTION  14. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Valentine , 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 


601 

CLASS  XXVIL— CLYDESDALE. 

SECTION  1. 
Kobt.  Holloway,  Alexis Macara  5586. 


SECTION  2. 

Kobt.  Holloway,  Alexis Prince  of  Quality. 

"      Prince  Charming.. 

Parker  Bros.,  Wyoming Handsome  Prince. 

H.  Von  Biedenfield,  Granville Lynedock  Chief 


SECTION  3. 

Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis Magnet 

...Startle. 


SECTION  4. 

Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis Prince  Attractive 

"      Prince  Deserving. 

A.  G.  Soderberg,  Osco Scottish  Chief 


SECTION  5. 

Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis Prince  Matchless 

"  "  ...Prince  Sturd... 


SECTION  6. 

Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis Prince  Darnley. 

"  "     Lord  Charming 

SECTION  7. 

Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis Cedric 

"  "     Mognt 

"  "     Lovely  Lass 


602 

SECTION  8. 

Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis St.  Cuthbert's  Maggie.. 

"  "  ...Minuet.. 


SECTION  9. 
Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis Myrtle. 


SECTION  10. 

Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis Marjory 

A.  G.  Soderberg,  Osco Lady  Baron 

SECTION  11. 
Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis Crosby  Gem 

SECTION  12. 

Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis Fickle  Fortune  Princess 

"  " Cherry  Macara 

SECTION  13. 

Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis Princess  Minne 

"  "     Beatrice  Regnant 


SECTION  14. 

Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis Minnie  Tarbroek... 

"  "     Prince  Resolute 

"  "      Cherry  Ripe 

"  "      Princess  Charming 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  above). 
(Horses  shown  in  Specials  not  shown  above). 

Robt.  Holloway,  Alexis Prince  Expectant.. 

"     Prince  Regnant 


603 
CLASS  XXVUL-SHIRE. 

SECTION   1. 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Holland  Major 

"  "     Moulton   Light  of    the 

West 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Knowle  Light  of  theWest 

"     .. Bar  Me 

SECTION  2. 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry... Jururno 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Major's  Sort 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Wenona  Albert 


SECTION  3. 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Major  Clark  ... 

Major  Lincoln 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Nonpareil 


SECTION  4. 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Major  Winthrop.. 

Sir  William... 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Wenona  Hercules 

SECTION  5. 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Major  Murray , 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Columbia , 

a  "  ...Wenona  Cardinal, 


SECTION  6. 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Wenona  Romeo. 

"  "  ...Wenona  Giant.. 


604: 

SECTION   7. 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona  ................  Nielston  Helpmate  ....... 

................  Wenona  Columbia  ........ 

"  "        ................  Wenona  Harold  ............ 

"  "        ................  Wenona  Primrose  ........ 

Wenona  Empress  ......... 

...Wenona  Brunette... 


SECTION  8. 

A.  (7.  Soderberg,  Osco ..Sonsie 

A.  W.  Hopkins,  Peru Larnock  Daisy  2d, 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora Axtel 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Wenona  Maid 

English  Trust 


SECTION  9. 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Wenona  Peach 

"  "        Wenona  Gray.. 


SECTION  10. 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Wenona  Chance. 

SECTION  12. 
Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Wenona 


SECTION  13. 
Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Wenona  Brunette. 

SECTION  14. 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Lady  Doof 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 

SECTION  17.— COLLECTION. 

G.  E.  Brown,  Aurora (not  shown) 


605 

CLASS  XXIX.— FRENCH  DRAFT. 
SECTION  1. 


Ed  Hodgson,  El  Paso Belair 

"      Montfort.. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Saintongs 

SECTION  2. 


Ed  Hodgson,  El  Paso Conde.. 

Ed  Miller,  Ancona Byron. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Milton. 

SECTION  3. 

Ed  Hodgson,  El  Paso Hilaire 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Negro.., 


SECTION  4. 

Ed  Hodgson,  El  Paso Earlville.... 

"  "        Mogemont 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Brite 


SECTION  5. 

Ed  Hodgson,  El  Paso Fontain 

"  "        Arion 

Ed  Miller,  Ancona Louis  Napoleon.. 

u  "       Dandy  Montfort. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Alcola 


SECTION   6. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Leonidas. 


606 

SECTION  7. 

Ed  Hodgson,  El  Paso Columbia 

Ed  Miller,  Ancona Montfort. 

"      Dollie 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne LaFerte.. 

"       Morene.... 

...Chimere... 


SECTION  8. 

Ed  Hodgson,  ElPaso Suzanne.. 

"        Lovette... 

Ed  Miller,  Ancona Viola 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Semele 

"       Eldorado 

SECTION  9, 

Ed  Hodgson,  ElPaso Sylva 

"  ...Olivette... 


u 


SECTION  10. 

Ed  Hodgson,  ElPaso Lordine. 

Wm.  Fry,  ElPaso Rhode... 


SECTION  11. 

Ed  Hodgson,  ElPaso Helena.. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Virginia 

...Hazel.. 


SECTION  12. 


Ed  Hodgson,  ElPaso Min 

Betsy 

Ed  Miller,  Ancona Margaret 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Letonere. 

"  "  ...Bertine1... 


607 

SECTION  14. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Eldora 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 

CLASS  XXXII.— HACKNEY. 

SECTION  1. 

Stericker  Bros.,  Springfield Pontifex 

"  "  Bective 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Ringmaster.... 


SECTION  2. 
Chas.  C.  Munroe,  Rushville Lord  Green. 

SECTION  3. 
Stericker  Bros.,  Springfield Ruby 


SECTION  6. 
Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Wenona  Index. 


SECTION  8. 

Burgess  Bros.,  Wenona Black  Queen.. 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 


CLASS  XXXIII— MORGAN. 

SECTION  1. 

Morgan  Horse  Co.,  Carpentersville. Sultan , 

"  "  Hillside  Morgan., 


SECTION  3. 

Morgan  Horse  Co.,  Carpentersville.  Winnebago  Morgan 


608 

SECTION  4. 

Morgan  Horse  Co.,  Carperitersville.Capt.  Allen 

Commodore  A.len, 

SECTION  5. 
Morgan  Horse  Co.,  Carpenters ville. Luke  Morgan 


SECTION  6. 
Morgan  Horse  Co. ,  Carpenters  ville.  Duke  Morgan . . 

SECTION  8. 

Morgan  HorseCo.,  Carpenters  ville.  Sunset  Morgan, 

Flora  2d... 


SECTION   11. 

Morgan  HorseCo.,  Carpentersville. Tempest  Morgan. 

SECTION  13. 

Morgan  Horse  Co.,  Carpentersville. Eulalia  Morgan... 
(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 

CLASS  XXXV.— AMERICO-ARAB. 

SECTION  4. 
M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Peruvian 


SECTION  6. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Margot 

"  "  ..Adalie.. 


SECTION  10. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Marianna 

"  "       Adelino 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 


609 

CLASS  XXXVI.— FRENCH  TROTTERS. 
SECTION  1. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne 

"       Agnadel 


SECTION  2. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Forcinal. 

Cagny.... 


SECTION  3. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Marandeur. 

...Merlerault.. 


SECTION  4. 
M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Cascadur. 


Eclair. 


SECTION  o. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Inkermann. 

"  '*  ...Ionian... 


SECTION    6. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Instant 

...Hole.., 


SECTION   7. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Indre.... 

Isaura.. 
Instant 
Hole.., 


SECTION   8. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Isaure  Clemence. 

Ketty 


—39 


610 

SECTION  9. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Allixia. 


SECTION  10. 
M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Mimosa. 


Fleur-de-lis. 


SECTION  11. 
M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Eneide. 


SECTION  12. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne 

"       Peerless. 

SECTION   13. 

M.  W.  Dunham,_Wayne , 


Etoile. 


SECTION   14. 

M    W.  Dunham,  Wayne Isaure  Clemence 

u Inez 

•'  "       Isaura 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Sans  Vergogna 

Eclair 

Instant 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 

SECTION  17. 
Collection  consisting  of  2  stallions  and  3  mares  under 

4  years  old. 
M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne 


Italie 

"  "  ...Inkerman 


.Idole 


611 
CLASS  XXX  VII-S  ADDLE. 

SECTION   1. 

S.  R.  Powell,  Peoria Artist,  Jr. 

SECTION  2. 

Ed  Hodgson,  El  Paso Chenault... 

"       Woodford 

SECTION  4. 

C.  B.  Pratt,  Chicago Lottie,  P.. . 

SECTION  5. 
J.  P.  Me  Williams,  Dwight Bess 


SECTION  6. 
Ed  Hodgson,  El  Paso Miss  Anderson. 

SECTION  7. 


J.  B.  White,  Chicago Indian  Boy. 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  above). 


SPECIAL  CLASS— PARK  AND  FANCY  GAIT. 
C.  B.  Pratt,  Chicago Boy  Chief 


Specials  offered  l>y   W.  I.  Buchanan. 


C    B.  Pratt,   Chicago Monie  B. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wavne. Annie.... 


612 

CLASS  XXXIX.— JACKS  AND  JENNETS. 

SECTION  2. 
Converse  Bros.,  Springfield Boston 


SECTION  3. 
Mason  &  Hill,  Auburn Antar,  Jr 

SECTION  4. 

A.  W.  Hopkins,  Peru Black  Forest. 

"  ...Duke... 


SECTION  5. 

A.  W.  Hopkins,  Peru Black  Oak 

...Favorite.., 


SECTION  6. 
Converse  Bros.,  Springfield....  .....Columbus. 

SECTION  7. 
Converse  Bros.,  Springfield.... 


.Antar. 


SECTION  8. 

Converse  Bros.,  Springfield Sangamon  Belle. 

"  "  ...Belle  of  Illinois... 


SECTION  12. 

Converse  Bros.,  Springfield Columbia.. 

SECTION  14. 
Converse  Bros.,  Springfield Miss  Lyon 


(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 


613 

SPECIAL  CLASS— MULES. 
SECTION  6. 

Converse  Bros.,  Springfield Belle..., 

...Ruth... 


Special  Horses  to  Harness. 

STANDARD  TROTTER. 

SINGLE  STALLION. 
J.  R.  Peak  &  Son,  Winchester Kentucky  Peak 


PAIR  MARES  TO  HARNESS. 

J.  R.  Peak  &  Son,  Winchester Flossy  Fletcher 

Ardarth 

Crum  Bros.,  Literberry Peerse 

...Nannie... 


FRENCH  COACH. 
SINGLE  STALLION. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Premier 

"       Prince  Colbri 

...Parthian... 


SiNGLE   MARE. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Esmeralda.... 

Atlanta 

"       Barbarianna. 

"  "  ...Heroine... 


(514: 

FRENCH  TROTTER. 
SINGLE  STALLION. 
M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne  ...............  Ionian  .............. 

SINGLE  MARE. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne  .............  ..Peerless  ............ 

<;       ...............  Inez  ................... 

HORSES,  EQUIPAGES  AND  APPOINTMENTS. 

SECTION  1. 
J.  R.  Peak  &  Son,  Winchester  .....  Flossy  C  ........... 

.....  Patsy  ............... 

Crum  Bros.,  Literberry  ................  Bonny  .............. 


Marmaduke  Wood,  Chicago  .........  Salvador 

"  u        .........  Jupiter 


SECTION   2. 

Marmaduke  Wood,  Chicago Neptune 

SECTION  3. 
J.  R.  Peak  &  Son,  Winchester Flossy... 


SECTION  9. 
Crum  Bros.,  Literberry Alice. 


PONIES  IN  HARNESS. 
Mallen  Bowen,  Chicago ^Nightingale. 


Special  Prize  Bronze  Statue  offered  by  French  Government. 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Iphigene 

"  "       Maringo 

Laigle : 


615 


M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Trafalgar 

"  u       Lauchier 

Kasbath 

Indre 

Ketty 

"       San  Vergogne. 

"  "       Isan  Clemence. 

"  "       Modestine 

"       Fleur-de-Lis.... 

Italie 

*•       Agnadel 

"       Forcina 

"       Marauder 

" Euclair 

"       Tii  ker  m  an 

Allixia 

u       Mimosa 

...Eneid.. 


SPECIAL. 

L.  A.  Davis,  Geneva Roy  Wilkes 

M.  W.  Dunham,  Wayne Brilliant 

"  "       Aiglon 

"  u       LaFerte 

"  "       Valentine 

"  u       Alone 

Indre 

11       Elizabeth 

"  "       Isaur  Clemence 

"  u       San  Vergogne.. 

"  li       Bettino, 

u  u       Pervenche 

u  "       San  Tache 

"  ..Perfection.. 


616 
Division  C.— Sheep. 

CLASS  XLIIL— SOUTHDOWN. 

SECTION  2. 
J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Viceroy. . 

SECTION  3. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Monarch, 
"  "  ..Brightly. 


SECTION  4. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jackson ville..Athol 

SECTION  5. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Diamond 

"  "  ..Belle  of  Morgan 

SECTION  6. 
J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Lady  Coleman'.., 


SECTION  7. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Lady  Webb  18. 

..Pet  llth... 


SECTION   8. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Pet  12th, 

SECTION   10. 


J.  H.  Potts  &  Sou,  Jacksonville. .Queen 

..Lady  Coleman  14th, 


617 


SECTION   11. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. King 

..Pet  llth 

..Lady  Webb  19th 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 


CLASS  XLIV.— SHROPSHIRE. 
SECTION  1. 


Oeo.  Allen  &  Son,  Allerton Proud  Salopian. 

"  *'  ...McFee's  Miracle. 


SECTION  3. 

Oeo.  Allen  &  Son,  Allerton ....Young  Salopian 

Conqueror  2d 


SECTION  4. 

Oeo.  Allen  &  Son,  Allerton The  Swell 

SECTION  5. 

Oeo.  Allen  &  Son,  Allerton Allen's  1138., 

Allen's  1231.. 

SECTION  6. 

Oeo.  Allen  &  Son,  Allerton Allen's  1359.. 

Allen's  1281.. 

SECTION    7. 

Oeo.  Allen  &  Son,  Allerton Lady  Thorpe. 

..Allen's  1581.. 


618 


SECTION   8. 

Geo.  Allen  &  Son,  Allerton Victoria  Queen. 

"        Queen 


SECTION   10. 

Geo.  Allen  &  Son,  Allerton Allen's  1334 


SECTION   11. 

Geo.  Allen  &  Son,  Allerton Bar  None 

Allen's  1650.. 

.. Allen's  1642.. 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 
CLASS  XLV.— OXFORD. 

SECTION   1. 

Stone  &  Harris,  Stonington Royal  Tom.... 


SECTION  2. 
Stone  &  Harris,  Stonington Jim  Corbett. 


SECTION  3. 

Stone  &  Harris,  Stonington Chicago  of  Stonington, 

"  ...Dick  Stone... 


SECTION  4. 

Stone  &  Harris,  Stouington Lord  Dornford 


.Woodstock 


SECTION  5. 

Stone  &  Harris,  Stonington Waddesdon  Gir 

...Winchendon  5.. 


619 

SECTION  6. 

Stone  &  Harris,  Stonington Waddesdon  Lass  5th. 

Waddesdon  Lass  6th. 

SECTION  7. 

Stone  &  Harris,  Stonington Winchendon  78 

...Winchendon  72... 


SECTION   8. 

Stone  &  Harris,  Stonington Howell  Pollie. 

...Howell  Pet.. 


SECTION   9. 

Stone  &  Harris,  Stonington Waddesdon  Girl  3d.. 

SECTION  10. 

Stone  &  Harris,  Stonington Stone  &  Harris  688. 

681. 

"  663. 

"  "  642. 

"  " "  617. 

SECTION   11. 

Stone  &  Harris,  Stonington.. ......Stone  &  Harris  720. 

"  736. 

731. 

702. 

"  u  "  721. 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 


620 
CLASS  XLVIL— MERINO  (A), 

SECTION  1. 

E    Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 873 

...986.. 


SECTION  2. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 311 

...99.. 


SECTION  3. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 321 

"  ...326 


SECTION   5. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 2380 

SECTION  6. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva... 212.. 

"  "  ...220... 


SECTION   7. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 238. 

...242., 


SECTION   8. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 2734 

"  ..1280 


621 

SECTION   10. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 1248 

2870 

2035 

.... : 1211 

..1214 


SECTION   11. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 2563 

1068 

1255 

1277 

1266 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above), 


CLASS  XLVIIL— MERINO  (B), 

SECTION  1. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 2475 

...980.., 


SECTION  2. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 1006 

..1012 


SECTION  3. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 322 

"  "  ...328 


SECTION   5. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 2385 


622 

SECTION  6. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 210 

...223 


SECTION   7. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 258 

...235 


SECTION   8. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 1279 


SECTION  10. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 841 

2(>69 

1240 

1239 . 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 

Division  D.— Swine. 

CLASS  LY.— BERKSHIRE. 

SECTION  1. 
B.  P.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Barry  Grand  Duke. 

SECTION  2. 

A.  J.  Lovejoy,  Roscoe Golden  King 

"     Royal  Lee  2d 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Sullivan's  Choice.... 


SECTION  3. 
B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Broad  Fellow 


623 

SECTION   4. 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Dandy 

"  "  ...Handsome 


SECTION  5. 
B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Queen  of  Quality 

SECTION  6. 

A.  J.  Lovejoy,  Roscoe Lady  Kings  Cote 

u  "      Cherry  Blossom  Sallie. 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Beauty  6th 

...Columbia.. 


SECTION  7. 

A.  J.  Lovejoy,  Roscoe  ..................  Lady  Kings  Cote  5th.. 

'•  li      ..................  Lady  Kings  Cote  6th.. 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry  .........  Lady  of  Carlisle  7th.... 

"     .........  Lady  of  Carlisle  8th.... 

SECTION   8. 

A.  J.  Lovejoy,  Roscoe  ..................  Riverside  Belle  16th  ..... 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry  .........  Queen  of  Quality  2d.... 

"  "    .........  Queen  of  Quality  3d.... 

SECTION  9. 

A.  J.  Lovejoy,  Roscoe  ..................  Riverside  Belle  5th  ....... 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry  .........  Beauty  7th  ................... 

"    ..  .......  Beauty  6th  ................... 


SECTION  10. 

A.  J.  Lovejoy,  Roscoe  ..................  Cherry   Blossom    Sallie 

5th... 


624 

SECTION   11. 

A.  J.  Lovejoy,  Roscoe King's  Duke 

1 1  .  i 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Lady  of  Carlisle  9th 

SECTION  13. 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Sullivan 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  above  shown). 


CLASS  LYL— POLAND-CHINA. 
SECTION  1. 

F.  M.  Bauder,  New  Milford Tecumseh  King 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Short  Stop 

u     Stumpy  Ashby. 

C.  W.  Trone,  Rushville Roy  Wilkes 


SECTION  2. 
Danforth  Bros.,  Deer  Creek Onward 

SECTION  3. 

F.  M.  Bauder,   New  Milford Black  U.  S.  Boy. 

B,  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Catcher 


SECTION  4. 

F.  M.  Bauder,  New  Milford Black  Jack... 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Allerton 

"     Allerton  Boy. 

Thomas  Bennett,  Rossville George 


625 


SECTION   5. 

Danforth  Bros.,  Deer  Creek Columbia 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Lady  Allerton 

"     Lady  Nelson... 

C.  W.  Trone,  Rushville Nora  Stark.... 


SECTION  6. 

Danforth  Bros.,  Deer  Creek Grand  Lady 

F.  M.  Bauder,  New  Milford Lady  Surprise 

"  Free  Trade  Queen 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Fanny  Joker  4th., 

"     Cleopatra 


SECTION  7. 

Danforth  Bros.,  Deer  Creek Our  Daisy 

F.  M.  Bauder,  New  Milford Model 

"  Lady  Wanamaker 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Ideal  Lady 

...Eulalia... 


SECTION  8. 

Thomas  Bennett,  Rossville Topsey 

F.  M.  Bauder,  New  Milford Rosa  Bell  2d. 

Rosa  Bell  3d., 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry May  Allerton 


u  ..Perfection 


SECTION  9. 

Danforth  Bros.,  Deer  Creek Hopeful. 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Sportsman 

"     Lady  Dorsey 

"     Columbia  Lady 

-40 


626 

SECTION  11. 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Nelson  Allen 


SECTION  12. 

Danforth  Bros.,  Deer  Creek Loyal  Duke.... 

"  "  Notoriety 

Peaceful  Kate. 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Ollie 


SECTION  13. 
B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Fancy  Joker. 


SECTION  14. 

B.  F.  Dorsey  &  Sons,  Perry Umpire 

"     Myrtle 

"  "     May  French.... 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 

CLASS  LVIL— CHESTER  WHITE. 

SECTION  1. 
M.  E.  Newburn,  Hennepin Putnam  Duke. 

SECTION   2. 

M.  E.  Newburn,  Hennepin Eclipse 

Royal 


SECTION  3. 

M.  E.  Newburn,  Hennepin Jupiter. 

SECTION  4. 
M.  E.  Newburn,  Hennepin Storm.. 


627 

SECTION   5. 

M.  E.  Newburn,  Hennepin Hennepin  Belle., 

Hennepin  Maid, 

SECTION  6. 

M.  E.  Newburn,  Hennepin Queen 


.Princess  A 


SECTION  7. 
M.  E.  Newburn,  Hennepin Venus. 


.Venus  2d.. 


SECTION  8. 
M.  E.  Newburn,  Hennepin Ida. 


SECTION  9. 
M.  E.  Newburn,  Hennepin Princess  B. 

SECTION  11. 
M.  E.  Newburn,  Heunepin Venus  3d.., 


SECTION  14. 

M.  E.  Newburn,  Hennepin General 

Snow 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 

CLASS  LVIII. — DUROC  JERSEY. 
SECTION  1. 

Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Cuckoo 

J.  M.  Stonebraker,  Panola Exchanger 


SECTION  2. 

Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Cleveland.... 

G.  W.  Trone,  Rushville Buffalo  Bill. 


628 

SECTION  3. 

Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Hero 

J.  M.  Stonebraker,  Pauola Buchanan 

G.  W.  Trone,  Rushville Rattlesnake  Pete. 

SECTION  4. 

Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Jim 

"       John 

J.  M.  Stonebraker,  Panola Royal  Duke 

"       Henry  Clay 

G.  W.  Trone,  Rushville Phil  Armour 

Johnny  Mack 


SECTION   5. 

Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Remarkable... 

J.  M.  Stonebraker,  Panola Guina 

G.  W.  Trone,  Rushville ..Trone's  Prize. 

SECTION  6. 

Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Nancy 

Quick.. 

J.  M.  Stonebraker,  Panola Marthy 


SECTION  7. 

Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Brightness 

"  "  Famous.... 

G.  W.  Trone,  Rushville Boxy  1st.. 

"  "  Roxy  2d... 


SECTION  8. 

Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Eugenia 

"  "  Hattie 

J.  M.  Stonebraker,  Panola Model  of  Beauty. 

"  "  Princess  Eulalia.. 

G.  W.  Trone,  Rushville Grace  Darling 

"  "          Grace  Darling  2d 


629 

SECTION  11. 

Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Mattie.... 

G.  \V.  Trone,  Rushville Roxy  3d 


SECTION  12. 

J.  M.  Stonebraker,  Pauola Perfection 

ts      Duchess  of  Woodford, 

SECTION  13. 

J.  M.  Stonebraker,  Panola Chart 

"      Sir  Knight 

"       .. Exchanger  2d 

G.  W.  Trone,  Rushville Grace  Darling  3d 


SECTION  14. 

Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Prosperity 

Eugene 

J.  M.  Stonebraker,  Panola Red  Lady 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 


CLASS  LIX.— SMALL  YORKSHIRE. 

SECTION  1. 

A.  P.  Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Caesar  3d... 


SECTION  2. 
A.  P.  Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Grover  Boy 

SECTION  3. 
A.  P.  Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Wilber 


SECTION  4. 

A.  P. "Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Robbie 

"  u  ...Caesar's  Frankie 


630 

SECTION  5. 

A.  P.  Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Hannah  Girl, 


..Prize  Chub. 


SECTION  6. 
A.  P.  Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Prize  Chub's  Best. 

SECTION  7. 
A.  P.  Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Jennie  Cole 


SECTION  8. 

A.  P.  Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Caesar's  Pansy. 

"  "  Caesar's  Violet. 

SECTION  9. 

A.  P.  Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Caesar  4th 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 


CLASS  LX.— ESSEX. 

SECTION  1. 
H.  H.  Taylor,  Heyworth Seldom  Seen 

SECTION  2. 
Thos.  Taylor,  Waynesville Grover 


SECTION  3. 
H.  H.  Taylor,  Heyworth Dan. 


SECTION   5. 

Thos.  Taylor,  Waynesville Sarah  7th 

"  "  Lady  Perfection  2d 

SECTION  6. 

Thos.  Taylor,  Waynesville Nellie  G 


631 

SECTION   7. 

H.  H.Taylor,  Heyworth Bell  2d, 

...Bell  3d. 


SECTION  10. 

Thos.  Taylor,  Waynesville Lady  Perfection 

SECTION  11. 
H.  H.Taylor,  Heyworth Bell  4th 


SECTION  13. 

H.  H.Taylor,  Heyworth Bert 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 

Fat  Stock. 

CLASS  CXLVIIL— SHORT-HORN. 

SECTION   1. 

M.  E.  Jones,  William sville Dr.  Talmage.. 

"  '.«  Headlight 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Viceroy 


SECTION  2. 

M.  E.  Jones,  Williamsville Drum  Major 

"  "  Whiskers 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville.. Yroder  Jr.... 


SECTION  3. 

M.  E.  Jones,  Williamsville Roll  of  Honor 

Bon  Ton 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jackson ville..Prather 

(Herd  and  sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above) 


632 

CLASS  CXLIX.— HEREFORD. 

SECTION  2. 
H.  J.  Fluck,  Goodenow Percy 


Tom  C.  Pouting,  Moweaqua Ogden  Armour 


SECTION  3. 

Torn  C.  Ponting,  Moweaqua Potter  Palmer 

(Herd  and  sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 

CLASS  CL.— ANGUS. 

SECTION  2. 
B.  R.  Pierce,  Creston Prince  of  Woodlawn 

CLASS  CLIL— DEVON. 
SECTION  1. 

John  Hudson,  Moweaqua Lord  Stanley 

Taffy  on  the  Stick... 

"  ...Yankee  Doodle... 


SECTION  2. 

John  Hudson,  Moweaqua Taffy  Jr. 


.Sam  Kidner. 


SECTION  3. 

John  Hudson,  Moweaqua Constitution 

"  "          Inter  Ocean 

(Herd  and  sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 

CLASS  CLY.— GRADES  AND  CROSSES. 

M.  E.  Jones,  Williamsville Baymer  Bearer 

T.  C.  Ponting,  Moweaqua Montgomery  Ward 


633 

SECTION  2. 

M.  E.  Jones,  Williamsvillo Jack  in  the  Bush 

H.  J.  Fluck,  Goodenovv N Freeport 


SECTION  3. 

M.  E.  Jones,  Williamsville Flying  Dutchman. 

(Herd  and  sweepstakes  same  as  above  shown) 

CLASS  CLXIV.— SOUTHDOWN. 

SECTION  1. 
J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville. .Charlie  Coleman.. 


Prince  Charlie. 
Duke.., 


SECTION  2. 

J.  H.  Potts  &  Son,  Jacksonville..Duke  2d... 

Champion 

/SECTION  3. 
J.  H.  Potts  &  Sou,  Jacksonville.. Arthur 


David 

Herbert 

(Sweepstakes  same  as  shown  above). 

CLASS  CLXXI1L— BERKSHIRE. 

SECTION  1. 
Cass  &  Burns,  Buffalo  Hart., Artist 


SECTION  2. 

Cass  &  Burns,  Buffalo  Hart Matchless. 

"  ...Bar  None. 


634 

SECTION  3. 

Cass  &  Burns,  Buffalo  Hart Dandy 

Goodenow.. 

SECTION  4. 

(Pen  same  as  shown  above.) 
CLASS  CLXXIY.— POLAND-CHINA. 

SECTION  1. 

Thos.  Bennet,  Rossville Emperor.... 


CLASS  CLXXVL— DUROC  JERSEY. 

SECTION  1. 
Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Chief 


SECTION  2. 

Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Record 

...News.. 


SECTION  3. 

Thos.  Bennett,  Rossville Tribune. 

"  "        Times 

(Pen  same  as  shown  above). 

CLASS  CLXXV1L— SMALL  YORKSHIRE. 

SECTION  1. 
A.  P.  Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Gus 


<t  U 


...Grove. 


SECTION  2. 

A.  P.  Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Alfred. 

"  "  ...Archie 


635 

SECTION   3. 

A.  P.  Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Caesar 

Lee 

(Pen  same  as  shown  above.) 

CLASS  CLXXIX.— ESSEX. 

SECTION   1. 

Thos.  Taylor,  Waynesville Jim 

SECTION  2. 
Thos.  Taylor,  Waynesville Joe 

SECTION  3. 

Thos.  Taylor,  Waynesville Bill 

(Pen  same  as  shown  above). 

CLASS  CXXXIL— GRADES  AND  CROSSES. 

SECTION  1. 
Cass  &  Burns,  Buffalo  Hart Knox  All 

SECTION  2. 

Cass  &  Burns,  Buffalo  Hart Cracker  Jack.. 

Sure  Shot 

SECTION  3. 

Cass  &  Burns,  Buffalo  Hart Get  There 

"  Billy 

A.  P.  Chapman,  Sugar  Grove Fred , 

"  "          Jim 

(Pen  same  as  shown  above). 

BREEDERS'  SWEEPSTAKES. 

Cass  &  Burns,  Buffalo  Hart Seneca 

...Dick.. 


636 
Poultry. 

CLASS  CVL— AMERICAN. 

SECTION   1.— BARRED   PLYMOUTH  COCK, 
COCK. 


B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 1 

J.  M.  Rapp,  La  Moille 1, 


HEN. 


Jacob  Wolf,  BloorniDgton 1, 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 1, 

B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 1. 

J.  M.  Rapp,  La  Moille 1. 


COCKEREL. 


S.  S.  Noble,  Bloomington 1 . 

J.  F.  Wolf,  Bloomington 1, 

A.  &  E.  Tarbox,  Yorkville 1. 

J.  B.  Foot,  Norwood  Park 1. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 1. 

B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 1. 

J.  M.  Rapp,  La  Moille 1. 

PULLET. 


J.  F.  Wolf,  Bloomington 1 

J.  B.  Foot,  Norwood  Park 1. 

R.  A.  Haeger,  Algonquin 1 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 1 

J.  M.  Rapp,  La  Moille 1 

BREEDING  PEN. 


B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 5. 

Reliable  Poultry  Farm,  Quincy 5. 


637 

SECTION   3. — WHITE   PLYMOUTH   ROCK. 
COCK, 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 1 

HEN. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 1 

COCKER  EL. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 1 

PULLET. 

E.  Peck  &  Son,  Geneva 1 

(Breeding  Pen  not  shown). 

SECTION  4.— BLACK  JAVA. 
COCKEREL. 

H.  Hodgson,  Albion 1 

PULLET. 

H.  Hodgson,  Albion 1 

SECTION  7.— SILVER  WYANDOTTE. 
COCK. 

A.  &  E.  Tarhox,  Yorkville 1 

W.  H.  Millard,  Genoa 1 

B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 1 


HEN. 

A.  &  E.  Tarbox,  Yorkville 1. 

W.  H.  Millard,  Genoa 1. 

B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 1, 


COCKEREL. 

A.  &  E.  Tarbox,  Yorkville 1, 

W.  H.  Millard,  Genoa...  ..1. 


638 

PULLET. 

A.  &  E.  Tarbox,  Yorkville 1, 

W.  H.  Millarcl,  Genoa 1. 

Reliable  Poultry  Farm,  Quincy 1. 


BREEDING   PEN. 

A.  &  E.  Tarbox,  Yorkville 5, 

B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 5. 


SECTION  9. — WHITE  WYANDOTTE. 
COCKEREL. 

F.  M.  MuDger,  DeKalb 1 

PULLET. 

F.  M.  Munger,  DeKalb 1 

CLASS  CVII.— ASIATIC. 

SECTION  1.— LIGHT    BRAHMA. 
COCK. 

Alfred  Doyle,  Morgan  Park 1 


L.  M.  Smith,  Ohio 1 

J.  B.  Foot,  Norwood  Park 1 


HEN. 

Alfred  Doyle,  Morgan  Park, 1 

J.  B.  Foot,  Norwood  Park 1 

L.  M.  Smith,  Ohio 1 

COCKEREL. 

Alfred  Doyle,  Morgan  Park 1 

G.  C.  Griswold,   Henry 1 

J.  F.  Wolf,  Bloomington 1 


639 

PULLET. 

Alfred  Doyle,  Morgan  Park 1. 

G.  C.  Griswold,  Henry 1, 

L.  M.  Smith,   Ohio 1. 

J.  F.  Wolf,  Bloomington 1. 

Reliable  Poultry  Farm,  Quincy 1. 


BREEDING  PEN. 

Alfred  Doyle,  Morgan  Park 5. 

G.  C.   Griswold,  Henry 5. 

J.  B.  Foot,  Norwood  Park...  ...5. 


SECTION  2.— DARK  BRAHMA. 
COCKEREL. 

A.  G.  Humphrey,  Henry 1 

PULLET. 
A.  G.  Humphrey 1 

SECTION  3.— BLACK    LANGSHAN. 
HEN. 

G.  C.  Griswold.  Henry 1 

COCKEREL. 

R.  T.  Nettle,  Peoria 1 

PULLET. 

R.  T.  Nettle,  Peoria 1:.... 

SECTION  5.— BUFF  COCHIN. 
COCK. 

J.  B.  Clark,  Chicago,  71  Mather  St 1..... 

HEN. 

J.  B.  Clark,  Chicago., 1 


640 

PULLET. 

J.  B.  Clark,  Chicago 1 

BREEDING  PEN. 

J.  B.  Clark,  Chicago 5 

SECTION  6.— PARTRIDGE  COCHIN. 
COCK. 

J.  B.  Foot,  Norwood  Park 1 


HEN. 

J.  B.  Foot,  Norwood  Park 1, 


BREEDING   PEN. 

J.  B.  Foot,  Norwood  Park 5. 

A.  E.  Stump,  Bloomington 5. 


SECTION   7.— WHITE  COCHIN 
COCK. 

C.  H.  Andrews,  Buckley 1. 

HBX. 
C.  H.  Andrews,  Buckley 1. 

COCKEREL. 

C.  H.  Andrews,  Buckley 1. 

PULLET. 

C.  H.  Andrews,  Buckley 1. 

BREEDING   PEN. 

C.  H.  Andrews,  Buckley 5. 


641 
CLASS  CVIIL— MEDITEEEANEAN. 

SECTION  1.— 8.   C.  BROWN  LEGHORN. 
COCK. 

B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 1 


HEN. 

B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 1 


COCKEREL. 

S.  S.  Noble,  Bloomiugton 1. 

B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 1. 


PULLET. 

S.  S.  Noble,  Bloomington 1. 

B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 1. 


BREEDING  PEN. 

B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 5, 


SECTION  2.— R.  C.   BROWN  LEGHORN. 
COCK. 

L.  A.  King,  Sandwich 1 

HEN. 

L.  A,  King,  Sandwich 1 , 

COCKEREL. 

P.  Plummer,  Prophetstown 1 

L.  A.  King,  Sandwich 1 

PULLET. 

P.  M.  Plummer,  Prophetstown 1 

L.  A.  King,  Sandwich 1 , 

BREEDING  PEN. 

L.  A.  King,  Sandwich 5 

—41 


(542 

SECTION  3.— S.  C.   WHITE  LEGHORN, 
'COCK. 

W.  H.  Millard,  Genoa 1 

HEN. 

Edson  &  White,  Van  Orin 1 

W.  H.  Millard,  Genoa 1 

COCKEREL. 

Edson  &  White,  Van  Orin 1 

W.  H.  Millard,  Genoa 1 

F.  M.  Munger,  DeKalb 1 

Keliable  Poultry  Farm,  Quincy 1 


PULLET. 

Edson  £  White,  Van  Oriu 1... 

W.  H.  Millard,  Genoa 1... 

BREEDING  PEN. 

W.  H.  Millard,  Genoa 5... 

SECTION  6.— BLACK  LEGHORN. 
HEN. 

R.  E.  Haeger,  Algonquin 1... 


COCKEREL. 

R.  E.  Haeger,  Algonquin 1, 


PULLET. 

R.  E.  Haeger,  Algonquin 1. 

BREEDING  PEN. 

R.  E.  Haeger,  Algonquin 5. 


643 

SECTION  7.— BLACK  MINORCA. 
COCKEREL. 

P.  M.  Plummer,  Prophetstown 1... 

PULLET. 

P.  M.  Plummer,  Prophetstown 1... 


CLASS  CXIII. — GAMES  AND  GAME  BANTAMS. 

SECTION  17.— CORNISH  INDIAN  GAME. 
COCK. 

B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 1 

A.  &  E.  Tarbox,  Yorkville...  ..!.. 


HEN. 

A.  &  E.  Tarbox,  Yorkville 1 

B.  E.  Rodgers,  Lake  Bluff 1 


CLASS  CXVI.— TURKEYS. 

SECTION   1.— BRONZE. 
TOM. 

S.  H.  Taylor,  Sibley 1 

James  Garvin,  Princeton 1 

D.  E.  Ward,  Princeton 1 

HEN. 
S.  H.  Taylor,  Sibley 1 

CLASS  CXVIL— DUCKS. 

SECTION   1. — PEKIN. 

J.  B.  Foot,  Norwood  Park 1  pair. 

J.  M.  Rapp,  La  Moille 1  pair. 


644 
CLASS  CXX.— PET  STOCK. 

SECTION  1.— LOP-EARED  RABBITS. 

Halley  Lyman,  Chicago 1  pair, 


PIGEONS. 
CLASS  CXXYIII.— LONG-FACED  TUMBLERS. 

SECTION   1.— MOTTLED. 

J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago 1  pair 


SECTION   2.— SADDLE. 

Frank  Gorse,  Chicago,  71  Kandolph  St..l  pair. 
Ray  Sturtevant,  Chicago,  2950  Calumet 

Aye 1  pair. 

SECTION  3.— BADGE. 

Frank  Gorse,  Chicago 1  pair. 

....1  pair. 

SECTION  5.— BELL  NECK. 

J:  H.  Whitman,  Chicago 1  pair. 

Ray  Sturtevant,  Chicago 1  pair. 

SECTION   9.— ANY  OTHER  VARIETY. 

J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago 1  pair. 


CLASS  CXXX.— JACOBINS. 

SECTION  1. — BLACK  COCK. 

J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago 1. 


<< 


645 

SECTION  2.  —  YELLOW  COCK. 

J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago  ........................  1. 

SECTION  3.—  RED  COCK. 

J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago  ........................  1. 


SECTION  4. — WHITE   COCK. 

Woodward  &  B.  Jurman,  Chicago,  60 
Wabash  Ave 1 

SECTION  5. — ANY  COLOR  COCK. 

J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago 1.... 


SECTION  6.— BLACK  HEN. 

J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago 1. 


SECTION  7.— YELLOW  HEN. 

J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago 1. 


SECTION   8.— RED  HEN. 


J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago 1. 

..1. 


SECTION   9. — AVHITE  HEN. 

Woodward  &  B.  Jurman,  Chicago 1. 


SECTION   10.— ANY   COLOR  HEN. 

J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago 1 


CLASS  CXXXVIIL— TURBITS. 

SECTION   1.— BLUE- WINGED  COCK. 

J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago 1 


646 


SECTION  4.—  RED-WINGED  COCK. 

J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago 1 

8ECTION  20.— ANY    OTHER    COLOR  HEN. 

J.  H.  Whitman,  Chicago 1 

CLASS  CXXXIX.— MAGPIES. 

SECTION   1. — BLACK    COCK. 

Kobert  Joos,  Peoria 1 =  ... 

SECTION   5.— BLACK  HEN. 

Robert  Joos,  Peoria 1 

SECTION   8.— ANY  OTHER  COLOR  HEN. 

Robert  Joos,  Peoria 1 

CLASS  CXLIV.— VARIOUS. 

SECTION   1. — ANTWERP,    SHORT-FACED,   ANY  COLOR  COCK. 

Dr.  J.  W.  Burns,  Chicago 1 

SECTION  10.— SPANGLED  ICE,   ANY  COLOR  COCK. 

Woodward  &  B.  Jurman,  Chicago 1 

SECTION   11.— PLAIN  ICE,   ANY  COLOR  COCK. 

Woodward  £  B.  Jurman,  Chicago 1 

SECTION  14.— ANTWERP,   SHORT-FACED,   ANY  COLOR  HEN. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Burns,  Chicago 1 

SECTION  17.— ARCHANGEL,   ANY  COLOR  HEN. 

Woodward  &  B.  Jurman,  Chicago 1 

a.  ii  -i 

SECTION  23. — SPANGLED    ICE,   ANY  COLOR  HEN. 

Woodward  &  B.  Jurman,  Chicago...,....! 


647 
CLASS  CXLV.— HOMERS,  (OPEN 

SECTION   1,— BLUE    COCK. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Burns,  Chicago 1 


SECTION   2.— RED   OR    RED-CHEQCERED  COCK. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Burns,  Chicago. 1 


SECTION   5. — ANY    OTHER  COLOR  COCK. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Burns,  Chicago,  615  Seminary 

Avenue 1 

SECTION  9. —SILVER  OR  RED    DUN  HEN. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Burns,  Chicago 1 


SECTION  10.— ANY  OTHER    COLOR    HEN. 

Dr.  J.  B.  Burns,  Chicago 1 


648 


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REPORT  OF  THE  CUSTODIAN  OF  THE  ILLINOIS 
BUILDING. 


f'HE  plan  of  exhibit  was  departmental  and  illustra- 
_  tive  of  the  administration  of  the  State.  The  several 
departments  were  intrusted  to  competent  committees, 
and  their  reports  show  fully  the  manner  in  which  the 
several  representations  of  the  departments  of  the  State 
Government  were  administered. 

Seats  were  provided  in  sufficient  quantities  to  accom- 
modate visitors,  in  order  that  they  might  rest  in  com- 
fort, eat  lunch,  etc.,  although  this  entailed  a  very  con- 
siderable amount  of  additional  labor  in  keeping  the 
Building  in  presentable  condition.  The  dispensers  of 
milk,  lemonade  and  other  similar  beverages  were  com- 
pelled to  charge  but  five  cents  per  glass,  while  ten  and 
even  fifteen  cents  were  common  charges  elsewhere  on  the 
grounds.  Check  rooms  for  lunch  baskets,  clothing,  grips, 
etc.,  were  provided  free  of  charge,  and  parlors  and  re- 
ception rooms  were  at  all  times  open  for  the  comfort  of 
visitors.  The  greatest  care  was  exercised  to  properly 
and  promptly  return  lost  or  stolen  property. 

By  resolution  of  the  Board  the  employes  needed  in  this 
department  were  selected  from  the  various  congressional 
districts  of  the  State,  each  being  recommended  and 
vouched  for  by  the  representative  on  the  Board  from 
his  district.  As  a  consequence,  an  exceptionally  com- 
petent and  efficient  body  of  men  was  secured,  whose 
main  labors  were  performed  during  the  night  when  the 
Building  was  closed,  and  who  were  as  a  result  at  liberty 
during  the  day  to  render  valuable  service  in  conducting 
and  entertaining  visitors. 


653 

At  the  close  of  the  Fair  the  Building  and  all  property 
not  otherwise  disposed  of  by  grants  to  the  public  insti- 
tutions of  the  State  were  sold  at  puplic  auction  after 
extended  public  notice  of  the  same  in  several  newspapers 
of  general  circulation,  and  brought  satisfactory  prices, 
considering  the  circumstances  of  the  sale. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted, 

W.   H.    FULKERSON, 

Custodian  Illinois  Building. 


REPORT   OF   THE    COMMITTEE   ON   RECEPTION 
AND    CEREMONIES. 


fOUR  Committee  on  Reception  and  Ceremonies  would 
respectfully  report  that  the  important  and  delicate 
duties  assigned  them  were  discharged  with  a  full  appre- 
ciation of  the  dignity  of  the  great  State  which  the  Board 
represented,  and  the  historical  character  of  the  occasions 
upon  which  its  hospitalities  and  courtesies  were  extended. 

Bearing  constantly  in  mind  the  plain  and  unassuming 
character  of  our  people,  no  attempt  was  made  to  imi- 
tate the  customs  and  ceremonials  of  the  Old  World,  but 
to  dispense  an  abundant  and  generous  hospitality  after 
the  manner  to  which  our  people  have  been  accustomed. 
It  affords  me  great  pleasure  to  say  that  this  method 
seemed  to  meet  the  hearty  approval,  not  only  of  our 
own  people,  but  of  our  honored  guests  from  foreign 
lands. 

By  the  aid  of  various  members  of  the  Board  and  oth- 
ers, the  committee  was  enabled  to  render  every  public 
reception  a  gratifying  success,  and  to  give  such  an  ac- 
count of  thin  department  as  would  redound  to  the  honor 
of  the  commonwealth. 

On  May  18,  Dedication  Day,  the  attendance  was  very 
large,  and  the  Illinois  Building  was,  of  course,  the  center 
of  attraction.  For  the  entertainment  of  the  multitude, 
speeches  were  made  by  President  Funk,  of  the  Board. 
Governor  Altgeld,  Hon.  Frank  H.  Jones,  of  Springfield, 
who  was  the  orator  of  the  day,  Mayor  Harrison,  of 
Chicago,  and  others;  and  the  Building  and  the  Illinois  Ex- 
hibit were  formally  opened  to  the  public. 

654 


655 

At  the  close  of  the  dedicatory  exercises,  luncheon  was 
served  in  the  Assembly  Koom  of  the  Illinois  'Building  to 
more  than  twenty-four  hundred  people. 

A  reception  was  given  by  the  Board  on  July  26,  to 
which  all  the  Commissioners — national,  foreign,  and  State 
Boards  of  Control— were  invited,  and  the  occasion  was 
memorable  for  pleasant  social  intercourse,  speeches, 
toasts  arid  music. 

We  also  entertained,  August  24,  Illinois  Day,  the  as- 
sembled multitudes,  listening  to  speeches  by  Vice  Presi- 
dent Stevenson,  Governor  Altgeld,  Mayor  Harrison,  and 
other  noted  representative  gentlemen,  on  which  occasion 
the  Illinois  National  Guard  was  present,  adding  greatly 
to  the  impressi veriess  of  the  occasion.  The  Building  was 
handsomely  decorated  with  the  national  colors  and  the 
flags  of  foreign  nations,  from  base  to  dome,  and  the 
day  closed  with  a  grand  display  of  fireworks  in  the 
evening. 

Chicago  Day,  October  9.  was  the  crowning  day  of  the 
World's  Fair.  More  people  visited  Jackson  Park  than 
were  ever  seen  on  any  fair  ground  in  the  world  before, 
and  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Comraissioners 
did  their  part  ably  in  entertaining  the  immense  throng. 
The  Building  was  elaborately  decorated  with  the  national 
colors,  as  well  as  those  of  foieign  nations,  and  made  an 
imposing  appearance.  In  the  evening  our  grounds  were 
brilliantly  lighted  with  thousands  of  Chinese  lanterns. 
A  brilliant  reception  was  held  by  Governor  Altgeld. 

It  is  with  great  pleasure  that  we  recall  the  entertain- 
ment given  under  the  auspices  of  the  Illinois  Board  to 
the  children  of  the  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home  at  Normal, 
111.,  October  23,  the  number  of  children  and  their  attend- 
ants being  about  two  hundred  and  seventy.  A  special 
train  was  chartered  by  the  Board  over  the  Chicago  & 
Alton  Eailroad,  from  Normal  to  Jackson  Park  and 


656 

return.  Their  admission  was  paid  at  the  gate,  their 
meals  paid  for  at  the  Wellington  Catering  Company's 
dining-rooms,  and  they  were  comfortably  and  safely 
lodged  in  the  Illinois  Building — the  boys  and  their  at- 
tendants in  the  Assembly  Koom,  and  the  girls  and  their 
female  attendants  in  the  private  parlors,  General  Oren- 
dorff  furnishing  blankets  for  the  boys,  and  Marshall 
Field  &  Co.  furnishing,  free  of  cost,  four  hundred  and 
eighty  new  blankets  for  the  girls.  The  children  finished 
their  sight-seeing  by  accepting  the  generous  invitation 
of  Col.  W.  F.  Cody  to  attend  the  Wild  West  Show, 
and  a  happier  lot  of  little  ones  were  never  seen. 

November  18th  there  was  an  entertainment  given  by 
the  Illinois  Board  to  the  executive  officers  of  the  different 
States,  which  was  a  kind  of  last  greeting— a  sort  of  love 
feast — which  was  enjoyed  exceedingly  by  all  present. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

JAMES  W.  JUDY, 
Ohm.   Com.  on  Reception  and  Ceremonies. 


REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  BUREAU  OP 
INFORMATION. 


OUR  Committee  assigned  to  the  charge  of  the  "Bu- 
reau of  Information,"  respectfully  report:  That, 
after  carefully  considering  this  matter,  with  the  great 
interests  at  stake,  and  the  absolute  necessity  of  placing 
it  in  charge  of  a  gentleman  thoroughly  acquainted  with 
the  magnitude  of  the  department,  and  one  who  would 
be  able  to  wield  its  influence  in  the  interest  of  the  great 
enterprise  in  hand,  unanimously  selected  Hon.  Joseph 
M.  Page,  of  Jerseyville,  Illinois,  as  such  manager,  con- 
ferring upon  him  authority  to  conduct,  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Committee,  the  business  pertaining 
to  the  position.  That  he  faithfully  arid  intelligently  per- 
formed such  duties,  the  Press,  not  only  of  our  State,  but 
of  the  whole  country,  abundantly  testify.  The  head- 
quarters was  the  rendezvous  of  the  newspaper  men  from 
far  and  near,  and  it  was  so  well  equipped  with  informa- 
tion on  all  subjects  of  interest  to  the  visitor,  as  to  elicit 
the  highest  encomiums  of  praise.  To  Mr.  Page  your 
Committee  feel  under  great  obligations,  and  we  feel  that 
the  favorable  impressions  made  in  favor  of  the  work  of 
the  Commission,  were  largely  due  to  his  efforts. 

We  submit  with  this  his  detailed  report,  which  is  made 
a  part  of  the  report  of  your  Committee. 

All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted, 

E.  C.  PACE. 

Chairman. 


-42  657 


Bureau  of  Information. 


J.   M.    PAGE,    SUPERINTENDENT. 


As  your  Honorable  Board  is  well  aware,  the  Press 
Department  for  the  State  was  organized  by  your  Com- 
mission, and  placed  in  charge  of  a  committee  consisting 
of  E.  C.  Pace,  chairman;  J.  W.  Judy  and  William  Stewart, 
and  an  appropriation  of  15,000  made  for  carrying  out 
the  purposes  of  said  department.  The  Committee  so  ap- 
pointed employed  J.  M.  Page,  of  Jersey ville,  and  placed 
the  department  in  his  charge  with  fall  power  to  transact 
the  business  pertaining  thereto,  and  to  make  such  pur- 
chases as  were  in  his  judgment  required,  that  would  meet 
with  the  approval  of  the  Board,  and  I  beg  leave  to  sub- 
mit the  following  report,  which,  in  a  measure,  shows 
what  has  been  done  through  the  Press  Department. 

Your  Honorable  Board,  feeling  that  Illinois  was  the 
host  of  the  nations,  requested  that  newspaper  men  not 
only  from  this  State,  but  from  all  the  States  and  from 
all  countries,  should  be  courteously  treated  and  enter- 
tained. To  do  this  in  a  manner  befitting  the  State  I 
purchased  carpets,  decorations,  furniture  and  papering 
amounting  to  $885.04,  and  have  kept  a  full  supply  of 
stationery,  which  has  been  used  by  all  visitors  without 
expense  to  them.  I  also  engaged  two  assistants  and  a 
stenographer  for  the  purpose  of  better  attending  to  the 
business  of  the  department. 

In  the  early  days  of  the  Fair  indications  were  that  the 
people  of  this  State  especially  were  not  being  made  fully 
conversant  with  the  grandeur  of  the  exhibits,  and  on 
consultation  with  your  Honorable  Board  it  was  deemed 


659 

advisable  that  a  Press  Day  be  named  which  would  be 
devoted  to  the  newspaper  men  of  the  State.     This  day 
was  set  for  the  16th  of  June.     Invitations  were  issued 
to  all  the  newspapers  of  the  State,  and  a  large  number 
of  editors  met  here  on  that  day,  and  by  personal  in- 
spection of   the  Illinois    Building   and  exhibits,  carried 
back  with  them  and  told  their  readers  just  what  they 
had  seen.    I  think  you  are  all  convinced  this  resulted  in 
great  good  to  the  Fair  and  in  bringing  the  work  of  this 
Honorable  Body  to  the  attention  of  the  citizens  of  Illi- 
nois, who  had  so  generously  contributed    towards  the 
enterprise,  and  I  have  yet  to  hear  a  single  complaint 
ma-de  by  the  newspaper  men  of  the  manner  in  which  the 
funds  and  exhibits  have  been  handled  by  you.     It  was 
thought  best  to  provide  a  luncheon  for  the  newspaper 
men  and  the  members  of  their  families  attending  on  that 
day,  and  a  contract  was  made  by  me  with  the  Welling- 
ton Catering  Company  to  provide  suitable  food  for  fifteen 
hundred  at  an  expense  of  $800.    The  compensation  for 
management  arranged  for  with  the  Committee  was  $300 
per  month  for  myself  and  the  two  assistants  above  men- 
tioned, and  the  stenographer  at  $50  per  month.     The 
total  amount  expended,  including  all  expenses  to  Novem- 
ber 1,  has  been  $3,991.88,  leaving  of  the  $5,000  appro- 
priated, the  sum  of  $1,008.12;  and  in  addition  to  that 
the  carpets  and  furniture  can  be  sold  for  at  least  fifty 
per  cent,  of  their  first  cost,  making  the  net  cost  of  fur- 
nishing and  maintaining  the  Press  Department,  including 
the  $800  for  lunch  on  Illinois  Day,  the  sum  of  $3,606.88. 

It  has  been  impossible  to  keep  a  correct  record  of  the 
number  of  visitors  who  have  come  to  the  press  rooms 
and  enjoyed  its  hospitalities,  as  scarce  one  in  ten  of  the 
editors  registered. 

The  work,  in  a  great  measure,  outside  of  entertaining 
visitors,  has  consisted  in  securing  passes  for  admission 


660 

through  the  gates,  and  also  to  the  various  entertain- 
ments in  the  city  and  upon  the  Fair  Grounds,  and  I 
think  I  can  safely  say  that,  counting  it  in  single  admis- 
sions, there  have  been  issued  through  this  department 
over  forty-five  thousand  tickets  into  the  grounds,  and 
that  the  places  of  entertainment  before  referred  to  have 
admitted  upon  my  personal  card  no  less  than  ten 
thousand  persons.  In  addition  to  this,  a  large  num- 
ber of  circulars  have  been  sent  out  from  this  office  to 
the  newspapers  of  the  State,  and  arrangements  made 
with  the  ready  print  publishers  of  country  newspapers 
by  which  a  cut  of  the  farm  scene  in  the  Illinois  Building 
was  sent  broadcast  throughout  the  State,  with  three 
columns  of  reading  matter  attached  thereto.  I  have 
also  distributed  one  hundred  copies  of  the  Illinois  Sou- 
venir Book  to  the  managers  of  the  entertainments  in 
Midway  and  several  of  the  natives  of  foreign  countries  in 
these  places,  with  a  slip  on  which  was  written  the  names 
of  your  Honorable  Board,  and  feel  that  this  book  will 
be  productive  of  great  good  by  reason  of  its  being  taken 
into  so  many  foreign  countries,  and  cherished  as  a 
souvenir  by  the  recipients. 

Whether  the  department  has  been  well  conducted  and 
satisfactory  to  your  Honorable  Board  is  not  for  me  to 
say,  but  I  wish  to  extend  to  you  all  my  sincere  thanks 
for  the  friendly  feeling  ever  shown  to  me  and  those  under 
me,  and  for  the  hearty  cooperation  you  have  extended 
on  every  occasion  when  requested  by  me  so  to  do,  and 
I  hope  that  the  friendly  relations  and  new  acquaintances 
formed  may  ever  be  pleasant  and  lasting. 


REPORT  OF  FREIGHT  AND  EXPRESS  RECEIPTS 
AND  SHIPMENTS. 


W.    D.   STRYKEH,   SUPERINTENDENT. 


|JE  HAVE  the  honor,  as  Commissioner  in  charge  of  freight 
**m  and  express  receipts  and  shipments,  respectfully  to 
report  that  I  was  appointed  to  take  charge  of  this  de- 
partment on  February  10.  1893. 

Daring  the  month  of  March  there  were  received  by  ex- 
press nineteen  packages,  consigned  chiefly  to  the  common 
school  section  of  the  Educational  and  the  Agricultural 
Departments.  By  freight  twenty-three  packages  and  six 
car  loads,  consigned  chiefly  to  the  Agricultural  Depart- 
ment and  that  of  interior  furnishings. 

During  the  month  of  April  there  were  received  by  ex- 
press one  hundred  and  one  packages  for  the  common 
school  section  of  the  Educational  Department  and  one 
hundred  and  two  for  various  other  departments.  By 
freight,  one  hundred  and  eighty-nine  pieces  and  three 
car  loads. 

In  May  there  were  received  twenty-nine  packages  for 
the  common  school  section  of  the  Educational  Depart- 
partment,  and  one  hundred  and  sixty-nine  for  other  de- 
partments. By  freight,  eight  pieces. 

In  June  there  were  received  fifty-eight  packages  for 
the  common  school  section  of  the  Educational  Depart- 
ment and  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  for  other  depart- 
ments, by  express.  By  freight,  thirty  pieces. 

During  the  month  of  July  there  were  received  sixty- 
two  packages  for  various  departments  by  express. 


661 


662 

In  August  there  were  received  sixty-two  packages  by 
express  for  various  departments,  and  by  freight  sixty 
consignments  for  the  Live  Stock  Exhibit. 

In  September  there  were  received  eighty-four  packages 
by  express;  by  freight,  seventeen  consignments  for  the 
Live  Stock  Exhibit. 

In  October  ninety-one  packages  by  express,  sixty-three 
for  various  departments  and  twenty-eight  for  the  Poultry 
Exhibit.  By  freight,  fourteen  consignments. 

There  was  shipped  matter  to  the  number  of  seventy- 
one  packages  by  express,  prior  to  November  1st,  includ- 
ing principally  circulars  of  information. 

During  November  there  was  shipped  by  express  matter 
to  the  number  of  three  hundred  and  six  packages  by  the 
American  Express  Company,  fifty-seven  by  the  Adams 
and  one  hundred  sixty-eight  by  the  Associated  Express 
Company,  making  a  total  for  the  month  of  five  hundred 
and  thirty-one  packages. 

In  December  there  was  shipped  by  express  nineteen 
packages. 

In  January  there  were  shipped  by  express  fourteen 
packages,  and  seven  car  loads  of  interior  furnishing,  etc., 
were  delivered  to  the  Illinois  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

This  report  is  unavoidably  incomplete,  for  a  consid- 
erable quantity  of  freight  and  express  matter  was  de- 
livered directly  to  the  heads  of  departments,  and  no 
report  thereof  could  in  many  cases  be  obtained  for  this 
department. 

It  would  have  been  possible  to  go  into  greater  detail, 
but  not  apparently  to  any  good  purpose.  The  work, 
therefore,  which  extended  over  a  period  of  nearly  a  year, 
needing  daily  and  often  hourly  attention,  is  condensed 
into  this  brief  summary,  which  is  now  respectfully  sub- 
mitted. 


REPORT  OF  PRINTING  COMMITTEE. 


;HE  act  creating  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair 
Commissioners  was  approved  June  17,  1891,  and 
upon  organization  of  the  Board,  the  following  members 
were  selected  for  the  Standing  Committee  on  Printing: 
James  K.  Dickirson,  Samuel  Dysart,  E.  B.  David,  J.  M. 
Washburn  and  George  S.  Haskell.  The  latter  gentleman 
died,  and  soon  after  his  place  on  the  committee  was 
filled  by  the  appointment  of  J.  Harley  Bradley. 

The  sum  of  $30,000  was  set  aside  by  the  Board,  to 
be  expended  by  this  Committee  in  the  publication  of  such 
matter  as  might  subsequently  be  agreed  upon.  The  work 
of  the  Printing  Committee  was  done  under  the  direction 
and  by  the  order  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners,  and 
the  Committee  is  gratified  that  everything  has  proved 
satisfactory. 

Among  the  publications  made  by  the  Printing  Com- 
mittee were  10,000  circulars,  giving  the  growth  of  the 
public  schools  from  1855  to  1892,  and  a  Synopsis  of 
the  Public  School  System  of  Illinois,  with  the  pertinent 
statistical  features  of  the  educational  system  of  this 
State,  which  is,  without  doubt,  the  finest  and  best  in 
the  world. 

The  Committee  also  published  separate  pamphlets,  giv- 
ing the  history,  progress  and  condition  of  each  of  the 
elemosynary  institutions  in  the  State.  These  gave  in- 
formation that  has  been  called  for  from  all  parts  of  the 
world,  concerning  the  methods  of  our  charitable  and 
educational  work  by  the  State.  These  pamphlets  were 
furnished  gratis  to  all  who  visited  the  exhibits  made  by 


664 

the  different  institutions,  in  the  Illinois  Building  at  the 
Columbian  Exposition,  and  were  afterwards  bound  in 
volumes  that  make  a  beautiful  and  valuable  souvenir 
book,  being  elaborately  illustrated  with  exterior  and  in- 
terior views  of  the  several  buildings.  Sixteen  thousand 
copies  of  these  were  printed. 

The  Committee  also  issued  sixteen  thousand  copies  of 
the  Illinois  Building  Souvenir  Book,  which  gives  a  de- 
scription of  the  resources  of  the  State,  as  shown  in  the 
great  State  Building.  It  was  written  as  a  guide  or  in- 
dex to  the  grand  exhibit  made  by  the  Prairie  State, 
which  formed  a  very  interesting  and  important  portion 
of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition.  This  book  is 
embellished  with  excellent  half-tone  engravings  of  the 
officers  and  members  of  the  Illinois  Commission,  and  full 
page  views  of  the  Illinois  Building,  the  great  Relief  Map 
of  the  State,  the  Agricultural  Art  Picture,  grain  inspec- 
tion and  forestry;  the  agricultural,  horticultural  and 
floricultural  exhibits;  those  of  the  timber,  fish,  clay, 
geology,  arch ceology,  natural  history;  the  educational  dis- 
play, including  numerous  views  of  the  exhibit  made  by 
the  University  of  Illinois,  the  different  Normal  Schools 
and  public  buildings,  including  the  four  different  places 
that  have  been  occupied  as  the  seat  of  government  in 
Illinois. 

In  addition  to  all  these,  the  Committee  has  issued  the 
printed  matter  documents  required  by  the  Board  of 
Commissioners  during  the  year  1893,  and  yet,  with  eco- 
nomical and  judicious  management,  the  committee  leaves 
an  amount  of  about  $21,565.84  of  the  appropriation 
for  a  printing  fund  still  unexpended. 


665 

Appropriation $30,000.00 

Expended 8,434.16 


Balance $21,565.84 

Respectfully  submitted, 

J.    K.    DlCKIRSON, 

E.  B.  DAVID, 
SAMUEL  DYSART, 
JAS.  M.  WASHBURN. 

Committee. 


REPORT  OP  COMMITTEE  ON  TRANSPORTATION. 


>OUR    Committee   on  Transportation  begs  leave  re- 
v    spectfully  to  report: 

That  the  thanks  of  this  Board  are  respectfully  and 
cordially  tendered  to  the  railroads  of  Illinois  for  unfail- 
ing courtesy  in  all  legitimate  and  proper  ways  extended 
to  this  Commission  during  the  preparation  for  and  con- 
tinuance of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 
Respectfully  submitted, 

J.  IRVING  PEARCE, 
Chairman  Committee  on  Transportation. 


666 


REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  COMPENSATION. 


UGUST  5,  1891,  your  Committee  on  Compensation 
made  their  report  to  your  honorable  body,  which 
your  records  will  show.  Since  then  they  have  been  re- 
lieved from  any  active  service,  the  Board  assuming  the 
responsibility  of  fixing  compensation  for  members  and 
employes. 

J.  IRVING  PEARCE, 
B.  PULLEN, 
D.  W.  VITTUM, 
Committee  on  Compensation. 


REPORT 


OP 


FINANCE  COMMITTEE, 


fiHE  Committee  on  Finance  herewith  submits  a  classi- 
fied statement  of  the  expenditures  incurred  by  the 
Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners,  in  all  of 
the  departments. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

WM.  STEWART, 

Chairman. 


FINANCIAL,  STATEMENT. 


General  Fund. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


15     American  Desk  and  Seating  Co $70  00 

121                "                         "               10  00 

2095     Anderson  Bros.  &  Co 17  84 

25     Andrews,  A.  H.  &  Co 24225 

780             "                              8  00 

2704            "                              8  64 

2032  Armour  &  Co 1,30000 

2064     Automatic  Fountain  Co 10  00 

2137     Allen.F.S 20300 

28     Buckles,  W.  H 7  00 

701     Bidenger,J 286 

1191             "          104 

794     Bennett,  Geo 312 

1395     Bartels.W.  H 26459 

1657     Bates,G.G 225 

2105  Butler,  W.  P 31840 

2122     Beck,  A.  E.,  Lumber  Co 5333 

2482     Baker.A.H 500 

1696     Bullard  &  Gormley 2700 

2100     BushneU,  G.W 19420 

2742     Bunn,  Jno.  W 51  40 

2658     Brennan,  Thos 5400 

2774     Blakeslee,  Helen .• 4000 

2106  Case.W.C 1200 

2700      Chicago  Herald 34  00 

1912     Crawford,  C.F 3000 

2702      Coons,  J.P 100 

68     Chicago  Directory  Co 600 

901             "                 "'          7  50 

2119     Cook,  E.  C.  &  Co 20000 

2166           "            "          22000 

2103     Clark  W.  M ...  3  22 

2728      Chicago  &  Northwestern  Ky 5  60 

662     Cunningham,  M.  B 10  00 

397     Carl  Young  Transfer  Co 15  70 

461                "               "              10  00 

2099      Chicago  Calcium  Light  Co 20600 

979      Carter,  D.  S 2000 

2527     Cook  &  Kathbun 9  00 

1965     Devoe  &  Keynolds 650 

2191     Dynes,  J 30000 

2290           "          500 

2033  Drake,  F.  B 2800 

2071     Dernberg,  Glick  &  Co 11  15 

—43  m 


674 

General  Fund — Continued. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

2188 

Dermison  Manufacturing  Co  

$13  50 

1777 

39  60 

1794 

Foote  A.  E  

5  00 

2102 

Fay  O    H  

300  00 

2104 

Ferris  J   A                      .              

11  00 

2112 

3  00 

1689 

Fair  The  .      ...                  

3  9> 

1852 

H 

4  91 

2138 

Gillett  L.  H  

15  00 

2096 

Gilmore  C.  0        .  .                                

2  25 

1624 

Goodyear  Rubber  Co                    ....          ... 

17  60 

2031 

Greer  Robt                  

3  814  25 

2326 

Gore  T  K             .  .                    

9  2  50 

2109 

Green  J.  W      

76  85 

2680 

Gurley  W  F.  E    ......                 

7  50 

1792 

Gilbert,  F.  F  

39  60 

2431 

Geserich  H.            

17  77 

2772 

Gardner,  C.  P  

26  00 

2788 

Halliday  &  Kessberger  

1  00 

2397 

36  66 

1005 

Herbst,  A.  J.,  &  Co  

1  70 

1356 

2  75 

2111 

Hoeg,  C.  M  

5  40 

1779 

Hackett,  W.  H  

115  00 

2009 

Heath  &  Milligan  

4  15 

2083 

Higgins,  Todd  &  Co  

18  00 

2654 

Henry,  Geo.  B     

69  00 

37 

Iliff  G  D  

10  00 

2118 

Judd,  L.  S     

70  00 

2679 

JfinlfinSj  WITI                 t         .  .       .......... 

21  45 

2710 

200  00 

2711 

« 

24  10 

2783 

« 

288  98 

47 

Johnson,  J.  S.,  Ford  &  Co  :  

194  90 

650 

Johnson,  J.  H      

3  20 

846 

1  60 

1144 

« 

1  60 

2401 

5  65 

2391 

Johnston,  W.  J  

22  95 

2740 

Jewell,  O.  H.,  Filter  Co  

21  00 

1353 

Kilbride,  Thos..                             

2  50 

2093 

Koch,  C.  R.  E  

72  50 

2491 

Kahl,  Hugo  

45  00 

2779 

Kirk,  W.  R...  

2  90 

1855 

Lansing  Wheelbarrow  Co  

13  00 

1973 

Lloyd,  E.  S  

2  90 

1998 

Lewis,  W.  H        

65  00 

1999 

u 

65  00 

2065 

Lord,  Owen  &  Co  

3  00 

2107 

Lino,  Paul  B  .  . 

145  80 

675 

General  Fund— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


2428  Loy,  D.  O 

2703  Lel'and  Hotel , 

2741 , 

2744  

2771  

2784  

2712  Lindahl,  Josua 

2097  Muller,  K.  P 

39  McClurg,  A.  C.,  &  Co , 

1778  McAdams,  Wm , 

1911  Mitchell,  H.  K , 

2726  McCoy,  E.  E    , 

2777  "  

2696  Orendorff,  H 

2393  Paddock,  D.  H 

1692  Pitkin  &  Brooks 

2214  Portable  Chair  Co 

1695  Palmer,  Fuller  &  Co 

2011  

2413  Pettibone,  Wells  &  Co , 

1878  Rosette,  Clinton , 

1879  , 

263  Revell,  A.  H.  &  Co 

19  0  Ransom,  Caroline 

1733  Reidle,  Florence 

1865  "  

69  Rand,  NcNally  &  Co 

93  

1346  Reniington,  A.  H 

1474  "  

2713  Reed,  KB 

2008  Roberts,  Bros 

2108  Schaffinger  &  Haan 

2399  Smiley,  C.  H 

1793  Sherrard  &  Co 

2787  Springer  &  DuBois 

29  Springer,  Annie  G. 

21 1 0  Smith  Premier  Typewriter  Co 

1697  Sefton  Bros 

2123  Salzenstein,  E 

2182  Stubbings,  W.  H.  &  Co 

169 1  Summerfleld,  E  H 

1857  Schlesinger  &  Mayer 

2066  "    '  

1205  Salisbury.  W.  H.  &  Co 

2197  South  Chicago  Ice  Co 

2286  Steiner  &  Reed 

2532  Shattuck,  S.  W 

2660       "     

2701 


$100  00 
9  75 

82  00 
8  75 

85  00 
28  00 

100  00 
11  75 
20  00 

100  00 

100  00 
32  00 
20  00 
98  50 

100  00 

11  84 

5  40 

2  25 
16  00 

135  00 
47  50 
47  50 

6  00 
46  75 
30  45 
42  00 

1  00 

12  00 
133  33 

83  33 

1  29 

24  00 
34  20 

113  67 

150  00 

20  00 

3  25 

2  00 

25  65 
693  20 
250  00 

7  00 
64  00 
66  00 
24  15 

3  60 
22  00 

3  55 
40  10 
15  00 


676 
General  Fund— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


2648  Seeberger,  A.  F $379  80 

2651  St.  Nicholas  Hotel 8  00 

2736                                    19  50 

2789  "                26  25 

2695  Springfield  Carpet  Co 2500 

2753  State  Board  of  Agriculture 25  00 

1880  Tinney,  0.  M 2125 

1881  "            2125 

1964  Tomaso,  S 27  00 

2010  Turnbull  &  Cullerton 2270 

1470  Tobey  Furniture  Co 4250 

1752  Ure,  John  C 22  50 

1945               "           2500 

2780  Udden,  J.A.. 850 

1358  Vance,  J.  W 12800 

1814  Woodruff  &  Hanchett 30  00 

2481  Waukesha  Mineral  Spring  Co 1000 

2121  Wheeler,  H.  A 45  00 

205  Wiggins,  N.  B 52  50 

1908                              30  00 

2791  Western  Photo-Engraving  Co 25  50 

2390  Wausau  Excelsior  Co 12  00 

1632  Wilcox,  W.W 20  00 

1415  White,  Wm.  Sons 600  00 

2653 60000 

2094  Withtngtpn,  H 3  00 

2699  Wilbur,  Bi.  S 3950 

1736  Yale  Towne  Manufacturing  Co 16  30 

2098  Yeager,  Phil 181  78 

2168  Zahnd,  Jacob 60  00 

2785  Zeese,  A.,  &  Sons 1350 

2790  ., 13  75 

Total $15,625  30 

5  J.  Harley  Bradley,  per  diem  and  expenses . .  $27  00 

280                    "                       "                   "  30  00 

817                                            "                   "               7910 

911                    "                       "                                   2100 

1734                                             -                                    8815 

2015                                                                                   37500 

2090                     "                       "  125  00 

2174                     "                       "  125  00 

2346                     "                       "  126  50 

2488                     "                       "  139  87 

2738                     "                       "  10  70 

2764                    «                       «                                    1500 

2776                     "                       "                                    1000 

Total $1,172  32 


677 

General  Fund — Continued. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Ajoount. 

1 
61 
127 
214 
324 
465 
577 
751 
816 
921 
988 
1188 
1325 
1488 
1681 
1833 
1961 
2053 
2154 
2344 
2417 
2508 
2666 
2725 
2748 
2755 

7 
73 
133 

207 
325 
449 
576 
702 
819 
980 
1168 
1287 
1496 
1680 
3871 
1960 
2043 
2146 
2308 
2466 
2514 

E.  E. 
i 

4 

Tota 
Sam'l  Dy 

M 
(« 
M 

<< 
« 

Chester,  per 
t         < 

1 

diem  and 
« 

t 

expenses.  . 

$25  00 
43  00 
48  00 
33  25 
20  00 
51  00 
10  00 
31  00 
46  25 
20  00 
30  00 
22  35 
15  00 
68  75 
152  10 
150  24 
154  00 
150  55 
157  45 
163  15 
156  70 
47  70 
17  40 
33  00 
20  00 
10  00 

«  p    ; 

« 

« 



$1,675  89 

$30  00 
20  00 
60  50 
30  00 
40  00 
20  00 
22  75 
15  00 
65  00 
40  00 
40  00 
25  00 
107  60 
204  80 
205  00 
199  35 
198  15 
201  85 
164  30 
138  48 
53  06 

sart,  per  diem  and  expenfl 
<«      « 

«      « 
<i      «t 
u      it 

fi 

«« 

« 

M 

(( 
« 

« 
M 

M 
«« 

es  

678 

General  Fund— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


2676     Sam'l  Dysart,  per  diem  and  expenses $19  45 

2724  "  "      "      50  oa 

2768  "  74  50 

Total $2,024  79 

10  Jas.  K.  Dickirson,  per  diem  and  expenses $44  60 

92  "  "        "       5450 

125  "  "        "       26  75 

216  "  "        "       28  00 

322  "  "        "       27  75 

448  "  "               23  75 

580  "  "               40  60 

703  "  "               22  50 

820  "  "               104  50 

992  "  "               77  75 

1206  "  "               70  00 

1489  "  "               40  16 

1699  "  "               193  65 

1841  "  "               207  60 

1957  "  "               210  00 

2056  "  "               209  50 

2148  "  "               209  50 

2330  "  "               168  40 

2464  "  "               140  90 

2664  "  "               80  80 

2706  "  "  15  35 

2750  "  «               30  10 

Total $2,026  55 

19  E.  B.  David,  per  diem  and  expenses $39  00 

66  "  "        "      20  50 

124  "  "        "      60  00 

271  "  "        "      44  00 

377  "  "        "      69  90 

500  '*  "        "      29  60 

770  "  "        "      30  60 

824  "  "        "      91  85 

971  "  "         '      51  50 

1147  "  91  60 

1254  "  "         '  84  85 

1494  "  "        '  96  85 

1787  "  "        '      17036 

1863  "  "         '  176  70 

1947  "  "        "  181  30 

2059  "  «        "  163  54 

2187  "  "        "      176  15 

2368  "  °        •«  173  95 

2423  "  -        «      163  70 

2640  "  M        "  33  45- 


679 

General  Fund— Continued. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

2709 

E  B  Pavid   por  di<^n  and  «xpAnfies 

$57  25 

2732 

4  50 

2752 

«                                  <l                                          1C 

45  50 

Total  

$2,056  34 

fifi 

W   H   Fulkerson  per  diem  and  expenses 

$61  25 

112 

54  90 

219 
450 

«                     «                   <i 
«                                         «< 

35  50 

61  85 

572 

746 

«                                         «« 
«                                         « 

17  70 
20  50 

807 
984 

«                                         « 
«                                         i« 

75  00 
17  75 

1159 

«                                         « 

64  35 

1288 

«                                         << 

72  65 

1498 

««                                         <« 

99  95 

1676 

<*                                         «< 

225  80 

1834 

«                                         «< 

220  90 

1954 

««                                         <« 

206  95 

2055 

«<                                         <« 

225  10 

2140 

K                                         « 

227  45 

2306 

<« 

220  60 

2418 

1C 

156  65 

2511 

« 

47  70 

2656 

(« 

2  85 

2670 

II 

15  45 

2693 

<«                        « 

18  00 

2754 

«                            « 

30  00 

Total                      

$2  178  85 

4 

LaFayette  Funk,  per  diem  and  expenses.. 

$37  25 

71 

20  00 

163 

«                     «<                  <« 

72  89 

305 

«« 

25  75 

562 

« 

37  05 

745 

«« 

36  04 

986 

«« 

120  15 

1176 

<« 

54  85 

1260 
1550 

"              

67  15 
92  11 

1675 

«« 

134  90 

1843 

«« 

133  75 

1995 

« 

133  15 

2091 

«« 

135  65 

2172 

N 

137  75 

2396 

« 

141  35 

2467 

«< 

132  10 

2513 

N 

48  08 

2678 

<« 

27  46 

680 

General  Fund — Continued. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

2692 
2718 
2769 
2775 

LaFayette  Funk,  per  diem  and  expenses  

$12  OS 
12  28 
20  60 
10  00 

Total  

$1  622  34 

1552 
1740 
1795 
1859 
1905 
1962 
2036 
2114 
2181 
2207 
2287 
2473 

LaFayette  Funk,  amount  drawn  to  pay  employe's 

M                                    II 
M                                    (1 

•«                                    II 

$93  34 
240  16 
25  18 
225  32 
103  16 
594  13 
174  47 
120  78 
39  80 
,  163  07 
92  36 
282  96 

Total  

$2  154  66 

16 

W.  C.  Garrard,  salary  and  expenses  .  . 

$22  75 

17 

i<             <i    •              K 

100  00 

30 

i<             i<                  ii 

12  00 

34 

it             (i 

100  00 

53 

ii             ii 

100  00 

67 

««                       M 

32  15 

77 

«*                        •* 

100  00 

105 

II                       II 

100  00 

114 

if                       14                                I 

23  25 

153 

II                        II 

100  00 

162 

II                               1C 

21  00 

195 

K                      it 

100  00 

213 

ii                       li 

13  50 

255 

II                      ii                              i 

100  00 

262 

II                           (I 

19  05 

299 

II                           II 

100  00 

307 

II                           «« 

13  10 

361 

««                           « 

100  00 

368 

K                         M 

15  10 

413 

.1                       M 

100  00 

451 

II                       M 

21  60 

459 

II                       M 

9  76 

484 

l(                       II 

100  00 

497 

II                          M 

12  69 

651 

«                           «< 

100  00 

567 

14                                     It 

25  37 

637 

«<                           M 

100  00 

678 

K                           « 

24  86 

691 

"                           « 

100  00 

681 

General  Fund—  Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


64 

109 

234 

323 

454 

570 

705 

910 

1089 

2309 

2465 

2519 


738     W.  C.  Garrard,  salary  and  expenses $14  75 

783  "  "  "          100  00 

840  "  "  "          25  30 

859  "  "  "          100  00 

873  "  "  "  27  00 

952  «  "  tl          118  10 

1029  "  "  "          100  00 

1062  "  "  "          2680 

1130  "  "  "          100  00 

1192  "  *  "          17  50 

1229  "  "  " 100  00 

1297  "  "  "          18  75 

1381  "  "  "  100  00 

1473  "  •'  "          '22  23 

1651  "  "  "          100  00 

1682  "  "  "          28  48 

1828  "  "  "          100  00 

1831  "  "  "          38  50 

1949  "  "  " 21  65 

2063  "  "  "          33  80 

2147  "  "  "          31  75 

2323  "  "  "          29  20 

2459  "  "  "  23  40 

2506  "  "  "         28  70 

2659  "  "  "          115  30 

2773  "  "  «*         100  00 

Total $3,287  38 

26     W.  0.  Garrard,  amount  paid  for  office  sundries.  .  20  00 

202  "  "  "  .  20  00 

391  "  "  "  50  00 

278  "  M  M  .  6  82 

849  "  w  **  .  15  00 

914  "  "  "  .  5  00 

935  «  «  a  10  00 


Total 

David  Gore,  per  diem  and  expenses. 


$126  82 

$43  50 

78  50 

79  00 
29  50 
31  25 

27  50 

28  00 
39  00 
59  00 

770  20 

140  10 

20  60 


682 
General  Fund— Continued, 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

2665 

David  Gore,  per  diem  and  expenses  

$10  50 

2715 

II                                             II                                                                   41 

10  00 

2718 

ii              i»                     it 

20  00 

Total  

$1  386  65 

11 

A.  B.  Hostetter,  per  diem  and  expenses  

$20  75 

58 

15  75 

110 

it                  ii                     ii 

38  00 

164 

II                                                                                         d 

31  75 

226 

II                                                    II 

5  00 

260 

II                                            II 

20  75 

308 
367 

II                                                               II 

15  00 
26  75 

463 

It                                                    II 

10  75 

582 

II                                                                II 

10  00 

653 

II                                            It 

23  30 

904 

II                                                    II 

30 

905 

II                                                    II 

70  70 

978 
1149 

II                                                    II 

40  65 
45  00 

1300 

II                                                    II 

25  35 

1493 

II                                            II 

59  00 

1679 
1874 

<l                                                               It 

203  67 
207  80 

1933 

If                                                    II 

165  75 

2040 

II                                            II 

162  30 

2155 

Ii                                                    II 

174  35 

2307 

cl                                                                       II 

170  95 

24,25 

It                                                    tl 

143  79 

2516 
2669 

II                                                    II 
II                                                    II 

73  80 
31  80 

2720 

II                                                    II 

30  25 

2760 

«<                                                    II 

33  75 

Total  

$1,857  01 

115 

J.  W.  Judy,  per  diem  and  expenses    

$100  00 

487 

48  00 

912 

H              ii                       it 

48  00 

991 

H              ii                       «t 

20  50 

1166 

ii              ii                       a 

55  50 

1256 

ii              ii                       >i 

22  75 

1492 

ii              ii                       ii 

55  15 

1678 

a                                      H 

146  90 

1836 

H                                      n 

171  30 

1971 

ii                                      ii 

169  80 

2057 

ii                                      ii 

153  70 

2157 

«                                      ii 

162  40 

2314 

ii                                      ii 

154  40 

2420 

«                                      ii 

147  65 

683 

General  Fund— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


2512*   J.  W.  Judy,  per  diem  and  expenses $46  70 

2697  "     '           "                         "          12  85 

2770  "                "                                      30  00 

Total $1,545  60 

2     S.  W.  Johns,  per  diem  and  expenses $34  75 

59  M                 "                       "       2525 

118  '•                  "                         "        65  17 

224  "                  "                         "        52  95 

327  "                   "                         "        47  70 

574  "                  "                         "        43  50 

813  "                   "                        "        52  00 

913  "                  "                         "        23  00 

973  "                  "                        "        2385 

1148  "                  M                        "        59  10 

1295  "                  "                        "        8250 

1486  "                  '                          "        106  75 

1671  "                  '                         "        160  90 

1827  "                  '                         "        142  80 

1932  "                   '                         "        176  00 

2039  "                  '                          "        166  00 

2144  "                   '                          "        146  50 

2305  "                  '                          "        158  75 

2422  "                  '                          "        149  25 

2507  "  "                        "  68  60 

2667  "                  "                        "        19  50 

2717  "                  "                        "        11  00 

2731  "  "                        "  3  50 

2767  "                  "                        "       2125 

Total $1,840  57 

74     J.  Irving  Pearce,  per  diem  and  expenses $71  00 

132                  "                    "                                 13  80 

135                   "                     "                                   65  00 

1165                    '•  ...  220  00 

1294                    "                                                          6735 

1491                                                                                52  75 

1732                                                                                129  40 

1835                                                                                   126  95 

1958  ...  127  65 

2089                                                                                13420 

2195  132  10 

2347                                                                               140  00 

2354J 464  35 

2472  "  129  80 

2512  "  40  60 


684 

General  Fund — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


2677     J.  Irving  Pearce,  per  diem  and  expenses $10  15 

2766                     "                    "  "          69  00 

2785                    "                   "  "         5  00 

Total $1,999  10 

6     B.  Pullen,  per  diem  and  expenses $44  50 

57  "  "                       "  41  50 

130  "  "                       "  28  75 

265  "  "                        "  44  25 

370  "  "                       "  40.25 

453  "  "•                       "  55  70 

571  "                                           "  26  50 

654  "  "                       "  29  25 

815  "  "                        "  120  00 

977  "  "                       "  60  35 

1131  "  "                       "  61  50 

1261  "  "                       "  26  65 

1487  "  "                       "  41  85 

1673  "  "                       "  173  94 

1839  "  "                        "  178  32 

1931  "  "                       "  171  80 

2042  "  "                       "                         178  15 

2153  "  "                      "  179  60 

2310  "  "                       "  190  35 

2421  "  "                       "  166  50 

2518  "  M                       "  51  72 

2672  "  •'                       "  56  05 

2723  "  «*                       "  28  20 

2735  "  °                       w  21  25 

2749  "  "                       M  11  50 

2758  ••  "                      «  10  00 

Total $2,038  43 

62     E.  0.  Pace,  per  diem  and  expenses $8225 

123  "  "         "  67  00 

227  "  "         "  36  50 

326  "                ••  27  75 

447                       "  1425 

579                      •  1750 

806                       •  94  94 

907                       «  2600 

976                       •  5595 

1158                      '  86  77 

1255                       "  4526 

1532                       «  4243 

1660                       "  14261 

1838                       ••  14354 

1934                       «  13855 

2041                       "  150  20 


685 
General  Fund— Continued. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

2151 

E  C  Pace  per  diem  and  expenses     

$147  70 

2312 

225  75 

2426 

«                  (                      1C 

152  04 

2509 

«       i         u 

67  35 

2688 

u       i         i< 

28  10 

2714 

1C                1                    II 

21  00 

2747 

II        1          II 

29  50 

2762 

II         It           II 

10  00 

2781 

II         II           II 

10  00 

Total         

$1,862  84 

18 

$583  33 

33 

583  33 

51 

78 

„       „       (l    

583  34 
583  33 

104 

it               ii 

583  33 

154 

u               u 

583  34 

198 

ii               K 

583  34 

254 

•i               ii 

583  33 

298 

u               u 

583  34 

360 

ii               ii 

583  33 

416 

ii               ii 

583  33 

483 

»i               i< 

583  34 

550 

ii               *t 

583  33 

638 

ii               ii 

583  33 

700 

i«               <i 

588  34 

784 

u               ii 

583  33 

858 

u               u 

583  33 

955 

it               ii 

583  34 

1030 

u               it 

583  33 

1121 

««               ii 

583  33 

1228 

it               ii 

583  34 

1382 

it               u 

583  33 

1677 
1840 

ii               « 
u               ii 

137  05 
130  70 

1956 

ii               u 

125  00 

2060 

u               ii 

125  00 

2150 

ii               ii 

132  80 

2311 

ii               u 

125  00 

2489 

ft               u 

125  00 

Total  

$13  733  89 

1151 

John  P.  Reynolds,  employe's  pay-rolls    

$59  85 

1193 

11  55 

1194 

<i         «<       ii 

81  50 

1222 

«i         (i       u 

93  35 

1227 

«         u       .1 

97  35 

686 

General  Fund — Continued. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

1285 
1298 
1349 

3 

63 
111 
144 
218 
259 
369 
452 
489 
614 
809 
981 
1145 
1262 
1499 
1698 
1829 
1935 
2058 
2142 
2313 
2424 
2505 
2673 
2698 
2719 
2730 
2760 

122 

206 
455 
811 
982 
1132 
1263 
1490 
1672 
1830 
1-J50 
2427 
2050 
2510 

John  P.  Keynolds,  employe's 
Total  

Day  -rolls 

$85  00 
92  90 
98  90 

it 

$620  40 

$30  00 
21  00 
30  00 
47  18 
10  00 
22  75 
20  00 
12  25 
16  00 
20  00 
70  00 
41  75 
65  00 
124  95 
132  45 
127  60 
146  30 
137  25 
137  15 
133  25 
135  70 
133  75 
115  90 
88  75 
24  00 
22  25 
5  25 
23  50 

W.  D.  Stryker,  per  diem  and 

«                  « 

<«                   < 

ii                  it 
Total  

« 

M 

(1 

1C 

ft 

(l 

<l 

« 

Ii 

it 

tt 

tt 
it 
It 

tt 
Ii 

it 

(l 

tl 

tt 

ll 

It 

It 

II 

II 

II 

$1,893  98 

$50  00 
50  00 
20  00 
80  00 
30  00 
72  00 
74  35 
111  70 
158  35 
155  35 
150  90 
135  10 
142  10 
116  55 

Wm.  Stewart,  per  diem  and 

tt                                         H 
tt                                         (« 
II                                          « 

II                                          It 
tt                                         U 

expenses  

ii 

it 

ii 

n 

it 

<i 

ii                       4 

tt 

H 

tt 

tt 

«« 

687 
General  Fund — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


2156     "Wm.  Stewart,  per  diem  and  expenses $137  40 

2671                                                                         16  20 

2331                                                                 "          142  60 

2708                                                                           13  15 

2746                                                                            23  20 

2751                                                                "          10  00 

2778                                                                            1350 

Total $1,703  05 

75     D.  W.  Vittum,  per  diem  and  expenses $47  00 

810                                                                         134  75 

1001 68  25 

1187                                                                            31  50 

1328                                                                            26  00 

1700                                                                            136  95 

1909                                                                            14560 

1952                                                                            141  28 

2062                                                                            147  20 

2213                                                                            142  20 

2348                                                                            146  30 

2469                                                                 "         154  10 

2521                     "                     '                      "         61  00 

2675                     "                                                      21  50 

2722                     "                    "                      "          16  50 

2759                                        '•                               22  00 

Total $1,44213 

8     John  Virgin,  per  diem  and  expenses $35  75 

65                    "                   "                     "         15  00 

129                                                               "         1755 

178                     "                    "                      "         2935 

306                                          "                      "         27  35 

494                                                                 "         48  00 

818                                                                 •'          25  00 

985                                                                 "          95  00 

1223                                          "                     "          9785 

1299                                          "                      "          32  00 

1652                                                                            160  00 

1685                                                                 "         208  00 

1837                                                                   "          211  00 

1959                                                                    "          20530 

2051                      "                    "                      «          201  30 

2149                      "                    "                      "          2>6  80 

2327  "                     "  212  80 

2468  "                    "                      "  202  80 

2517  «         «         «    .;.'!;.*;;;'.  6465 

2668  "                    "                     "  10  60 

2687  "                    "                     "  20  96 


688 
General  Fund — Continued. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

2707 
2745 
2763 

9 
72 

116 
170 
215 
329 
390 
529 
704 
808 
1002 
1186 
1301 
1500 
1674 
1832 
1951 
2061 
2152 
2304 
2463 
2645 
2685 
2727 
2757 

12 
55 
120 
217 
303 
466 
583 
748 
814 
916 
983 
1157 
1495 
1670 
1842 
1955 
2054 

John  Virgin, 
Total  

per   fjiflm  and  fotpenses   T    . 

$16  00 
15  75 
10  00 

tt                       tt 

$2,168  81 

$50  20 
21  85 
54  20 
27  05 
13  00 
29  60 
28  10 
34  10 
36  90 
94  30 
50  00 
65  70 
31  75 
120  00 
212  25 
206  40 
201  85 
211  95 
204  05 
.172  00 
143  90 
100  30 
99  50 
37  20 
98  02 

J.M.Washbur 

tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 

tt 
tt 

tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
.1 
ft 
tt 

Total  

nt  per  diem  and  expenses  

« 

« 

tt 

tt 

tt 

tt 

tt 

n 

ft 

.« 

ft 

u 

ft 

it 

tt 

ft 

tt 

ft 

tt 

n 

tt 

tt 

tt 

$2,344  17 

$47  75 
21  50 
42  50 
30  00 
35  00 
26  50 
15  00 
15  00 
45  80 
15  75 
30  75 
36  85 
173  80 
212  16 
211  28 
207  70 
207  55 

B.  F.  Wyman, 

a 

« 
tt 

it 

ft 

per  diem  and  expenses  

«                             u 

«                    ft 

tt                   .1 

ft                    u 

f(                   ft 

ft                   ft 

tt                   tt 

tt                    ft 

tt                   tt 

tt                   tt 

ft                   tt 

ft                   tt 

ft                    tt 

ft                    tt 

tt                    u 

689 
Gkneral  Fund — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  paid. 


Amount. 


2143     B.  F.  Wyman,  per  diem  and  expenses $207  95 

2303                     "                    "                      "         162  40 

2315                     "                                           "         5  80 

2419                                                                 "         136  30 

2515                     "                    "                      "         87  25 

2765                     "                   "                      "         33  19 

2662                     "                    "                      «         3144 

2716                                                               "         73  43 

Total $2,112  65 

1397     Employe's  pay-rolls $110  00 

1417                                        115  50 

1501                                        14125 

1540                                          1,670  84 

1541                                         2500 

1661                                          1,91382 

1751                                          1,899  99 

1821                                         2,330  17 

1882                                          2,407  66 

1953                                         2,46332 

2003                                          2 ,530  33 

2052 2,548  52 

2116             "                 •          2,39632 

2136                               ' 2,450  82 

2206                               '          2,35998 

2302             "                "          2,49434 

2369  "                " 90060 

2416             "                "                             856  09 

2498             "                "          40165 

2504                                         348  00 

Total $30,364  20 

2492     Adams  Express  Co $29  40 

2370  American  Express  Co 16905 

2462                                           74  25 

2479                                             57  00 

2682                                             22  55 

2395     Associated                   106  10 

2457                                             16  35. 

2496  48  05 

2501                                             12  50 

2733 1  95 

1719     Brinks'  0.  0.                                7  00 

1744                                           59  04 

1917                                           5  00 

Total $608  24 

-44 


690 

General  Fund— Continued. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

13 
32 
49 
91 
107 
126 
149 
199 
242 
294 
345 
409 
475 
542 
639 
687 
781 
871 
950 
1027 
1120 
1234 

20 
40 
100 
1894 
2192 

157 

177 
898 
987 
1048 
1133 
1283 
1481 

158 
267 
467 
679 
928 
2177 

P.  C.  ] 

T( 

Chicag 

K 

• 
« 

T( 
Chicag 

T( 
Chicaf 

T( 

Brooks,  r< 
)tal  

5nt      

$100  00 
100  00 
100  00 
100  00 
100  00 
141  65 
128  33 
128  34 
128  33 
128  34 
128  33 
128  33 
128  34 
128  33 
128  33 
128  34 
128  33 
128  33 
128  34 
128  33 
128  33 
128  34 

$2,694  99 

$219  65 
46  60 
1  75 
770  04 
10  00 

-o  Carpet 

• 
• 

>tal  

Co  ...      

$1,048  04 

$2  10 
1  25 
2  75 
4  65 
4  50 
3  12 
2  64 
1  44 

jo  Gas  Li 
>tal..  .  . 

« 

H 

• 

a 

« 

« 

• 

$22  45 

$25  77 
31  25 
31  25 
31  25 
31  25 
92  50 

jo  Teleph 
)tal... 

one  Co  

$243  27 

691 

General  Fund— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1802  M.  A.  Ersham  &  Co.,  badges. 

1867 
2401 

Total.. 

1851     Marshall  Field  &  Co. 

1978 

2169 

2414 

Total. 

1853     Pearson  Lumber  Co. 

2415 

2458 

Total. 

101     Garden  City  Towel  Co. 

180 

330 

610 

832 
1214 
2394 

Total. 

38     Trevor  Spring  Water  Co. 

138 

2C8 

429 

656 

899 
1150 
1735 

Total. 

897  C.  P.  Van  Inwegen,  coal. 
1155 
1204 
1322 
1690 
1929 
2163 
2404 
2456 
2525 

Total. 


$55  00 

3  00 

4  50 


$62  50 

$41  00 

23  40 

3  42 

68  00 


$135  82 

$78  23 
67  79 
60  21 


$206  23 
$2  80 


3  75 
2  50 


$23  30 

$3  33 
12  83 

12  66 

13  33 
13  16 
13  16 
12  83 

6  00 


$87  30 

$22  50 
38  25 

22  50 
135  00 
123  75 

90  00 

23  00 
92  00 
67  50 
30  00 


$644  50 


692 

General  Fund— Continued. 


Voucher 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1555     Wellington  Catering  Co $97500 

1820                                               . . . , 800  00 

2002                                                 483  74 

2034                                                 400  00 

2120                                                 1,83500 

2212                                                 400  00 

2398                                                 332  25 

Total $5,225  99 

31     Daisy  Chaffee,  employd $83  33 

52                                     "         10000 

76                                      "        100  00 

106                                       "         100  00 

152                                       "         100  00 

196                                         "         100  00 

256                                       "         100  CO 

300                 "                     "         10000 

362                  "                      "         100  00 

412                 "                     "         100  00 

485                 "                     "         100  00 

552                 "                     " 100  00 

Total $1,183  33 

1654     Emma  Covington,  employe* $35  00 

1862                                           "        50  00 

2000                                             "         50  00 

2073                                             "         50  00 

2165                                             "         50  00 

2319                                             "         50  00 

Total $285  00 

663     J.  E.  Hamlin,  employe* $50  00 

693                                       "         .    .  25  00 

785                                       '        50  00 

903                                        *         60  00 

945  '         60  00 

1039                                        '         60  00 

1123                                        '         60  00 

1231                                       "                  60  00 

1384                 "                     "         60  00 

Total $485  00 

50  N.    B.   Beed,    employ 6. .  $4  00 

906                "                    "        33  33 

946  "                     "         66  67 

1041                 "                     "         10000 

1122  "                     "  100  00 


693 

General  Fund— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1230     N.    B.    Keed,    employe'. 

1380 

2490 

2657 

2661 

2674  "  " 

2743 

Total 

108     I.  Soderstrom,  employ 6. 

148 

194 

243  "  " 

295 

344 

Total 

421     Oscar  Thearin,  employe* 

472 

553 

660 

€8» 

7s6 

872 

949 

1040       "        " 
1119 
1232 
1383       "        " 

Total. 

2189  Herald,    Chicago,   advertising. 
2461 

2523 

2190  Inter  Ocean, 
2402 

2609  News,  Springfield, 

2646  "             Chicago, 

2301  Record, 

2194  Tribune, 

2403 

2524 

2681  "       " 

22  <9  Times, 

2642  "        •« 

Total. 


$100  00 

100  00 

33  00 

100  00 

101  35 
21  00 
62  25 


$821  60 

$40  00 

40  00 

40  00 

40  00 

40  00 

40  00 


$240  00 

$40  00 

40  00 

40  00 

40  00 

40  00 

40  00 

40  00 

40  00 

40  00 

40  00 

40  00 

40  00 


$480  00 

$95  00 

13  00 

12  00 

55  00 

1  05 

6  30 
70  20 
43  75 
69  50 

7  80 

8  80 
21  45 
87  50 
15  00 


$496  35 


694 

General  Fund— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


2129  C.,  C.,  C.  &  St.  L.,  railroad  transportation $87  73 

2691  Chi.  &N.,W.,                             "                        21999 

2124  I.  C.  R.  R.,                                                        3,639  12 

2130  R.  I.  &  Peo.,                                                       28  00 

2199  St.  L.,  A.  &  T.  H.,                     "                        6227 

2128  T.  P.  &  W.,                                                           1  30 

2139             "                                                                     87  40 

2198  T.  H.  &  I.,                                                            90  19 

Total $4,216  10 

1937  F.  G.  Cobb,  room  rent $45  35 

2048  "  "  40  00 

2175                 "  "  40  00 

2345  "  44  00 

1918  S.  H.  Dempsey,    "  4000 

2049  "  40  00 

2158                 "  "  40  00 

1448  J.  S.  Mahan,  '  40  00 

1636  "  '  50  00 

1753                 "  '  30  00 

1804  "  '  50  00 

1805  "  '  4000 

1936                 "  "  50  00 

1938  "  ... 40  00 

2044  "  "  40  00 

2047                 "  "  50  00 

2133                 "  "  50  00 

2135                 "  "  4000 

2288                 "  "  40  00 

2322                 "  "  50  00 

2045  N.  B.  Reed,  "  7600 

2141                '•  "  76  00 

2275                 "  "  5000 

2279                 ••  "  32  00 

2337                 "  "'  42  00 

2340                 "  "  18  00 

2365                 "  "  20  00 

2372                 "  ••  16  00 

1637  A.  Robinson,  "  50  00 

1748                 "  "  45  00 

1902                 "  "  30  00 

1939  "  "              50  00 

2046  "  "                                               50  00 

2145                 "  "  2500 

2644  "  75  00 

Total $1,51435 


695 

General  Fund — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1687     Hibbard,  Spencer  &  Co.,  hardware,  etc 

1854 

1968 

2068 

2167 

2318 

2494 

1884     C.  H.  Eice, 

2176  "  " 

2285  "  " 

2460 

1625     Felix  &  Marston, 

1688 

1858 

2069  "  " 

2162 

Total 

22     John  Morris  Co.,  printing  and  stationery. 
1218 
1775 

1796  "  " 

2526 
2641 
2689 

Total 

2338     E.  E.  McCoy,  agricultural  exhibit 

2367 

2373 

2407 

2429 

2471 

2283  J.  M.  Kichart, 

2329 

2333 

2362 

2366  " 

2408 

2208  W.  A.  Young, 

2276        "  " 

2328 

2332  " 

2335  " 

2364        " 

2374 

2409        " 

2430        " 

2470        "  " 


$199  52 

39  78 

62  23 

5  25 

26  89 

52  75 
2  77 

53  02 
19  30 

1  20 
18  70 
26  39 

9  34 
18  78 
18  55 
23  10 


$577  57 

$37  80 
13  60 
95  40 

503  99 

10  80 

35  91 

5  60 


$703  10 

$26  55 

16  35 

26  65 

10  95 

10  49 

6  30 

244  45 

217  00 

136  50 

53  35 

248  90 

6  10 

115  25 
208  00 
114  60 

35  10 
119  45 
104  15 
133  40 

116  65 
78  40 
93  80 


696 

General  Fund— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


2282     D.    0.  Hoyt,  agricultural  exhibit '$44  00 

2361      A.  E.  DuBois,                                       31  00 

2334     A.  G.  Springer,                                 3020 

2371                                                                  11  60 

Total $2,239  19 

1362     A.  Orendorff $6050 

1533                "            9400 

1623                "            37  70 

1864                             4700 

1916                 "            2500 

2480                              1200 

Total $276  20 

1738  J.  M.  Page $35000 

1739  "            5305 

1850                 "            300  00 

1883                 "            8690 

1997                "           81475 

2072                 "            32800 

2164                 "            31850 

2320                 "            326  14 

Total $2,077  34 

782     Sommer  &  Pierik $23000 

2222                                      *  10  00 

2392                     "                  4000 

2643                                        40  00 

Total $320  00 

680     M.  C.  Ames $1  60 

830                "         1  60 

1154                 "         160 

Total $4  80 

27     Sherman  House $312  35 

117                  "              370  25 

161                  "             331  55 

343                   "              263  40 

499                   "              25440 

578                   "              259  85 

752                   "             263  25 

834  "              74640 

835  "            carriages 200  00 

1000                  "             618  50 

1167                  '*                      50065 


697 

General  Fund — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1304     Sherman  House $402  25 

1527                                   645  25 

1737                                759  00 

1860 421  75 

1963                                  438  50 

2082                                  423  75 

2159                                  44325 

2343                                  538  50 

2477                                  64575 

2522                                  51350 

2663 17300 

2734 29  00 

2756 1425 

Total $9,525  10 

1890     World's  Columbian  Exposition $17  00 

1992                                                          59  50 

2125                                                           747  00 

2186                                                             38  00 

2221                                                             31  50 

2301                                                             335  04 

2400                                                             32  01 

2405                                                             125  58 

2684                                                             6  50 

Total $1,392  13 

23     Wyckoff,  Seamans  &  Benedict $9500 

35                               "                           45  00 

1576                                                          31  50 

Total $171  50 

2203     National  Fire  Works,  fire  works $100  00 

2038     Paine  &  Sons,                                1,200  00 

Total $1,300  00 

2036     Pullman  Band,  musio $306  00 

2211                                     "      306  00 

1556     A.  F.  Weldon,        *      21300 

Total...  $825  00 


698 


General  Fund—  Concluded. 
E  ecapitulation. 


Miscellaneous $15,625  30 

Members  of  Commission,  per  diem  and  salary 53,993  34 

Pay-rolls  employe's 33 , 139  26 

Fireworks 1 , 300  00 

Music 825  00 

Express  charges 608  24 

Kent, offices 2,694  99 

Carpets 1,048  04 

Coke 22  45 

Telephone  servide 243  27 

Badges 62  50 

Sundries 135  82 

Lumber 206  23 

Towels 23  30 

Mineral  water 87  30 

Coal 644  50 

Wellington  Catering  Co 5 , 225  99 

Employe's  in  office 3,494  93 

Advertising 496  35 

Transportation  of  militia. 4,216  10 

Room  rent,  Commissioners 1,514  35 

Hardware 577  57 

Printing  and  stationery 703  10 

Agricultural  Exhibit,  National  Building 2,239  19 

A.  Orendorff,  account  Memorial  Exhibit 276  20 

Illinois  Press  Association— J.  M.  Page 2 , 077  34 

Medals 320  00 

Newspapers 4  80 

Sherman  House,  hotel  bills 9 , 368  35 

Carriage  hire  Dedication  Day 200  00 

World's  Columbian  Exposition 1 ,392  13 

Typewriter  supplies 171  50 

W.  C.  Garrard,  sundries 126  82 

Total $143,064  26 


REPORT  OF  CONSTRUCTION  COMMITTEE. 


'HE  Committee  on  Construction,  have  examined 
and  compared  that  part  of  the  report  of  the  Com- 
mittee on  Finance  and  the  vouchers  which  relate  to  the 
Committee  on  Construction  with  the  final  report  of  the 
Comittee  on  Construction,  and  fail  to  find  that  there  is  any 
discrepancy  between  the  two  reports  when  the  additional 
expenditures  made  by  order  of  the  Board  are  added  to 
the  expenditures  reported  by  this  Committee. 

JOHN  VIRGIN, 
J.  IRVING  PEARCE, 
J.  W.  JUDY, 

D.    W.   VlTTUM, 

J.  M.  WASH  BURN, 

B.   PULLEN. 

CONSTRUCTION  COMMITTEE  DISTRIBUTION. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


165     Harlev  &  Son $1,50000 

169 2,00000 

179  3,50000 

204  8,00000 

239  18,00000 

264  14,00000 

279 5,00000 

309  10,00000 

364  10,00000 

365  45140 

392  4,653  75 

393  29948 

398  5,00000 

399  38000 

446  12,000  00 

457  8,50000 

498  4,30000 

531  5,00000 

555  15,30000 


700 


Construction  Committee  Distribution — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


21 

113 

495 

1113 

2647 


117 

161 

343 

499 

578 

752 

1000 

1167 


612     Harlev&Son $19,70000 

645  "           10,03000 

646  *           1,24000 

684  '           5,50000 

685  *           2,400  00 

787                  '           4,00000 

822                  '           4,50544 

974  "           3,00000 

975  "           3,50000 

1134  "           57  10 

1135  "           29011 

1136  "           15  90 

1137  "           60000 

1138  "           300  84 

1139  "           278  03 

1140  "           1,00000 

1141  "           761  15 

1142  "           18472 

1387  "           91  04 

1388  "           10,000  00 

1480                 "           25016 

1238  W.   E.   Palmer,  account  of  Harlev  &  Sons 1,07600 

1239  0.  G.  Wade,  «                       "             ....  1,76225 

1240  Beck  Lumber  Co.,  account  of  Harlev  &  Sons 1 , 924  00 

1241  Paige  Iron  Co.,  "                  "  2,51100 
1505  Philip  Steiner,                       "                  "  331  01 
1544  Geo.  F.  Kimball,                    "                   "  437  79 
1546  Turnbull  &  Cullerton,           "                  "  408  42 

1783  Smith  &  Levering,  "                   "  23  00 

1784  111.  Hoofing  &  Supply  Co..    "  "  750  00 


Total 


W.  W.  Boyington. 


Total 

Sherman  House. 


Total. 


$204,812  50 

$2,000  00 

4,000  00 

3,000  00 

2,000  00 

500  00 


$11,500  00 

$13  00 
71  76 
68  25 
45  75 
50  00 
48  50 

111  50 
21  00 

$429  75 


701 


Construction  Committee  Distribution— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


119      D.  H.  Paddock $7050 

225                '                '.....  6400 

902                "               20000 

1102                                  22350 

Total $558  00 

5     J.  H.  Bradley $20  00 

280                "            2000 

817  "            49  80 

911                '•            ., 3375 

1112 3308 

Total $156  63 

74     J.  Irving  Pearce $20  00 

1165                                    17000 

1294                                    10  00 

1491                    "                1000 

2085                                     36  60 

Total $246  60 

8     John  Virgin $20  00 

65                              5  00 

129                              2500 

178                              45  00 

306                              105  00 

494                              141  70 

744                             160  77 

818                              82  10 

985                              186  45 

1098                              167  45 

1223                              70  00 

1299                              180  85 

Total $1 , 189  32 

115     J.  W.Judy '..  $5  00 

487             •' 32  00 

Total $37  00 

62     E.G.  Pace $1500 

749             "         2275 

907                        29  25 

Total $67  00 


702 


Construction  Committee  Distribution— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


130     B.  Pullen 

1131  " 

1261  "          

Total 

4     L.  Funk 

71  "       

305  "        

562  "        

986  "        

Total 

64     David  Gore..  

910  "  

Total 

116  J.  M.  Washburn.. 

810     D.  W.  Vittum 

MISCELLANEOUS  VOUCHEES. 

90     State  Journal 

97  Daily  News 

98  Chicago  Times , 

99  Tribune  Co 

134     Chicago  Herald 

139  V.  F.  Lawson 

140  State  Journal 

159     T.  W.  S.  Kidd 

331     World's  Columbian  Exposition , 

458     Orr&Lockett 

492     Inter-State  Industrial  Exposition 

554  World's  Columbian  Exposition  . . 

575     J.C.Ure 

747  "       

755     Roberts  Bros 

788     Jno.  C.  Ure 

831     Roberts  Bros 

836      Orr  &  Lockett 

874     J.  O.Ure 

924  Fire  Extinguisher  Manufacturing  Co. 

944     J.  C.  Ure 

969     Fuller  &  Warren  Co 

996     D.  H.  Burnham 

1010  PaulLietz 

1011  " 

1012  W.  C.  Garrard 

1016  Horton&Pfeiffer.. 


$36  20 
11  00 
22  80 


$70  00 

$11  50 

5  00 

44  70 

36  20 

11  75 


$109  15 

$15  00 
29  50 


$44  50 

$39  65 
33  00 


$66  50 

,57  76 

57  00 

153  00 

100  00 

61  88 

55  00 

20  00 

47  84 

14  00 

401  67 

594  00 

321  40 

215  12 

693  31 

500  00 

24  00 

3  37 

660  00 

375  00 

166  85 

71  95 

567  28 

50  00 

90  00 

25 

12  50 


703 


Construction  Committee  Distribution — Continued. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

1018 

World's  Columbian  Exposition.               

$286  60 

1019 

«<                  «« 

605  00 

1045 

Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  Co.  .  .         

54  35 

1049 

Horton,  Pfeiffer  &  Lee               

20  78 

1050 

C.  N.  Dennis       

25  00 

1070 

1,300  00 

1072 

C.  P.  Van  Inwegen  

22  50 

1083 

N.  Y.  Ins.  Wire  Co  

50  00 

1103 

Paul  Lietz  

110  00 

1106 

Thos.  Collins  

62  00 

1118 

Paul  Lietz                   .         .             .... 

240  71 

1143 

Am.  Desk  and  Seating  Co  

43  00 

1181 

C.  H.  Eice       

37  60 

1183 

Jno.  0.  Ure                                       

14  50 

1193 

Detroit  Heating  &  Co  

1,010  00 

1219 

25  00 

1220 

Jno  C.  Ure.                

83  37 

1233 

Paul  Lietz                      

25  07 

1235 

Horton,  Pfeiffer  &  Lee  

405  71 

1236 

n 

138  68 

1242 

Kelley  Bros  

2,300  00 

1251 

Jno.  C.  Ure  

17  50 

1326 

i< 

106  50 

1359 

Chicago  Carpet  Co  

2,400  CO 

1370 

W.  H.  Hackett            

359  00 

1373 

Horton  Pfeiffer  &  Lee                        

498  64 

1398 

Kelley  Bros  

2,329  20 

1464 

Parkhurst  &  Wilkinson    .       .       ...         

37  20 

1502 

Grand  Kapids  S.  F.  Co  

1,093  11 

1528 

Am.  Desk  and  Seating  Co  

255  45 

1530 

J.  H.  Kice  Co        .  .                

55  02 

1534 

Bullard  &  Gormley                .... 

4  65 

1539 

J.  B.  Mora              .           

500  00 

154S 

F.  B  Baglev  &  Co  ...          .... 

4  80 

1551 

J  S  Ford  Johnson  &  Co.  . 

138  00 

1552 

L.  Funk                     .    ... 

2  25 

1553 

Jno.  C.  Ure 

296  21 

1558 

Channon  Canvas  R.  Co  

536  48 

1559 

W.  H.  Bartels.              

23  20 

1560 

O.  H.  P.  Connell 

25  00 

1561 

E.  B.  Preston  &  Co  

1,276  00 

1562 

H.  Channon  Co        .  .       

99  70 

1563 

B  Steiner                                      .... 

305  98 

1564 

Horton,  Pfeiffer  &  Lee  

773  84 

1565 

M 

230  84 

1566 

Interior  Building  Co  

1,783  78 

1578 

Tobey  Furn.  Co  

27  50 

1579 

Tyler  &  Hippach    

13  00 

1580 

Higgins,  Todd  &  Co.  . 

54  00 

1581 

C.  H.  Kice  

7  50 

1626 

Chicago  Carpet  Co  .  . 

1.986  36 

704 


Construction  Committee  Distribution— Continued.. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1630 

1631 

1633 

1644 

1645 

1646 

1647 

1656 

1658 

1662 

1664 

1665 

1666 

1704 

1705 

1706 

1707 

1745 

1749 

1750 

1752 

1780 

1781 

1782 

1797 

1798 

1799 

1801 

1803 

1822 

1885 

1894 

1895 

1910 

1966 

1967 

1996 

2001 

2012 

2013 

2117 

2180 

2184 

2185 

2193 

2217 

2220 


T    B.  Mora $1,00000 

A.  Summerfield ISO  00 

Am.  Desk  and  Seating  Co 86  60 

"                       " 51  50 

Horton,  Pfelffer  &  Lee 895  36 

World's  Columbian  Exposition 799 

J.  S.  Ford,  Johnson  &  Co 35  25 

Hostrawser  &  Hamilton 122  00 

Pearson  Lumber  Co 28  52 

Brooks  &  Clark 600  00 

W.H.Hackett    77161 

H.  DibleeCo 38  50 

Heath  &  Million 3  81 

Grand  Kapids  S.  F.  Co 1,102  72 

Jno.  McLane 156  42 

W.  H.  Stubbins  Co 2,500  00 

Sherrard  &  Co 55  00 

Horton,  Pfeiffer  &  Lee 68  50 

Wm.  Ficklin  Co 257  00 

A.  B.  Beck  L.  Co 3,671  99 

Jno.  C.  Ure 210  00 

Paul  Lietz 100  00 

Pomeroy  &  Co 97  40 

S.  A.  Maxwell  &  Co ' 246  57 

A.  H.  Kevell  &  Co 145  00 

L.  G.  Hansen 32  00 

Am.  Desk  &  Seating  Co 29  00 

Hildreth  Furn.  Co 170  00 

J.  S.  Ford,  Johnson  &  Co 31  00 

P.  Steiner 479  91 

F.  J.  Barnes 144  00 

Chicago  Carpet  Co 282  63 

E.  C.  Cook  &  Bro 114  00 

Turnbull  &  Cullerton  . . .- 985  00 

Shelden  &  Hall 34  95 

W.  H.  Stubbins 2,736  10 

L.  Wurzburg 75  00 

Philip  Steiner 400  00 

Horton,  Pfeiffer  &  Lee 114  42 

Devoe  &  Raynolds  Co 125  27 

J.  C.  Ure 150  00 

Turnbull  &  Cullerton 215  25 

Horton,  Pfeiffer  &  Lee 2,919  74 

Paul  Lietz 300  00 

Chicago  Carpet  Co 229  13 

Horton,  Pfeiffer  &  Lee 175  44 

Turnbull  <fc  Cullerton 103  75 


705 


Construction  Committee  Distribution— Concluded.. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


2351  Illinois  Koofing  Co      ..   .            $29671 

2352  Turnbull  &  Cullerton 340  00 

2354     World's  Columbian  Exposition 8 , 184  09 

Total $58,579  39 

Recapitulation. 

Wm.  Harlev  &  Son. . .  $204,812  59 

W.  W.  Boyington  &  Co 11,500  00 

Sherman  House 429  75 

D.  H.  Paddock 55800 

J.  Harley  Bradley 156  63 

J.  Irving  Pearce 246  60 

John  Virgin 1,189  32 

J.  W.  Judy 37  00 

E.  C.  Pace 67  00 

B.  Pullen 7000 

LaFayetfce  Funk 109  15 

David  Gore 44  50 

J.  M.  Washburn 39  65 

D.  W.  Vittum 33  00 

Miscellaneous 58,579  39 

Total....  $277,872  58 


—45 


COMMITTEE  ON  STATE  INSTITUTIONS. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


328     St.  Nicholas  Hotel $2700 

972     J.W.Taylor 7500 

1514  Geo.  C.  Mages 2975 

1683     P.  P.  Gillett 7500 

1845     S.F.Wood 5161 

1975     B.  P.  Lancaster 60  00 

1981     Miss  Alma  Gillett 72  60 

2030      W.  P.  Short 82260 

2081     Mrs.  Mate  David 52  50 

2126                   "              35  90 

2131     W.  P.  Short 876  49 

2134     J.  H.  Brown 3445 

2204     Miss  M.  A.  Collins 40  90 

2321     W.  P.  Short ,  16200 

2386     A.M.  Miller 31  45 

Total $2,447  25 

STATE  INSTITUTIONS. 

1907     Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution $112  35 

2317                                                         56  35 

-2324                                         "             21  50 

Total $190  20 

1247     Feeble-Minded  Institution $262  35 

1979                                                      78  00 

Total $340  35 

1515  Frank  H.  Hall,  account  Institution  for  the  Blind  $94  10 
1557                                                                     '•  204  82 
1716                 "                    "                             "  334  35 
1868                 "                    "                             "                     "  794  39 

Total $1,427  66 

562     L.  Funk $10  00 

986            "         5  00 

1552      «    :..;...;;;;;  12 

Total $27  00 

706 


707 


Committee  on  State  Institutions — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


3 

W.  D  Stryker  

$10  25 

302 

20  00 

452 

« 

10  00 

489 

« 

10  00 

563 

« 

62  85 

614 

n 

21  50 

919 

H 

20  00 

1262 

n 

5  00 

Total  

$159  60 

11 

A.  B.  Hostetter  

$6  50 

308 

K 

30  00 

463 

it 

11  00 

561 

« 

58  55 

582 

<( 

45  65 

653 

< 

31  10 

741 

( 

5  40 

904 

< 

10  60 

905 

< 

39  85 

978 

< 

10  00 

1092 

« 

27  35 

1149 

« 

6  00 

1300 

u 

10  35 

1493 

(( 

30  30 

Total  

$322  65 

303 

B.  F.  Wvman  

$29  85 

466 

« 

20  00 

583 

«< 

38  35 

748 

« 

10  00 

916 

« 

5  00 

1307 

<( 

5  00 

Total  

$108  20 

323 

David  Gore  .  . 

$16  50 

454 

It 

15  00 

Total  

$31  50 

329 

J.  M.  Washburn  

$66  55 

390 

23  10 

529 

32  30 

615 

48  95 

704 

24  50 

1088 

31  60 

1301 

12  00 

1500 

55  05 

2*727 

25  00 

Total  .  . 

$319  05 

708 


Committee  on  State  Institutions — Concluded. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

487 

J  W  Judy   ...     ...        

$15  50 

912 

42  50 

1256 

(C 

5  40 

Total  

$63  40 

161 

Sherman  House      .... 

$7  90 

343 

1  00 

578 

21  50 

752 

40  50 

1167 

11  50 

1304 

5  50 

1527 

31  25 

Total 

$119  15 

491 

Brouse  &  Martin  

$109  90 

556 

477  00 

557 

« 

98  69 

651 

199  50 

922 

872  10 

1009 

652  25 

1084 

35  25 

1477 

5  78 

1638 

193  25 

Total 

$2  643  72 

Recapitulation. 


Miscellaneous 

Institution  for  Deaf  and  Dumb. 
Institution  for  Feeble -Minded  . 

Frank  H.  Hall , 

LaFayette  Funk , 

W.  D.  Stryker 

A.  B.  Hostetter , 

B.  F.  Wyman 

David  Gore 

J.  M.  Wash  burn 

J.W.Judy 

Sherman  House 

Brouse  &  Martin.. . 


Total 


$2,447  25 

190  20 

340  35 

1,427  66 

27  00 

159  60 

322  65 

108  20 

31  50 

319  05 

63  40 

119  15 

2,643  72 


$8,199  73 


COMMITTEE  ON  GROUNDS. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


747     John  C.  Ure $34  37 

874                             170  00 

917                               100  00 

942                               5000 

944                                74  55 

1078 50  00 

1183                               14  50 

1221                               10000 

1251                               17  50 

1348                               900  00 

1416                               400  00 

1538                               336  00 

1553                               215  36 

1752                               107  00 

1824                               500  00 

1945                               200  00 

2078                               74  88 

2117                               121  6S 

2342                              47  25 

2406                              4600 

Total $3,55904 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

923     J.  C.  Vaughan $68  60 

1045     Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  Co 5440 

1050     C.  N.  Dennis 25  00 

1106     Thomas  Collins,  agent 62  31 

1219     Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  Co 25  75 

1503  D.  O.  Loy 100  00 

1504  David  Richards... 5000 

1622      D.  O.  Loy 196  25 

1714     D.A.Arnold 19750 

1889                             16  00 

2070     Chicago  Fire  Hose  Co 20  00 

2405     World's  Columbian  Exposition 150  00 

Total $965  81 

343     Sherman  House $4  00 

1304                                 10  00 

Total $14  00 

70$) 


710 


Committee  on  Grounds — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


110     A.  B.  Hostetter. 

230 

463 

Total. 

265     B.  Pullen, 
370 
571 
908 
1261 

Total, 

818  John  Virgin. 

1552  L.  Funk. 

327  S.  W.  Johns. 

570  David  Gore. 

572  W.  H.  Fulkerson. 


$10  00 
22  25 
12  75 


$45  00 

$20  00 
2y  45 
23  25 
11  75 
42  35 


$126  80 

$5  00 
72  00 
10  00 
10  00 
10  00 


RecapituI  ation , 


John  C.  Ure 

Miscellaneous . . . 
Sherman  House. 

John  Virgin 

L.  Funk 

A.  B.  Hostetter.. 

B.  Pullen 

S.W.Johns 

David  Gore 

W.H.  Fulkerson, 


Total 


,,559  04 

965  81 

14  00 

5  00 

72  00 

45  00 

126  80 

10  00 

10  00 

10  00 


$4,817  65 


PRINTING  ANI>  STATIONERY  COMMITTEE. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


14     H.  W.  Kokker. 
70     A.  J.  Herbst  &  Co . 
96 
176 
244 
629' 

528     T.  W.  S.  Kidd, 
659     H.  W.  Bokker. 
896     L.  Selsmere 
1169     Pantagraph  Co. 
1252     H.  J.  Burt. 

Total 

54     S.  D.  Childs&Co.. 

81 
102 
156 
422 
630 
839 

Total 

373     Eand,  McNally  &  Co.    . . 
1898 
1903 
2721 

Total 

48  Illinois  State  Journal 

253 

828 
1104 
2497 

Total 

578  Sherman  House. . 
1527 

Total 
1496  Samuel  Dysart. . 

711 


$7  00 
6  25 
2  75 
2  00 
2  00 

2  35 
1  40 

3  50 

4  00 

5  10 
64  75 

$101  10 

$22  05 

6  05 
9  75 
1  75 

17  30 
3  80 
3  00 


$63  70 

$35  00 

34  50 

7  50 

29  25 


$106  25 

$35  00 

23  00 

26  00 

11  00 

9  36 


$104  36 

$11  50 
4  90 


$16  40 
$5  00 


712 

Financial  Statement— Continued.. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

22 

John  Morris  Co.  .              

$78  75- 

103 

« 

281  40 

0*7 

« 

7  20 

396 

M 

3  5a 

568 

tt 

55  00 

609 

tt 

3  85 

655 

« 

1  80- 

754 

;< 

18  55 

796 

I. 

1  80 

844 

« 

51  50- 

R70 

>< 

10  oa 

915 

« 

68  ia 

926 

M 

63  00 

967 

14 

23  00 

1069 

<( 

15  90 

1914 

ft 

74  35 

1993 

(t 

1,146  80 

2074 

i 

15  Oa 

2115 

(I 

79  10 

2291 

tt 

74  30 

2357 

« 

2,761  85 

2495 

It 

49  00 

2ti06 

« 

2  938  19 

2641 

II 

40  00 

2650 

« 

7  66 

2690 

II 

176  oa 

Total               

$8,045  60- 

2750 

J.  K.  Dickirson  

$25  oa 

2757 

J  M  Washburn. 

20  oa 

Recapitulation. 


Miscellaneous        

$101  10 

S  D  Childs  &  Co  

63  70 

Rand  McNally  &  Co                      

106  25 

Illinois  State  Journal     

104  36 

Sherman  House  

16  40 

Samuel  Dysart                         .  .            .... 

5  00 

8,045  60 

J  K  Dickirson  

25  00 

J  M  Washburn               

20  00 

Total        

$8,487  41 

NATURAL,  HISTORY   COMMITTEE. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


24 

80 

94 

142 

151 

172 

201 

240 

283 

297 

316 

347 

411 

460 

473 

525 

534 

627 

1006 

1046 

1339 

1472 


60 
79 

95 
150 
166 
197 
210 
241 
296 
346 
410 
474 
543 
616 
686 
688 
769 
798 
869 
951 
1028 


Wm.  McAdams. 


Total 


W.  F.  Nicholson 


$15  00 

125  00 

125  00 

79  15 

125  00 

98  90 

125  00 

125  00 

129  27 

125  00 

86  80 

125  00 

125  00 

108  45 

125  00 

73  00 

125  00 

62  00 

15  00 

49  40 

82  90 

120  80 


$2,170  67 

$250  00 
83  33 
83  3S 
83  34 
18  59 
83  34 
12  6& 
83  35 
83  34 
83  34 
83  33 
83  3a 
83  3a 
83  33 
64  37 
83  34 
83  33 
7  74 
83  35 
83  34 
83  33 


713 


714 


Natural  History  Committee— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1129     W.  F.  Nicholson $83  33 

1246        "      83  34 

1338        *      1  12 

1402              83  33 

Total $1,937  85 

131     Josua  Lindahl $111  99 

145                    "            20  00 

167                    "            4  20 

208                                  30  30 

277                      '            522 

304                                  57  55 

431                                  54  55 

520                                  5647 

601                                  165  28 

683 35  65 

743                                  55  12 

932                                  170  39 

998                                  110  10 

1091                                  89  73 

1201                                  53  90 

1303                                  18  75 

1343                                   550 

2018                                  ..  22  00 

2019 59  05 

2739                                 10  75 

Total $1,136  50 

117     Sherman  House $25  75 

161                                  43  25 

343  "  19  00 

499                     "             67  75 

1167                                   108  25 

Total $264  00 

765     Frank  Leverett $9931 

838                                251  50 

248  47 

Total $599  28 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

266      Schulz  &  Co $3010 

312     DeMuth  Bros '...'.  29  80 

340     State  Journal 18  75 


715 


Natural  History  Committee— Continued.. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


681  H.  L.  Ide 

682  J.  M.  Nickles 

790     H.  L.  Ide 

793     David  White 

828      State  Journal 

842     F.  P.  Anderson 

844     Jno.  Morris  Co 

862  W.  A.  Snow 

863  Lillie  M.  Hart 

864  C.  A.  Hart 

865  Hugo  Kahl 

866  J.  E.  Hallinen 

867  C.F.Adams 

884  «•  

885  Paul  Lietz 

888  Crescent  Dist.  Co 

889  C.  Bominger 

900     A.  R.  Whitney 

920     W.  K.  Yeakel 

1013      S.  F.  Denton 

1037  W.  A.  Snow 

1038  H.  Kahl 

1078  J.  C.  Ure 

1079  N.  DuBois 

1108  J.  W.  Taylor 

1109  

1115  McGrue  &  Powell . .    . . 

1146  Illinois  State  Journal.. 

1152      Orr  &  Lockett 

1185     Jos.  Skeavington 

1202      Jno.  K^ay 

1243      L.  E.  Wyman 

1250      Mary  Sanford 

1293     J.  C.  Conkling 

1309  Freeman's  Transfer. . . 

1311  A.  S.  Aloe  &  Co 

1312  J.  M.Nick  es 

1314     Jno.  Keay 

1318     J.  M.  Clarke 

1326  J.  C.  Ure 

1327  State  Journal 

1337     Jas.  Seaman 

1340      L.  R.  Ibbotson 

1345     J.  W.  Taylor 

1368  McGrue  &  Powell 

1369  Freeman's  Transfer . . . 

1509  O.  K.  Nelson 

1510  Jno.  Keay 

1511  Kahn  &  Guerin 

1529  Devoe  &  Eaynolds  Co . 

1553  J.  C.  Ure.. 


$10  35 

140  90 

9  15 

73  35 

5  50 

6  20 
50  00 
50  00 

35  00 
62  50 
40  00 
50  00 

100  00 
14  31 
50  00 
42  03 
62  00 
77  50 

37  00 
20  00 
50  00 
40  00 

3  50 

7  00 
]03  00 
120  00 

38  50 
50  00 

8  35 

3  60 
12  00 

4  35 

6  20 
31  25 

2  91 

8  50 

12  15 

56  35 

30  00 

163  00 

10  00 

190  35 

1  05 
72  00 

106  50 
10  00 

2  50 

36  00 
2  20 

7  88 

39  00 


716 


Natural  History  Committee— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1573  L.K.Ibbotson $3000 

1574  J.  M.  Nickles 12895 

1577  Kelsey  Press  Co 2350 

1663  Murphy  Varnish  Co 183  60 

1711  Devoe  &  Eaynolds  Co 1595 

1752  J.  C.  Ure   126  50 

1877  Jewell  Filter  Co 5  00 

1889  D.  A.  Arnold 28  80 

1892  C.  D.  Henry 1  00 

1899  N.  W.  Terra  Gotta  Co 2522 

1904  J.  D.  Peters 1  00 

1972  Thos.  Collins,  agent 2420 

1985  Jno.  Keay 3640 

2067  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co 40  00 

2076  Architectural  Department,  University  of  Illinois.  429  48 

2078  J.  C.  Ure  1000 

2132  Jewell  FilterCo. 117  89 

2205                •'                 10  75 

2292                "                                 10  75 

2298  J.  C.  Ure 23250 

2301  World's  Columbian  Exposition 11  71 

2350  Cook  &  Eathbone 16  5£ 

2353  O.  Guthrie 5000 

2499  PaulLietz 140  00 

2683  The  Gazette 50  05 

2686  •  University  of  Illinois 40  87 

146  Fred  Perry 35000 

155  S.  D.  Peet  ..                    14  80 

221  J.  B.  &  B.  G.  Worthen 8,00000 

1893  W.  &  L.  E.  Gurley 8  09- 

Total $12 , 406  18- 

209  Adams  Express  Co $18  00 

523  American  Express  Co 495 

768  United  States  Express  Co 660 

1199  Adams                   '  1  15 

1200  United  States      '                      25  30 

1313  Adams                  '  2  10 

1315  Pacific                  '                 1  05 

1467  United  States       '                 2  70 

1744  Brinks'  Chicago  City  Express  Co 21  50 

1891  American  Express  Co 8  25 

Total $91  60 

490  J.  A.  Udden $8136 

665                           180  10 

777                            248  60 

1390                            15000 

Total...  $660  Oft 


717 


Natural  History  Committee — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1508     Fannie  Fisher 
1747 

1876 
1940 

Total. 

1789     D.  0.  Loy 
1896 

Total 

1976     W.  F.  E.  Gurley. 

2092 

2178 

2360 

2474 

Total 

211     H.  W.  Kokker. 
1870 

Total. 

144     W.  D.  Stryker. 

259 

302 

489 

919 

981 
1067 
1146 
1392 

Total 

227  E.  G  Pace 
326 
447 
579 
907 
1532 

Total. 


$45  75 
69  05 
57  20 
33  05 


$205  05 

$165  05 
99  26 


$264  31 

$38  65 

93  80 

94  50 
122  79 

77  05 


$426  79 

17  90 

48  80 


$66  70 

$5  00 
10  00 
1.)  00 
10  00 
27  60 
10  00 
77  35 
39  70 
20  20 


$214  85 

$20  00 
34  25 
60  00 
16  00 
11  00 
42  00 


$183  25 


718 


Natural  History  Committee— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


234     David  Gore. 
323 
454 
910 
1089 

Total 

164  A.  B.  Hostetter. 
220 
226 
260 
308 
367 
582 
978 
1149 

Total. 

265  B.  PuUen 

453 

977 

Total 

305  L.  Funk. 
1552 
1962 

Total. 

909     J.  M.  Washburn. 
1002 
1186 
1484 

Total. 

954     S.  Dysart 
1081 
1496 

Total., 

982     Wm.  Stewart. 
1101 

Total. 

1182     Jno.  P.  Reynolds 
1531     B.  F.  Wymaii 


$5  00 

10  00 

5  00 

5  50 

19  50 

$45  00 

$16  75 
23  00 
53  60 
16  25 
47  35 
16  50 
10  00 
10  75 
9  00 


$203  20 

$40  00 
15  00 
20  50 


$75  50 

$6  45 

40  00 

2  00 


$48  45 

$53  48 

210  99 

70 

102  67 


$367  84 

$34  00 

10  75 

7  00 


$51  75 

$10  00 
61  00 


$71  00 

120  25 
8  03 


719 


Natural  History  Committee — Concluded. 
Recapitulat  ion. 


Wm.  McAdams $2 , 170  67 

W.  P.  Nicholson 1,937  85 

Josua  Lindahl 1 ,  ]  36  50 

Sherman  House 264  00 

Frank  Leverett 599  28 

Miscellaneous 12 ,406  18 

Express 91  60 

J.  A.  Udden 660  06 

Fannie  Fisher 205  05 

D.  O.  Loy 264  31 

W.  F.  E.  Gurley 42679 

H.  W.  Kokker 66  70 

W.  D.  Stryker 214  85 

E.  C.  Pace 183  25 

David  Gore 45  00 

A.  B.  Hostetter 203  20 

B.  Pullen 75  50 

LaFayette  Funk 48  45 

J.  M.  Washburn 367  84 

Samuel  Dysart 51  75 

Wm.  Stewart 71  00 

Jno.  P.  Reynolds 120  25 

B.  F.  Wyman 8  03 

Total $21,618  11 


NATURAL   HISTORY  COMMITTEE. 


PROFESSOR  S.  A.  FORBES  DEPARTMENT. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


339 
522 
611 
622 
625 
626 
641 
642 
643 
644 
708 
714 
726 
731 
734 
739 
740 
757 
762 
763 
775 
776 
843 
890 
892 
893 
895 
933 
939 
956 
957 
958 
960 
1014 
1015 
1033 
1036 
1  116 
1117 
1160 
1161 


T.  H.  Trevett  .............. 

Pacific  Express  Co  ......... 

H.  S.  Erode  .............. 

C.  E.  Husk  ................ 

S.  Shiga  .................... 

Hugo  Kohl  ................ 

L.  A.  Stave  ................ 

B.  D.  Holston  .............. 

H.  S.  Erode  ................ 

American  Express  Co  ...... 

J.E.  Hallinen  .............. 

W.E.Pratt  ................ 

Pacific  Express  Co  ......... 

Hugo  Kahl  ................ 

J.  E.  Hallinen  .............. 

H.  S.Brode  ...............  . 

Crescent  Dist.  Co  .......... 

H.  S.Brode  ................ 

Hugo  Kohl  ................ 

J.  E.  Hallinen  ............. 

W.  A.  Snow  ............... 

LillieM.  Hart  .............. 

J.  E.  Hallinen  ............. 

"  ............. 

Henry  Trevett  ............. 

A.  G.  Higgins  .............. 

W.  H   Hansen  ............. 

Pacific  Express  Co  ......... 

J.  E.  Hallinen  .............. 

LillieM.  Hart  .............. 

Hugo  Kohl  ................. 

W.  A.  Snow  ............... 

J.E.  Hallinen  .............. 

Southwick  &  Critchley  ..... 

Sangamon  Paper  Co  ........ 

Lillie  M.  Hart  ............. 

J.E.  Hallinen  .............. 

Bausch  &  Lomb  Co  ........ 

Emer&  Amend  ............ 

C.E.Chamblis  ............ 

LillieM.  Hart  ............. 

720 


$18  63 

1  00 
100  00 

4  96 
29  05 
58  36 

2  59 
44  17 
17  81 

5  00 
31  78 
60  01 

9  50 

40  00 

46  08 

7  99 

41  64 
100  00 

40  00 
50  00 
50  00 
35  00 
99  33 
28  34 
56  10 
33  00 
63  00 
14  15 
50  00 
35  00 
40  00 
50  00 
71  92 

47  81 
10  00 
35  00 
25  00 
13  99 

8  70 
50  00 
35  00 


721 


Natural  History  Committee — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1162  J.  E.  Hallinen $2500 

1163  LiUie  Heath 2500 

1164  Hugo  Kahl 40  00 

1170  Blake  &  Co 2  55 

1171  Withall,  Tatum  &  Co 9  63 

1172  Hitchcock  Lamp  Co 450 

1173  Emer  <fc  Amend 253 

1174 1406 

1175  Wyckoff,  Seamans  &  Benedict 5  00 

1177  C.  K.  Worthen 938 

1178  Southwick  &  Critchley 43  00 

1179                                  6  00 

1257  E.  Dietzgen  &  Co 6  00 

1258  Knowlton  &  Bennett 3  25 

1259  American  Express  Co 330 

1265  J.E.Hallinen 5000 

1268  W.  A.  Snow 5000 

1270  Lillie  M.  Hart 40  00 

1289  Hugo  Kahl 4000 

1290  C.  E.  Chamblis 50  00 

1291  W.  A.  Snow 5000 

1292  Lillie  Heath 25  00 

1296  Adams  Express  Co 500 

1456  Emer  &  Amend 3  35 

1468  Lillie  Heath 11  00 

1469  W.A.Snow 2000 

1471  Hugo  Kahl 4000 

1513  LillieM.Hart 640 

1536  C.  C.  Dorflinger  &  Sons 105  58 

1572  Pantagraph  Printing  Co 73  70 

1648  Hammond  Typewriter  Co 25  00 

KJ93  J.E.Hallinen 7534 

1713  Pettibone,  Wells  &  Co 1000 

1762  Emer  &  Amend 1033 

1763  E.  S.  Wilbur 20  00 

1764  P.  A.  Cunningham 3  15 

1766  Bausch  &  Lomb  Co 4  50 

1767  Montgomery  &  Ca 3  54 

1768  Marder,  Luse  &  Co 5  40 

1752  J.  C.  Ure 6755 

1770  E.  H.  Sargent  &  Co 19  53 

1772  The  Gazette 37  25 

1786  H.  A.  Ballard 8  67 

1791  HugoKahl 61  75 

2437  S.  W.  Shattuck 81  18 

Total . . . .  $2,762  33 

143  C.F.Adams ....  $17515 

147                "            100  00 

193                "            100  00 

-46 


722 


Natural  History  Committee— Continued. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

212 

C.  F.  Adams    .  .    «               .... 

$89  59 

245 

100  00 

252 

« 

30  20 

287 

« 

100  00 

317 

M 

32  36 

357 

(i 

100  00 

366 

( 

16  51 

408 

j 

100  00 

476 

< 

100  00 

516 

c 

13  51 

536 

< 

100  00 

621 

( 

100  00 

711 

1 

14  71 

730 

« 

100  00 

761 

( 

100  00 

940 

I 

100  00 

1032 

I 

100  00 

1114 

i 

85  65 

1124 

( 

100  00 

1266 

< 

100  00 

1470 

( 

100  00 

1507 

1 

66  12 

1785 

4 

42  94 

Total  

$2,166  74 

168 

S  A  Forbes       .... 

$9  01 

524 

n 

6  20 

Total  

$15  21 

1552 

LaFayette  Funk. 

$333  15 

1859 

18  65 

Total      .  .          .  .      

$351  80 

894 

Samuel  Dysart  

•  $60  00 

349 

F  M  Woodruff     

$45  00 

387 

21  10 

419 

75  00 

488 

75  91 

517 

12  72 

613 

7  30 

735 

25  00 

767 

25  00 

829 

66  72 

970 

36  60 

Total  .  . 

$390  35 

723 


Natural  History  Committee—  Continued. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

351 

H  E  Summers  

$40  00 

418 

100  00 

470 

i 

100  00 

521 

i 

4  28 

540 

• 

100  00 

620 

t 

100  00 

938 

< 

100  00 

1035 

« 

75  00 

1125 

i 

100  00 

1267 

< 

75  00 

1455 

« 

75  00 

1571 

< 

19  45 

1765 

i 

3  00 

1790 

( 

41  77 

Total           

$933  50 

315 

E.  Forbes  

$17  67 

350 

25  00 

388 

18  08 

417 

25  00 

428 

19  65 

537 

25  00 

608 

28  31 

624 

25  83 

Total  

$184  54 

286 

Win  Bebb    

$40  00 

310 

25  16 

348 

« 

20  00 

Total  

$85  16 

519 

Chas  A  Hart  ...       .... 

$37  46 

526 

49  58 

541 

62  50 

603 

62  50 

617 

92  43 

733 

62  50 

760 

62  50 

937 

62  50 

1034 

62  50 

1126 

« 

62  50 

1264 

< 

62  50 

1549 

< 

16  44 

Total.. 

$695  91 

724 


Natural  History  Committee— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


420     F.  M.  McElfresh $40  00 

471                     "                  29  26 

527                                        15  34 

533                     "                  40  00 

606                     "                  27  55 

623                     "                  33  86 

736                                       40  00 

Total $226  01 

518     C.  T.  Wilder $35  56 

539                 "          5000 

602                 "          5000 

605                 "          10063 

619                 "          5000 

725                 "          69  79 

732                 "          25  00 

Total $38098 

Recapitulation. 

Miscellaneous . .                  $2 , 762  33 

C.F.Adams 2,166  74 

S.  A.  Forbes 15  21 

L.  Funk 351  80 

Samuel  Dysart 60  00 

F.  M.  Woodruff 390  35 

H.  E.  Summers 933  50 

E.  Forbes 184  54 

Wm.  Bebb 85  16 

C.  A.  Hart  69591 

F.  M.  McElfresh 226  01 

C.  T.  Wilder 380  98 

Total...  $8,252  53 


EDUCATION  COMMITTEE. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


36  Lillian  F.  Taylor 

82  

83  

84  

b5  

86 

87  "  

88  "  

128  Richard  Edwards 

181  T.  J.  Burrill 

182  T.  C.  Clendenin 

183  Lillian  F.  Taylor ». 

184  H.  C.  Forbes 

186  C.  J.  Kinnie 

187  Jno.  Hull 

188  C.  I.  Parker 

189  Eichard  Edwards 

203  JohnW.  Cook 

281  H.  C.  Forbes 

311  John  W.  Cook 

374  Prang  Ed.  Co 

414  C.  J.  Kinnie 

415  G.  K.  Shawhan 

440  Withall,  Tatum  &  Co 

442  Illinois  State  Journal 

464  S.  D.  Childs  &  Co 

496  Pantagraph  Printing  Co 

502  John  Hull 

533  Illinois  State  Journal 

558  University  of  Illinois 

564  C.  W.  Carter 

565  Franklin  Ed.  Co  . . . 

581  S.  W.  Shattuck 

599  H.  F.  Hallinen 

600  E.  H.  Sargent 

604  Fuller  &  Fuller 

607  H.  Londenberger 

648  C.  W.  Carter 

649  A.  H.  Abbott 

661  E.  Deitzgen 

710  •«  

770  W.  A.  Powers 

771  K.  King&  Co 

772  "  

725 


$10  00 
13  00 

7  60 
12  60 
30  90 
25  50 
11  86 

11  66 

8  50 
2  00 
2  00 

12  00 

2  00 

3  00 
2  00 

2  00 

1  50 
75 

44  67 
54  75 
22  92 

8  25 

12  16 

45  64 
21  25 

6  13 

40  00 

167  50 

13  75 
42  90 
27  75 

14  03 

3  42 
63  10 

6  90 
35  06 

2  20 
60  60 

1  88 

11  25 

11  70 

17  38 

137  00 

112  33 


726 

Education  Committee— Continued.. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


774  Art  Pottery  Co 

778  Pantagraph  Printing  Co . . . 

827 

845  Mrs.  S.  Potter 

853  W.  O.  Krohn 

854  Prang  Ed.  Co 

855  Pantagraph  Printing  Co. . . 

856  Dan  Hardie 

857  F.  G.  Coffen 

891  C.  Hennecke  Co 

930  Pantagraph  Printing  Co. . . 

989  W.  O.  Krohn 

990  J.  D.  Phillips 

997  John  Hall 

1007  State  Journal 

1008  W.  C.  Garrard 

1012  

1020  Fuller  &  Fuller 

1021  Grace  Peabody 

1022  J.  D.  Phillips  

1023  University  of  Illinois 

1024  Louis  Wagner 

1025  E.  Deitzgen  &  Co 

1043  E.  Electric  Light  &  B.  Co. 

1044  Ford  &  Washburn  Co 

1063  F.  G.  Coffen 

1064  W.  A.  Powers 

1065  Fuller  &  Fuller 

1073  Pantagraph  Printing  Co . . . 

1074  Culver  Marble  Co 

1075  Geo.  H.  Miller 

1076  John  W.  Cook 

1077  Prang  Ed.  Co , 

1080  E.  McConnell  

1085  Robinson  &  Burr 

1090  E.  W.  Stocker , 

1110  J.W.Taylor 

1156  The  Leader 

1180  H.  Heil  Chemical  Co 

1184  Jno.  Hull 

1198  State  Journal 

1207  Carponi  Bros 

1208  Withall,  Tatum  &  Co 

1209  "  "        

1210  The  Gazette 

1211  F.  G.  Coffen , 

1212  E.  McConnell 

1213  The  Gazette 

1237  Mclntosh  Bat.  Co 

1244  G.  F.  Minnick , 

1269  The  Gazette  . . 


$7  50 

126  18 

69  41 

44  00 

30  00 

6  00 

15  65 

6  00 
15  25 
35  43 
40  00 

112.  25 

24  10 
65  40 
20  00 

25  00 
15  00 
17  85 

3  50 
28  60 
55  36 
12  00 

14  75 
27  75 
35  00 

7  50 
5  25 
1  02 

51  60 
85  30 

15  00 

7  70 
1  67 

55  00 

8  49 
5  90 

308  88 

32  00 

38  98 

135  52 

218  00 

3  35 
22  72 
17  00 

4  00 
4  50 

59  60 

10  00 

30  00 

7  00 

4  65 


727 

Education  Committee — Con  tinned. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1271 

1272 

1275 

1276 

1277 

1282 

1302 

1305 

1306 

1308 

1316 

1317 

1320 

1321 

1323 

1324 

1329 

1330 

1331 

1332 

1335 

1341 

1342 

1354 

1357 

1363 

1364 

1365 

1366 

1371 

1372 

1375 

1376 

1377 

1379 

1385 

1386 

1389 

1394 

1399 

1401 

1403 

1404 

1405 

1406 

1407 

1408 

1409 

1410 

1411 

1412 


S.  "\V.  Shattuck 

Hubbard  &  Son 

Kichard  Kry  Co 

H.  N.  Patterson 

Withall,  Tatum  &  Co 

Thayer  &  Jackson 

The  Gazette 

T.  T.  Fredrichs 

Geneva  Op.  Co 

R.  Anderson 

Am.  Bookmart 

W.  0.  Krohn 

Richards  &  Co 

C.  T.  Wilder 

B.  F.  Templeton. 

G.  M.  Pillsbury 

E.  H.  Sargent 

D.  L.  Root  &  Co 

S.  W.  Shattuck 

Robinson  &  Burr 

J.  W.  Taylor 

R.  S.  Wilbur 

Jno.  Hull 

Pantagraph  Printing  Co  . . , 

Prang  Ed.  Co 

Heil  Chemical  Co 

The  Leader 

W.  A.  Olmstead 

A.  G.  Smith 

Library  Bureau 

T.  Busch 

R.  Abernathy 

H.  S.  Ogle 

D.  H.Lloyd 

Montgomery  &  Co    .    ... 

M.  A.  Earl 

Jas.  Ingliss 

Alex,  Levy 

H.  Bradley... 

G.  W.  McCluer 

W.  O.  Krohn 

Withall,  Tatum  &  Co 

ibrary  Bureau 

Slektor  Manufacturing  Co. 

0.  A.  Herme 

1.  C.  Eaton 

Emer  &  Amend 

I.  O.  Baker 

Iclntosh  Bat.  Co 

.  Chipman 

0.  C.  Woolsey 


$14  93 

1  13 
36  39 

4  25 
20  00 
20  55 
33  12 

4  95 

20  16 
84  00 

8  15 

54  84 

144  90 

66  45 

3  56 

2  25 

18  85 
29  20 

1,720  10 
79  50 

6  50 

8  34 
161  36 

63  45 
29  30 

21  56 

3  00 

3  23 

19  00 
26  57 

9  05 

2  25 
49  00 
69  28 
10  08 
14  60 

124  75 

4  80 

7  50 
59  50 

13  81 
9  95 

25  00 

16  00 

9  13 

3  67 

2  00 

3  47 

14  45 
18  75 

2  63 


728 
Education  Committee— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1413  E.  Deitzgen  &  Co 

1414  H.  E.  Bartlett 

1417     Stanford  Hall 

1413      G.  E.  Morrow 

1419  G.  C.  Miller 

1420  W.  A.  Stowell 

1421  May  Leaton 

1422  D.  L.  Boots  &  Son 

1423  E.  W.  Stoker 

1424  C.  T.  Wilder 

1425  D.  H.  Lloyd  &  Son 

1426  B.  P.  Colton 

1427  Jno.  Hull 

1428  Withall,  Tatum  &  Co 

1429  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 

1430  R.  Andt  ews 

1431  Richards  &  Co 

1432  Cunningham  &  Koloid 

1433  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

1434  D.  L.  Roots  &  Son 

1435  G.  C.  Miller 

1436  C.N.  Clark  &  Co 

1437  Pantagraph  Printing  Co 

1438  Robinson  &  Burr 

1439  C.  W.  Scribner 

1440  D.  H.Lloyd 

1441  Southwick  &  Critchley 

1442  "  "          

1443  Jas.  Ingliss 

1445  G.  E.  Morrow 

1446  G.  C.  Miller 

1447  

1449  N.  0.  Lawson 

1450  J.  R.  Gaines 

1451  R.C.  Vial 

1452  C.  N.  Clark  &  Co 

1453  E.  McConnell. 

1454  H.  E.  Summers 

1465  Bacon,  Mittendorf  &  Hall 

1466  Wyckofl,  Seamans  &  Benedict. . . 

1501     R.  N.  Ramsay 

1512     R.  S.  Wilbur 

1519  C.  N.  Clark  &  Co 

1520  A.  B.  Loomis 

1521  Jno.  A.  Lowry 

1522  The  Gazette 

1523  Bacon,  Mittendorf  &  Hall 

1524  J.  M.  White 

1525  W.  L.  Pillsbury 

1526  Bacon,  Mittendorf  &  Hall. . . . 


$9  99 
8  40 

8  00 

13  90 
10  50 

3  60 
10  00 
46  58 
72  30 

10  00 

3  90 
27  85 

128  58 
2  35 

9  36 

11  16 
cS  57 

31  60 

4  90 
9  00 

52  50 

27  92 

203  65 

25  59 

8  61 

5  09 
549  75 

7  00 
64  15 

8  77 

1  80 
37  50 
22  50 

12  75 

6  65 
69  50 
42  50 

7  90 

2  50 

8  00 

14  35 

9  26 
8  75 

18  50 

3  50 
40  80 
22  78 

19  97 
46  70 

376  72 


729 

Education  Committee — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1575     Bausch  &  Lomb  Co 

1582  K.H.Forbes 

1583  Richards  &  Co 

1584  General  Electric  Co 

1585  W.  A.  Powers , 

1586  F.  F.  Fredrich 

1587  H.  D.  Bartlett 

1588  The  Gazette 

1589  Thos.  Naughton 

1590  Lillie  M.  Hart 

1591  A.  N.  Talbott 

1592  C.  J.  Butterfleld 

1593  Grace  Peabody 

1594  L.  P.  Atwood 

1595  G.P.Clinton 

1596  A.  L.  Kuehmstd 

1597  R.  C.  Vial 

1598  University  of  Illinois 

1599  Jno.  W.  Cook 

1600  E.  J.  Lake 

1601  D.  H.  Lloyd  &  Son 

1602  Strickle  Bros 

16'»3     J.  B.  Lippincott 

1604  E.  H.  Sargent  &  Co 

1605  Alice  C.  Fell., 

1606  Funk  &  Klauer 

1607  J.  M.  White 

1608  Henry  Bevis 

1609  C.  E.  Ela 

1610  R.  Anderson 

1611  Richards  &  Co 

1612  D.  L.  Roots  &  Sons 

1613  B.  H.  Swenson 

1614  Sharp  &  Smith 

1615  Prang  Ed.  Co 

1616  Stanford  Hall 

1617  J.  E.  Griswold 

1618  J.  W.  Queen 

1619  Pantagraph  Printing  Co . 

1620  Mclntosh  Bat.  Co 

1621  O.  E.  Strehlon 

1627  H.  S.  Erode 

1628  S.  W.  Shattuck 

1629  L.  Manasse 

1639  Jno.  Hull  

1640  A.  O.  Norton 

1641  Strickle  Bros 

1642  World  Sign  Co 

1643  P.  A.  Coen  &  Son 

1653     J.  W.  Cook 

1659  Pantagraph  Printing  Co. 


$8  63 

19  02 

3  50 

83  65 

6  25 

9  20 

6  39 
76  95 

148  13 

7  65 
11  05 

11  50 

2  50 
21  50 

9  95 

13  26 
5  32 

29  75 

21  00 

51  71 

5  00 

5  20 

5  00 

14  26 
21  00 

312  15 
96  90 

8  45 
16  00 

12  66 

6  50 

3  25 
18  26 

5  75 

4  00 

7  12 

21  60 
47  65 
16  50 
35  33 

22  70 
27  47 
80  00 

9  00 
337  64 

5  13 
160  10 

40  00 

9  40 

25  70 

316  05 


730 

Education  Committee — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1667  Crane  Co 

1694  Pettibone  &  Wells 

1701  B.  S.  Wilbur 

1702  W.K.  Yeakel 

1703  H.  O.  Woodworth , 

1719  Garvin  Machine  Co 

1720  B.  W.  Stark 

1721  E.  J.  Lake 

1722  Fuller  &  Fuller 

1723  G.  E.  Morrow 

1724  Puster  Manufacturing  Co 

1725  The  Gazette 

1726  G.  P.  Clinton 

1727  Western  Electric  Co 

1728  W.  E.  In.  Co 

1729  S.  W.  Shattuck 

1730  Bobinson  &  Burr 

1731  F.  P.  Andrews 

1746  Richards  &  Co 

1769  J.  M.  White 

1754  F.  H.  Cornell  

1755  W.  E.  Sanford 

1756  J.W.Taylor 

1757  A.  Tellheimer 

1758  B.  H.  Forbes 

1759  E.  W.  Stocker 

1760  G.  W.  McCluer 

1761  G.  W.  Herring 

1771  W.  0.  Krohn 

1800  S.  B.  Wait 

1806  Duncan  &  Johnstone 

1807  L.  McManus 

1808  H.  H.  Brancher 

1809  T.  J.  Burrill 

1810  S.  0.  Shielvig 

1811  C.  W.  Scribner 

1812  P.  M.  Hucke 

1813  Bacon,  Mittendorf  &  Hall 

1815  T.  H.  Trevett 

1816  F.  D.  Gardner 

1817  Dailey  &  Anderson 

1818  B.  Anderson 

1819  S.  C.  Skielvig 

1825  Jno.  A.  Lowry 

1826  The  Gazette 

1846  B.Anderson 

1847  Bichards  &  Co 

1848  J.  D.  Crawford 

1861  Jno.  Hull 

1866  World  Sign  Co 

1869  Pantagraph  Printing  Co. . 


$113  31 
11  35 

28  00 

1  80 
52  20 

9  38 

2  00 

8  55 

6  90 
51  00 

47  00 
173  02 

14  50 
10  16 

105  90 
125  65 

3  97 
5  75 

94  90 
5  50 
5  00 

15  00 
128  28 

25  50 

14  08 

28  20 

5  20 

10  50 

45  69 

9  00 

11  25 
22  50 

3  60 
1  85 
5  00 

10  25 
13  86 

179  85 

1  30 

4  90 
17  85 

46  50 

7  25 

5  95 
49  45 

11  00 
21  96 

48  85 
89  05 

2  15 

8  20 


731 

Education  Committee — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1872  J.  McCann 

1873  E.  H.  Sargent  &  Co 

1875  Jno.  Hull 

1886  W.  O.  Krohn 

1897  Molntosh  Bat.  Co 

1913  E.  H.  Sargent  &  Co 

1915  Jno.  Hull 

1919  J.  A.  Keith 

1920  B.  W.  Etsendrath 

192 1  Pages  Lath  &  B.  Co 

1922  E.  H.  Sargent 

1923  Puster  Manufacturing  Co 

1924  Western  Electric  Co 

1925  E.  0.  Bennett 

1926  S.  W.  Shattuck 

1927  C.  0.  Butterfleld 

1928  Pantagraph  Printing  Co 

1941  C.  H.  Besley 

1942  G.  W.  McCluer 

1943  Queen  &  Co 

1944  D.  W.  Shea 

1948  B.  V.  Swenson 

1974  C.  E.  Ela 

1980  Architectural  Department,  University  of  Illinois 

1984  A.  M.  Talbott 

1986  Mclntosh  Bat.  Co 

1987  Bacon,  Mitttendorf  &  Hall 

1988  The  Gazette 

1989  Dailey  &  Anderson , 

1990  Henry  Bevis , 

1991  S.  W.  Shattuck 

1994  Robinson  &  Burr , 

2017  H.  E.  Summers 

2022  Chas.  H.  Besley 

2023  Western  Electric  Co. 

2024  The  Gazette 

2025  Geo.  B.  Carpenter 

2026  D.  W.  Shea 

2027  S.  W.  Palmer 

2028  S.  W.  Parr 

2029  I.  O.  Baker 

2084  Sefton  Bros 

2087  M.  C.  Header 

2088  Crane  &  Co 

2127  A.  J.  Barton 

2171  Jno.  Hull 

2358  Jno.  C.  Ure 

2389  W.  F.  Bocheleam 

2493  Mclntosh  Bat.  Co 

2531  Chas.  Herrae 

2533  J.  M.  White 


$1  80 

13  86 

185  30 

9  54 

2  75 

66  29 
371  31 

15  15 
4  75 
9  11 

2  88 

3  50 
75  08 
25  00 
51  75 

1  75 

2  40 
69  18 
20  08 
18  39 
61  19 
48  76 

24  50 
285  34 

44  35 

2  00 

17  90 

2  00 

72  79 

58  65 

80  00 

1  55 
10  70 

6  01 

187  20 

68  33 

20  25 

2  50 
41  00 
41  50 
27  90 

3  18 

12  62 

19  00 
39  80 

13  40 

20  00 

25  25 
5  00 

16  35 
64  63- 


732 

Education  Committee — Co n ti nued , 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


2534  G.W.Parker $1281 

2535  H.  E.  Parker 2 1  00 

2536  G.  W.  McCluer 9  85 

2537  C.  H.  Besley 2  85 

2538  W.  O.  Krohn 8  65 

2607  The  Gazette 1375 

2608  E.  Deitzgen 6  25 

2649     Kichards&Co 1054 

2652     J.  M.  White 9  70 

2655     D.  L.  Eoots  &  Son 10  25 

2705     The  Gazette 35  02 

1849      E.  E.  Smith 25  00 

434     University  of  Illinois 18  03 

Total $14,891  52 

1     E.  E.  Chester $5  00 

127                '            16  75 

214                              15  00 

324                              10  00 

465                              30  00 

921                              12  50 

988                              6  50 

1096                              41  65 

1188                              17  00 

1325 5  00 

1488                              7  50 

2725                              10  00 

Total.. $176  90 

92     J.  K.  Dickirson $15  00 

125                 "                5  00 

216                 " 15  00 

322                 "                18  75 

Total $53  75 

305     LaFayette  Funk $5  75 

1552                 "                50  75 

1795                 "                36  58 

1859                 "                65  00 

1962                 "                7  03 

Total $165  11 

72     J.  M.  Washburn $15  00 

116                                    15  55 

Total  . .  $30  55 


733 

Ed ucation  Committee — Co n t i  n u ed . 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

59 
118 

234 
1280 
280 

89 
185 
251 
293 
313 
356 
406 
426 
441 
469 
530 
532 
559 
640 
658 
692 
727 
759 
837 
860 
887 
948 
995 
1031 
1068 
1128 
1189 
1248 
1274 
1400 
1444 
1718 
1887 
1969 
2073 
2173 
2316 
2520 

S.  W. 

a 

To 

David 
W.  D.g 
J.  Had 

Wm.  J 

To 

Johns.  . 

$10  00- 
10  00 

tal  .    .  .      

$20  00 

$19  50 
1  85 
15  00 

$12  46- 
3  00 
104  17 
208  34 
57  99 
208  33 
208  33 
67  12 
54  04 
208  34 
58  44 
208  33 
56  19 
208  33 
62  71 
208  34 
99  72 
208  33 
98  62 
208  33 
162  04 
208  34 
140  27 
208  33 
157  23 
208  33 
152  90 
208  34 
137  7ft 
208  33 
51  39 
40  85 
88  87 
88  87 
88  20 
84  92 
88  65 
22  50 

Grore  

tryker   

ey  Bradley 

enkins         

tal  .. 

$4,895  58 

734 


Education  Committee— Concluded. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


117      Sherman  House $23  00 

161                "                     .               31  25 

343                 •'                8  25 

499                 "                12  00 

578                 "                .' . .  650 

1000                 "                4825 

1167                 "                18  10 

1304                 "                2  00 

1527                 "                42  50 

Total $191  85 

Recapitulation. 

Miscellaneous. $14 ,891  52 

E.E.Chester 176  90 

J.  K.  Dickirson 53  75 

L.  Funk 165  11 

J.  M.  Washburn 30  55 

S.  W.  Johns 20  00 

David  Gore 19  50 

W.D.Stryker '  185 

J.  H.  Bradley 1500 

Wm.  Jenkins 4,895  58 

Sherman  House 191  85 

Total..  $20,461  61 


MAPS  AND  DRAWINGS  COMMITTEE. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

73 

Samuel  Dysart  

$15  00 

207 

35  00 

325 

< 

25  90 

449 

i 

48  10 

576 

i 

80  00 

702 

t 

30  00 

1081 

i 

2  25 

1168 

t 

11  50 

1287 

i 

76  10 

1496 

( 

20  00 

Total  

$343  85 

63 

W.  D.  Stryker           

$20  00 

111 

10  00 

144 

< 

5  00 

369 

4 

15  00 

452 

< 

10  00 

919 

I 

5  00 

1262 

< 

5  00 

Total  

$70  00 

55 

B.  F.  Wyman 

$10  00 

120 

10  00 

217 

5  00 

466 

20  00 

583 

6  00 

916 

5  00 

1307 

10  00 

Total  

$65  00 

214 

E.  E.  Chester  

$10  00 

577 

M 

25  10 

816 

« 

10  00 

921 

«« 

10  00 

1188 

tt 

12  00 

1488 

« 

5  50 

Total.  .  . 

$72  60 

735 


736 


Maps  and  Drawings  Committee — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


305     LaFayette  Funk $5  00 

562                    "                20  50 

745                                      7  00 

Total $32  50 

234     David  Gore $5  00 

454                          1000 

Total $15  00 

117     Sherman  House $28  00 

161                                   36  25 

343                                    14  50 

499                                      35  25 

578                                    7  25 

752                                    7  00 

1000                                    ....    .    23  25 

1167                                    9  50 

1304                                      61  75 

1527                                    28  50 

Total $251  25 

934     Kand,  McNally  &  Co $2  40 

1570                 "                " 3,471  25 

2183                 "                           308  25- 

Total $3,781  90 

462     J.  W.  Taylor..  $25  00 

493                      '        30  00 

753                              875  00 

1107                              235  00 

1111                              648  00 

2014 10000 

Total $1,913  00 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1003  Chas.  Hansel $7  00 

722  I.  O.  Baker 170 

1255  E.  C.  Pace..... 1600 

486  Jno.  A.  Lowry 27  00 

2694     Frank  Leverett 750 

Total  . .  $59  20 


737 

Maps  and  Drawings  Committee — Continued, 
He  capitulation. 


Samuel  Dysart  .               .  .            

$343  85 

W.  D.  Stryker  

70  00 

B.  F.  Wyman.          

65  00 

E  E  Chester  ....        

72  60 

LaFayette  Funk  

32  50 

15  00 

Sherman  House   .                                                   ..... 

251  25 

Kand,  McNally  &  Co  

3,781  90 

J  W.  Taylor  

1,913  00 

59  20 

Total  

$6,604  30 

-47 


MAPS  AND  DRAWINGS  COMMITTEE. 


c.  w.  ROLFE'S  DEPARTMENT. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


171 
173 
174 
175 
222 
223 
228 
229 
230 
232 
233 
250 
272 
273 
274 
275 
276 
283 
285 
319 
320 
321 
332 
334 
335 
336 
337 
338 
341 
342 
375 
376 
378 
379 
380 
381 
382 
383 


J.  G.  Mosier 

Ira  J.  Stoddard 

J.  E.  Hallinen 

E.  C.  Ellison 

J.  G.  Mosier 

J.  C.  Turner 

J.  E.  Hallinen 

J .  C.  Turner 

E.  C.  Ellison 

Edward  Jerry 

E.  C.  Eidman  .    ... 

I.  J.  Stoddard 

J.  C.  Turner 

IraJ.  Stoddard 

Edwa1  d  Jerry 

E.  C.  Ellison 

J.  G.  Mosier 

C.  B.  Klinglehoefer. . 

J.  E.  Hallinen 

E.  C.  Eidman 

Edward  Jerry 

E.  C.  Ellison. . . . 

J.  C.  Turner.... 

R.  M.  Wood 

C.  B.  Klinglehoefer.. 

E.  C.  Eidman 

J.  G.  Mosier 

J.  E.  Hallinen 

Thos.  Barclay 

W.  M.  Hay 

R.  M.  Hood 

W.  A.  Dunaway 

J.  C,  Turner 

H.  J.  Burt 

Thos.  Barclay 

Jerry  Edwards 

Champaign  Gazette. 
E.  C.  Eidman.. 


$125  56 
69  15 

65  49 

30  80 
119  00 
109  00 

105  95 
40  98 
50  89 
19  85 

31  95 
104  13 

104  60 
55  28 
80  24 
84  32 

79  36 
114  00 

92  88 

106  30 
67  00 

80  55 
106  56 

73  38 
109  50 

105  10 

93  27 
93  21 

66  15 
108  25 

59  80 
40  35 

108  16 

95  03 

99  99 

76  25 

5  75 

104  09 


739 

Maps  and  Drawings  Committee — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


384  J.  G.  Mosier 

385  W.  M.  Hay 

386  J.  E.  Hallinen 

394  0.  B.  Klinglehoefer 

423  J.  C.  Turner 

424  C.  B.  Klinglehoefer 

427  R.  M.  Hood 

430  E.  C.  Eidman 

432  J.  G.  Mosier 

435  W.  W.  Danley 

436  H.  J.  Burt 

437  J.  E.  Hallinen 

438  Edward  Jerry 

439  Thos.  Barclay 

443  W.  M.  Hay 

444  W.  A.  Dunaway 

504  M.  A.  Earl 

505  W.  M.  Hay 

506  H.  J.  Burt 

507  R.  M.  Hood 

508  E.  C.  Eidman 

509  Edward  Jerry 

510  Thos.  Barclay 

511  C.  B.  Klinglehoefer 

512  J.  C.  Turner 

513  W.  W.  Danley 

514  J.  G.  Mosier.' 

515  W.  A  Dunaway 

584  "  

585  J.  C.  Turner 

586  H.  J.  Burt 

587  W.  W.  Danley 

588  E.G.  Eidman 

589  J.  G.  Mosier 

590  Thos.  Barclay 

591  R.  M.  Hood 

592  M.  A.  Earl 

593  W.  M.  Hay..... 

595  C.  B.  Klinglehoefer 

596  Edward  Jerry 

598  J.  A.  Udden ." 

664  Edward  Jerry 

€66  W.  W.  Danley 

667  J.  C.  Turner 

668  E.  C.  Eidman 

€69  R.  M.  Hood 

670  M.  A.  Earl 

672  Knowlton  &  Bennett 

673  Thos  Barclay 

674  W.  M.  Hay 

€75  H.  J.  Burt. . 


$79  90 

107  89 

72  78 

111  00 
118  05 

80  47 

113  05 

104  05 

79  10 
64  91 

109  27 

90  96 
85  00 

100  17 
99  15 

80  89 
26  02 

102  21 

114  65 
107  00 

105  95 
89  87 
70  75 

91  25 

115  00 

112  01 
79  90 
84  94 

110  35 

97  50 

115  39 

98  88 
107  25 

57  20 

92  60 

110  74 

111  77 
82  69 
98  35 
91  65 
75  00 
82  40 

112  25 
117  59 
107  15 

113  00 
121  31 

14  00 

70  88 

111  33 

116  77 


740 


Maps  and  Drawings  Committee — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


676  J.  G.  Hosier 

677  C.  B.  Klinglehoefer  . 
709     J.  G.  Hosier 

712  Thos.  Barclay , 

713  W.  W.  Danley  ...... 

715  Champaign  Gazette 

716  H.  J.  Burt 

718  J.C.Turner 

719  C.  B.  Klinglehoefer  . 

720  H.  A.  Earl 

721  R.  H.  Hood 

723  E.  C.  Eidman , 

724  W.  A.  Dunaway 

.728     J.  A.  Udden 

729     L.  S.  Ross 

742     W.  H.  Hay 

789     Lydia  Hosier 

791     L.  S.  Boss 

795     J.  G.  Hosier 

797     H.  J.  Burt 

800  Thos.  Barclay 

801  Edward  Jerry , 

802  J.  C.  Turner 

804  W.  H.  Hay 

805  E.  C.  Eidman 

821     Edwatd  Jerry , 

875  Lydia  Hosier 

876  J.  G.  Hosier 

877  '  W.  A.  Dunaway 

878  W.  H.  Hay 

879  E.  C.  Eidman 

881  H.  J.  Burt 

882  Thos.  Barclay 

883  J.  C.  Turner 

936      W.  W.  Danley 

H62     W.  H.  Hay 

963  J.  C.  Turner 

964  Lydia  Hosier 

965  W.  A.  Dunaway 

966  H.  J.  Burt 

994     J.  G.  Hosier 

1052  W.  A.  Dunaway 

1053  W.  H.  Hay 

1054  H.  J.  Burt 

1055  J.C.Turner.   

1056  The  Gazette 

1057  W.  W.  Danley 

1058  0.  Oldham 


$78  00 
111  90 

89  66 
50  95 
97  30 

6  44 

111  91 
120  78 

17  50 

112  25 
27  00 

120  65 

229  62 

97  00 

60  00 

84  53 

3  30 

95  00 
122  31 

75  00 
75  05 

70  5a 
103  35 
115  15 
115  00 

87  90 

14  40 
115  93 

79  30 

90  96 

96  90 
73  00 
23  85- 
75  00 
16  00 
93  99 
75  00 

7  05 
78  50 

71  00 
92  26 

72  00 
77  30 
75  00 
75  00 
12  40 

6  00 

15  80 


741 


Maps  and  Drawings  Committee — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1059  A.  W.  Rea $4500 

1060  J.  G.  Hosier 8500 

1061  Lydia  Hosier 30  60 

Total $11,669  65 

137     W.  &  L.  E.  Gurley $8100 

236  "         75  00 

269  "                 •'         45  00 

597             "                 "         17  61 

1051                                        1  34 

Total $219  95 

136     L.  Hanasse 160  00 

238                " 12000 

270  "        12000 

Total $400  00 

237  Band,  McNally  &  Co $1500 

737                                  "       346  02 

Total $361  02 

1350     Louise  and  Jno.  Barwick $150  00 

1543             "                                     150  00 

1741                                                   250  00 

1776                                                   300  00 

Total $850  00 

1552     L.  Funk $150  00 

141  C.  \V.  Rolfe  . .  $374  14 

160                " 85  00 

200                "          85  00 

231                 " 8  53 

246                 " 85  00 

284                 "          12  65 

288                 "          85  00 

318                 "          9  91 

354                            85  00 

395                  '          14  55 

407                  '                             85  00 

445                  '          9  56 

468 8500 

503                   '          4  54 

535                  '          85  00 

594                  '          784 

€28  "  85  00 


742 


Maps  and  Drawings  Committee — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


671      C.W.Eolfe $1099 

690                 "          8500 

717                            6  77 

758                            85  00 

792                 "          5  62 

861                 "          .             8500 

880                 "          38  20 

947                 " 85  00 

961                 "          3053 

1026                  '           8500 

1066                 "          44  00 

1127                 "          85  00 

1245                 "                           85  00 

1482                 " 805 

Total $1,945  88 

Recapitulation. 

Miscellaneous..                                                                $11,66965 

W.  &  L.  E.  Gurley 219  95 

L.  Manasse 40000 

Rand,  McNally  &  Co    361  02 

L.&J.  Barwick 85000 

L.  Funk 150  00 

0.  W.  Eolfe 1 ,945  "88 

Total..  $15,596  50 


STATISTICS. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


191  J.  D.  Wright $95  83 

247                                125  00 

289                                12500 

358                                125  00 

405                                12500 

477                                125  00 

544                                125  00 

631 125  00 

657                                6  50 

697                                125  00 

Total $1 , 102  33 

192  H.K.Mitchell $7667 

248                                 10000 

290 10000 

359                                  100  00 

403                                  100  00 

478                                  100  00 

545                                  100  00 

632                                  10000 

696                                  100  00 

848                                  97  08 

1715                                  10000 

Total $1,073  75 

190  T.  K.  Gore..  $76  67 

249  "           10000 

291  "            10000 

353             "            100  00 

389             " 42  39 

402             "            10000 

456             "            53  27 

479  "                         100  00 

546  "            100  00 

633  "            100  00 

695             "            100  00 

803             "              35  90 

847                          100  00 

968                          50  00 

Total..  .  $1,158  23 


743 


744 

Statistics— Con  eluded. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

292 

Ed  Ryan  ....                  

$75  00 

355 

100  00 

401 

100  00 

480 

100  00 

548 

100  00 

634 

100  00 

694 

100  00 

Total                                       

$675  00 

352 

T.  J.  Tossey  .  .                    

$100  00 

400 

100  00 

481 

«< 

100  00 

547 

« 

100  00 

635 

H 

100  00 

699 

« 

100  00 

Total    ..                             

$600  00 

235 

Willis  Smith    

$8  33 

258 

8  33 

301 

8  34 

363 

8  34 

405 

8  33 

482 

8  34 

549 

8  33 

636 

8  33 

698 

8  34 

Total  .          

$75  01 

261 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

W.  C.  Garrard  

$50  00 

1203 

L.  E.  Wheeler                           .... 

13  75 

1774 

J.  C.  Conkliug  

25  00 

1795 

L.  Funk  

2  00 

Total    .. 

$90  75 

Recapitulation. 

J    D    Wright     

$1  102  33 

H.  K.  Mitchell  

1,073  75 

T.  K.  Gore  

1  158  23 

Ed  Ryan  

675  00 

T.  J.  Tossey  

600  00 

Willis  Smith  

75  01 

Miscellaneous        

90  75 

Total 

$4  775  07 

MVE  STOCK  ACCOUNT. 


Dr. 
To  amount  State  appropriation  

$40,000  00 

Cr. 
By  amount  charged  for  administration  

$3,000  00 

paid  freight  on  live  stock.            .... 

3,308  78 

"    horses,  37%  

12,464  29 

"    cattle,  30%  

10,106  17 

'            "    hogs  15%  

5,053  09 

«           "    sheep,  12%  

4,042  47 

"    poultry  •  69<C.  . 

2,021  23 

,              .       .        r         '•"   J  >    "XO 

balance  on  hand  

3  97 

Total  

$40,000  00 



745 


AGRICULTURAL,  COMMITTEE. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


799 
925 
927 
953 
1017 
1017 
1099 
1153 
1196 
1215 
1216 
1217 
1225 
1226 
1310 
1333 
1336 
1360 
]393 
1458 
1460 
1461 
1462 
1463 
1476 
1516 
1537 
1567 
1568 
1634 
1650 
1668 
1684 
1708 
1709 
1744 
1752 
1906 
1946 
1977 
1982 
2006 


Searing  &  Dillinger 

J.  J.Butler 

A.  E.  Kussell 

A.  Neeper 

J.  W.  McHenry 

George  G.  Bates 

E.  Marsh 

Borton,  Pf eiffer  &  Lee 

Beede  Bros 

W.  A.  Bicket 

Daniel  Hill 

J.  H.  Ewing 

T.  P.  Chester 

E.  O.  Chester 

ameron,  Amberg  &  Co 

Hibbard,  Spencer  &  Co 

A.  W.  Crawford .'.'.'.'.     ... 

E.  O.  Chester 

E.  A.  Vittum.  

H.  P.  Edmonds 

W.  R.  Hostetter 

E.  A.  Vittum 

The  Fair 

Eagle  Bros.  &  Co 

Cameron,  Amberg  &  Co 

Hibbard,  Spencer  &  Co 

A.F.Cox 

World's  Columbian  Exposition . . , 

E.  O.  Chester 

Owen,  Lord  &  Co 

Eagle  Bros    &  Co 

T.  P.  Chester. . 

J.  W.  Bailey 

O.  P.  Chester , 

Brinks'  Chicago  City  Express  Co. 

John  0.  Ure 

S.  A.  Lancaster 

E.  A.  Vittum 

Daniel  Hill 

D.  H.  Freeman 

W.  A.  Burdick 

740 


$8  50 
31  87 

52  25 
25  00 
54  55 

8  95 
36  00 

106  00 
41  78 
68  70 
33  76 

7  70 

11  20 

53  64 

5  00 

6  32 
29  42 
25  00 
27  30 
92  45 
10  77 

9  85 
141  60 

12  28 
17  H 
16  75 
50  69 

250  00 

100  00 

9  10 

1  00 

3  37 

8  90 
14  50 

4  32 
47  46 
16  00 

5  00 
16  63 
25  00 

8  40 
23  00 


747 

Agricultural  Committee — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


2007  G.  E.  Morrow , $1  50 

2037  Orange  Judd  Co , 41  52 

2170  C.C.Judy 1000 

2200  N.  Weston , 10  20 

2201  W.  A.  Burdick 40  75 

2202  M.  Plummer  &  Co 22  83 

2209  N.B.Reed 2140 

2225  A.  F.  Cox ' 250  00 

2216  Robert  Shedden 50  00 

2218  Sommer  &  Pierik 100  00 

2219  W.  A.  Young 46  50 

2223  D.  H.  Freeman 11735 

2274  A.  E.  DuBois 31  50 

2278  H.  P.  Edmonds : 53  60 

2287  E.  A.  Vittum 74  70 

2293  T.  Holmes 1  75 

2294  Nick  Berks 4  75 

2295  George  Barber 7  60 

2296  J.L.Reid '  800 

2299  J.  C.  Ure 5550 

2301  World's  Columbian  Exposition : 83 

2339  C.  S.  Eaton ' .  14  25 

2341  George  Hesing 9  00 

2355  Cook  &  Rathbone 1320 

2359  M.  Plummer  &  Co 28  54 

2528  H.  G.  Teel 625 

2530  D.  H.  Freeman 1975 

2539  H  P.  Edmonds 14  17 

1856  J.  M.  Richart 11  25 

2729  Boatman  &  Duckies , 1000 

Total $2,58381 

1319  Illinois  Glass  Co $47407 

1351                  "                   123  16 

2356                                      20  25 

Total $617  48 

1686  Marshall  Field  &  Co $11799 

1197 25  45 

1347                        '                   35  74 

1457                                            83  23 

1649                                             69  69 

2280                                            26  48 

Total $358  58 

569  E.  S.  Fursman , $12850 

850             299  97 

918       "       60  00 


748 
Agricultural  Committee— Con ti nued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1004     E.  S.  Fursman $5000 

1087                "             . .  50  00 

1094                                38  13 

1190                                5000 

1253                                5  32 

1279                                80  76 

1517                                  109  70 

1518 100  00 

18*8                                75  00 

1901                                6  25 

2284                                220  36 

2336                                50  00 

2363                                50  00 

2375                                50  00 

2410                              :..  5000 

2529                                22  50 

JTotal $1 , 486  49 

851  Paul  Lietz $100  00 

852                        100  00 

Total $200  00 

570     L.  E.  Wyman $2550 

750                "            47  07 

886 19  43 

Total $92  00 

1334     A.  Dickinson  Seed  Co . $7  05 

1545                            "                  142  30 

1666 6  75 

Total $156  10 

117     Sherman  House $21  75 

161                                  1550 

499                                  27  00 

578                                  39  00 

1000 51  75 

1167                                  75  75 

1304                                  105  00 

1527                                  45  50 

Total $381  25 

1397     R.  N.  Ramsay $719  50 

1417 806  30 

1501                                65315 

1506                 "              25250 


719 


Agricultural  Committee — Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1546     E.  N.   Ramsay $245  95- 

1554                                 22650 

Total $2,903  90 

1222     Jno.  P.  Reynolds    $36464 

1227                                      23646 

1284 84  03 

1285                                      265  25 

1298                                      471  65 

1349                                      602  70 

Total $2,024  73 

562  L.  Funk $525 

745             " 15  00 

986             "      550 

1552             "      4141 

1795                     9  38 

Total $7654 

563  W.  D.  Stryker..  $40  85 

766                 "              30  75 

919                                5  00 

1280                                500 

Total $81  60 

75     D.  W.  Vittum $500 

810                              35  90 

812                              50  00 

1001                               4600 

1095 2800 

1105                              11  10 

1187                              41  10 

1224                              40  79 

1328 87  85 

1361                               48  00 

1391                              32  25 

1483                               138  35 

1485 18  90 

1497                               13220 

1700                                        30  64 

2004                              11  85 

Total $712  93 

561     A.  B.  Hostetter. .                               $9325 

653                 "                                     30  95 

741  "  34  75 


750 

Agricultural  Committee— Continued.. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

904 

A.  B.  Hostetter  

$30  72 

905 

M 

7  05 

1149 

« 

14  70 

1249 

it 

17  30 

1300 

«( 

85  30 

1344 

i< 

8  21 

1378 

< 

9  80 

1493 

4 

69  68 

1547 

< 

6  85 

1788 

. 

9  25 

'1900 

I 

11  90 

2005 

(I 

13  90 

Total  

$443  61 

574 

S.  W.  Johns  

$136  60 

773 

24  75 

1082 

« 

20  75 

1148 

« 

2  00 

Total  

$184  10 

72 

J.  M.  Washburn  .     

$16  05 

116 

13  05 

704 

<« 

19  50 

1301 

« 

12  10 

1459 

ii 

22  35 

Total  

$83  05 

583 

B.  F.  Wymau  .  . 

$10  00 

748 

u 

40  05 

916 

«< 

5  00 

1086 

" 

20  58 

1157 

«< 

5  50 

1307 

«        .... 

94  20 

1355 

a 

6  54 

1495 

n 

12  50 

1531 

t< 

6  95 

Total  

$201  32 

751 

E.  E.  Chester/.., 

$15  00 

921 

« 

10  00 

988 

«                        

5  00 

1096 

« 

20  00 

1188 

" 

17  00 

1325 

tt 

58  25 

1488 

u 

28  30 

2725 

'< 

10  00 

Total... 

$163  55 

751 

Agricultural  Committee— Concluded . 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


706      B.  Pullen $47  54 

908             "        5  50 

1042             *«        600 

Total $59  04 

572     W.  H.  Fulkerson $13  50 

746                     "                27  00 

984                                     30  75 

Total $71  25 

1273     John  Virgin $4  79 

2272                 " 33  92 

Total $43  71 

779     E.  B.  David $33  00 

1287     S.  Dysart 3  40 

Recapitulation. 

Miscellaneous - $2,583  81 

Illinois  Glass  Co 617  48 

Marshall  Field  &  Co 358  58 

E.  S.  Fursman 1,486  49 

Paul  Lietz 200  00 

L.  E.  Wy man ,       92  00 

Albert  Dickinson  Seed  Co 156  10 

Sherman  House 381  25 

B.N.Ramsay 2,90390 

Jno.  P.  Reynolds ,. 2,024  73 

L.  Funk 7654 

W.  D.  Stryker 81  60 

D.  W.  Vittum f 754  93 

A.  B.  Hostetter .  . .  443  61 

S.  W.  Johns 184  10 

J.  M.  Washburn 83  05 

B.  F.  Wyman 201  32 

E.  E.  Chester 163  55 

B.  Pullen 59  04 

W.  H.  Fulkerson 71  25 

John  Virgin 43  71 

E.  B.  David 33  00 

Samuel  Dysart 3  40 

Total...  $13,00644 


HORTICULTURE. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

41  F.  I.  Mann.... $538 

42  E.  A.  Biehl 16  59 

43  E.  T.  Fry 418 

44  A.  0.  Hammond 720 

45  Arthur  Bryant 625 

46  H.  M.  Dunlap 7  70 

533  Illinois  State  Journal 1  50 

756  Jno.  M.  Durham 1485 

826  C.  G.  Cloud 45  00 

833  F.  Newhall  &  Sons 344  21 

841  G.  D.  Slanker 8728 

941  Pitcher  &  Manda 41  65 

1093  W.  Kuecher  &  Co 75  60 

1097  Lang  Bros 22  50 

1281  Horton,  Pfeiffer  &  Lee 4  46 

1478  Thayer  &  Jackson 9  25 

1535  Pitkin  &  Brooks 46  67 

1569  Pitcher  &  Manda 9560 

1635  Denison  Manufacturing  Co 11  48 

1744  Brink's  Chicago  City  Express  Co 4  00 

1844  E.  H.  Hunt  6101 

1970  J.  C.  Vaughan 795 

1983                   "            8  50 

2016  Jno.  Grohn 2700 

2020  Pitcher  &  Manda 77  00 

2079  E.  H.  Hunt       29  60 

2080  Geo.  Wittbold 136  00 

2179  A.W.  Mapes 600 

2210  Pitkin  &  Brooks 1092 

2297  American  Express  Co 44  12 

2387  Portland  Lawn  Sprinkler 12  00 

2388  M.  Field  &  Co 81  09 

Total $1 ,342  54 

216  J.  K.  Dickirson $1000 

322                   •'              23  2.> 

580                   "              16  50 

2737                                1725 

Total •  $67  00 

1542  A.  B.  Hostetter $1380 

7*2 


753 

Horticulture— Continued. 


Voucher. 

To  Whom  Paid. 

Amount. 

66 

E.  B.  David.  

$25  25 

124 

9  50 

271 

15  00 

377 

. 

14  50 

500 

- 

31  50 

779 

i 

21  32 

971 

t 

32  26 

1100 

i 

30  00 

1494 

* 

7  00 

2709 

. 

10  00 

2732 

< 

32  65 

Total     

$228  98 

314 

C.  N.  Dennis   

$62  25 

372 

57  45 

425 

34  5t) 

501 

21  28 

566 

35  22 

647 

46  08 

707 

33  74 

823 

56  72 

993 

40  OL 

1071 

38  06 

1475 

62  05 

Total  

$487  36 

117 

Sherman  House.    

$31  75 

161 

« 

17  50 

343 

( 

105  60 

499 

33  00 

578 

14  50 

752 

73  25 

1167 

23  75 

1304 

22  00 

1527 

67  35 

Total  

$388  70 

224 

S.  W.  Johns  

$15  00 

327 

30  70 

574 

(i 

17  25 

2731 

it 

15  00 

Total        .  .       

$77  95 

305 

LaFayette  Funk  

$5  00 

562 

25  00 

1552 

« 

4  82 

1795 

((            U 

70  68 

—48 

754 

Horticulture— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


1859     LaFayette  Funk $112  62 

1905             "                '       10482 

1962             "                '       90  13 

2036             "                '       24825 

2114             "                '       6840 

2181             "                '       .- 295  24 

2287             "                '       A 315  18 

2473                               '       15  30 

Total $1353  44 

265     B.  Fallen $10  00 

370             "        3500 

45S             '         15  00 

571             "        10095 

654             "        42  73 

706             "        6385 

825             " 10  00 

908             "        1600 

977              '  '      5  00 

1042              ' 30  50 

1131               '          11  50 

1261              '        3680 

1487              '        104  30 

Total $481  63 

144     W.  D.  Stryker $1500 

259                "     '         10  00 

302                 "              15  00 

563                 "              1000 

2730                              10  00 

Total $60  00 

323  David  Gore  . .  $19  50 

570                           10  00 

Total I  $29  50 

874  Jno.  C.  Ure..  $330  06 

1078              " 14600 

1220                          8338 

1286                          10000 

1326                          106  50 

1553                          30538 

1752                          435  53 

1945 200  00 

2021                          1380 

2077                          500  00 

2078  51  15 


755 

Horticulture— Continued. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


2113 
2117 
2160 
2161 
2342 


Jno.  C.  Ure, 


Total. 


159  70 
250  00 
392  00 
500  00 
765  00 


$4,338  50 


Recapitulation, 


Miscellaneous $1 , 342  54 

J.  K.  Dickirson 67  00 

A.  B.  Hostetter 13  80 

E.  B.  David  228  98 

C.  N.  Dennis 487  36 

Sherman  House 388  70 

S.  W.  Johns 77  95 

L.  Funk 1,355  44 

B.  Pullen 481  63 

W.  D.  Stryker ' 60  00 

David  Gore 29  50 

Jno.  C.  Ure 4,338  50 

Total $8,871  40 


FISH  EXHIBIT. 


Voucher. 


To  Whom  Paid. 


Amount. 


573     S.  P.  Bartlett $32  00 

618                "            2650 

943                 "            75  45 

1374                              15825 

2086                 "            19617 

2349                              213  15 

2478                              39  26 

Total , $740  78 

371     Geo.  Breuning $88  50 

652                  " 93  33 

76  50 

1352  67  34 

Total $325  67 

1367     J.B.Mora $50000 

1655             "            1,00000 

1823             "            37500 

Total $1,875  00 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

929     J.  W.  Taylor $47  50 

1547     A..  B.  Hostetter 1090 

1712     Sandusky  C.  O.  &  D.  S.  Co 2060 

1752     Jno.  C.  Ure 145  95 

1773     J.  C.  Vaughan 15656 

2196     Jno.  Schulte 2750 

2325     Geo.  W.  Langford 83  10 

Total $492  11 

Recapitulation. 

S.  P.  Bartlett $740  78 

Geo.  Breuning 325  67 

J.  B.  Mora , 1,875  00 

Miscellaneous 492  11 

Total..  $3,433  56 


756 


STATEMENT  OF  EXPENDITURES. 


ILLINOIS    STATE    BOARD  OF    WORLD'S    FAIR    COMMISSIONERS. 


Amount  of  original  appropriation  by  General  As- 
sembly, July  1,  1891  

DR. 

$800,000  00 

CR. 

$80,000  00 
15,000  00 
20,000  00 
8,000  00 
10,909  90 
3,500  00 
662,590  10 

Amounts  reappropriated  as  follows  : 
Illinois  Woman's  Exposition  Board  

State  Dairymen's  Association             ... 

State  Horticultural  Society      

Brick  and  Tilemakers'  Association 

Illinois  National  Guard  

Beekeepers'  Association 

Leaving  net  appropriation  to  I  B  W.  F.  C      ... 

Total  

$800,000  00 

$800,000  00 

EXPENDITURES  OF  THE  ILLINOIS  BOARD  OF 
WORLDS'  FAIR  COMMISSIONERS. 

To  amount  of  net  appropriation  

$662,590  10 
3,926  50 

• 

*$140,090  41 

277,872  58 
8,199  73 
4,817  65 
f!5,949  13 
21,618  11 
8,252  53 
20,461  61 
6,604  30 
15,596  50 
4,775  07 
39,996  03 
13,006  44 
8,871  40 
3,433  56 
76,971  55 

To  amount  received  from  sale  of  building,  furni- 
ture, etc  

By  expenditures  account  of  general  fund 

construction   and    interior   fur- 
nishing   

By  expenditures  State  Institutions               

grounds  

printing  and  stationery 

natural  history  

education  

maps  and  drawings  

relief  map 

statistics  

live  stock  

agriculture  

horticulture  

fish  exhibit  

To  balance  unexpended.  .. 

Total  

$666,516  60 

$666,516  60 

Total  balance  to  account  of  $800,000  appropriation 
from  all  sources,  

$89,480  25 

*$26.15,  expenses  Saml.  Dysart,  not  included  in  itemized  statement  of 
General  Fund. 

t$7, 461.72  for  publishing  and  distributing  this  report,  not  included  in 
report  of  Printing  and  Stationery  Committee,  published  elsewhere. 


757 


